Posional, Angular, other methods of lighting to improve human efficeincy

1. A Special Thanks for the sake of
Contributions from
AJAY K
DWARAGANATH P
GOWTHAM M

2. Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to
achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. Lighting includes the
use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light
fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing
daylight.
 Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the
appearance of an area, or have positive psychological
effects on occupants.

3. What is the significance of good lighting?
Office work is visually demanding and requires good lighting for
maximum comfort and productivity. "Good" lighting means
providing enough illumination so that people can see printed,
handwritten or displayed documents clearly but are not blinded by
excessively high light levels (a cause of glare).
What are signs of poor lighting?
The most common complaints resulting from poor lighting are:
· difficulty seeing document or screen (too much light or glare,
or too little light or shadows),
· eyestrain,
· eye irritation,
· blurred vision,
· dry burning eyes, and headaches.

4. Parameters of illumination

6. ❖ Equivalent Spherical Illumination:
Measures the effectiveness of lighting systems.
❖ Visual Comfort Probability:
Is a direct-brightness ratio.
❖ Task Illumination:
Measures the quantity of light at the work surface.

7. Vision factors
- Contrast - or reflectance difference - between a task and its background
- Intensity range and control of light source
- Spectrum of light source and resulting color rendering effect
- Direction of light source
Comfort factors
- Contrast between the task area and the general room view
- Control of glare in either task or general view
- The lightness of the space
- The luminous texture of the space
- Spectrum of the light sources
- Direction of the light sources
- The perception of controlling intensity - through dimming or switching

9. * 90-100 percent of the illumination is
directed downward to work surface
* Creates glares, reflections, and shadows

10.  60-90 percent of light is directed down-ward, with
remainder directed upward and then reflected back
downward.
 Shadows are less of a problem with direct lighting
systems.

11. * 90-100 percent of light is directed
upward,which then is diffused and is
reflected downward.
* Eliminates most shadows and glares.
* This system is recommended for most
types of offices.

12. * 60-90 percent of the light is directed up-
ward and then reflected downward
* Remainder of light is directed downward
* Shadows and glare are more problematic
than with indirect lighting.

13. * 40-60 percent of light is directed to
work surface with remainder reflected
down-ward.
* Shadows and glare are more
noticeable than with semi-indirect.

14. General lighting provides uniform illumination over the
whole working area and does not limit positioning of
the work

15. * Localised lighting provides different
levels of illumination in different parts of
the same working area.
* It matches the level of illumination to the
needs of specific tasks

16. Local lighting is usually a combination
of background lighting and a luminaire
close to the actual work area

17. In general all exterior installations should:
• achieve a reasonably uniform
illuminance on all relevant work areas;
• avoid glare to the users of those
areas and to occupants of nearby areas.

18. Direct light fixtures project 90 to 100 percent of their light
downward toward the work area. Direct lighting tends to
create shadows.
Direct-indirect light fixtures distribute light equally upward
and downward. They reflect light off the ceiling and other
room surfaces. Little light is emitted horizontally meaning
direct glare is often reduced. They are usually used in
"clean" manufacturing areas.

19. Indirect light fixtures distribute 90 to 100 percent of the light
upward. The ceiling and upper walls must be clean and highly
reflective to allow the light to reach the work area. They provide
the most even illumination of all the types of fixtures and the least
direct glare. Indirect light fixtures are usually used in offices.

20. • Shielded light fixtures use diffusers, lenses and louvers to cover bulbs
from direct view; therefore, helping to prevent glare and distribute light.
• Diffusers are translucent or semi-transparent (see-through) covers made
usually of glass or plastic. They are used on the bottom or sides of light
fixtures to control brightness.
• Lenses are clear or transparent glass, or plastic covers. The lens design
incorporates prisms and flutes to distribute light in specific ways.
• Louvers are baffles that shield the bulb from view and reflect light. The
baffles can be contoured to control light and decrease brightness.
Parabolic louvers are specially shaped grids that concentrate and
distribute light.
Different types of light fixtures

21. Ceiling Height Distance from
(H) Wall (D)
8 Feet 24 inches
10 Feet 36 inches
12 Feet 48 inches

22. YES NO

23. Lamp type Angle for
exclusion zone
• Tubular fluorescent 10 degrees
lamps
• Discharge lamps 20 degrees
with a fluorescent
coating
• Discharge and 30 degrees
incandescent lamps
which allow a direct
view of the arc tube
or the filament
Line of sight

25. Poor lighting can cause several problems such as:
* Insufficient light - not enough (too little) light
for the need.
*Glare - too much light for the need.
*Improper contrast (based on glare).
*Poorly distributed light.
*Flicker.

26. ● Glare is more when mounting height of the light is lowered, since the
lighting unit approaches horizontal line of sight
Lighting unit close to horizontal
line of sight
Lighting unit away from horizontal
line of sight
Glare is more Glare is comparatively less

27. ● Glare is worse in large rooms since the lighting unit from far off the room
slides towards the horizontal line of sight
GLARE

28. Disability glare from a light fitting
Distracting reflection
close to the
line of sight
The reflection of a
window is masking
information on the
screen

29. ● In case of fluorescent lighting, light emitting from side panes produces
glare. Hence broad-on side view will have more glare. But in end-on view
the apparant area of bright side panels is diminished and so glare is
reduce
Broad-on side view End-on side view
GLARE

30. Suitable Lighting positions

32. Activity Typical locations/ Average Minimum
types of work illluminance measured
(lux) lx illuminance (lux) lx
• Movement of people, Lorry park, corridors, 20 5
machines and vehicles circulation routes
• Movement of people, Construction site 50 20
machines and vehicles clearance, excavation
in hazardous areas; and soil work, loading
rough work not bays, bottling and
requiring any perception of detail canning plants
• Work requiring limited Kitchens, factories 100 50
perception of detail assembling large
components, potteries
• Work requiring Offices, sheet metal 200 100
perception of detail work, bookbinding
• Work requiring Drawing offices, factories 500 200
perception detail of fine assembling electronic
components, textile production

34. ❖ Various colors possess different reflectance values.
❖ Lighter colors tend to reflect a greater percentage of light than
do darker colors.
❖ Among the lighter colors cool colors create calm and retiring
mood and warm colors create warm and cheerful mood.

35. • Cool colors create calm and retiring
moods.
• Warm colors create warm and
cheerful moods
• Gray has a sleep-inducing effect.
Colors tend
to create
different moods
Impact of Color

36. THANK YOU