12-Marginal-Costing-WS-2022.pdf

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Marginal Costing WS 1

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Ali Jamshed
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. A business that uses flexible budgets shows the following:
Units of output 100,000 110,000
Total fixed and variable
costs
$400,000 $425,000
What are the fixed costs?
a) $150,000
b) $250,000
c) $275,000
d) $300,000
2. A videocassette has a selling price of $10
$
Direct Material
Direct labor
Factory overhead (fixed)
Royalty payment
Administration overhead (fixed)
1.2
0.8
1.4
1.0
0.6
What is the contribution per videocassette?
a) $5
b) $6
c) $7
d) $8
3. The table shows the cost involved in the production of 1000 units.
$
Direct material
Direct labor
Variable overheads
Fixed overheads
4000
6000
2000
8000
If production increases by 25%, what will be the total effect on the total cost per
unit?
a) Decrease by $1.6
b) Decrease by $5
c) Increase by $1.6
d) Increase by $5
4. The table shows costs at three activity levels.
Activity level 65 units ($) 90 Units ($) 100 units ($)
Fixed costs
Variable costs
Total costs
?
?
15600
?
?
19600
?
?
21200
What is the fixed costs?
a) $1600
b) $4000
c) $5200
d) $5600
Ali Jamshed
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costs
$400,000 $425,000
a) $150,000
b) $250,000
c) $275,000
d) $300,000
$
Direct Material
Direct labor
Royalty payment
1.2
0.8
1.4
1.0
0.6
a) $5
b) $6
c) $7
d) $8
$
Direct material
Direct labor
Variable overheads
Fixed overheads
4000
6000
2000
8000
unit?
a) Decrease by $1.6
b) Decrease by $5
c) Increase by $1.6
d) Increase by $5
Fixed costs
Variable costs
Total costs
?
?
15600
?
?
19600
?
?
21200
a) $1600
b) $4000
c) $5200
d) $5600
Ali Jamshed
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costs
$400,000 $425,000
a) $150,000
b) $250,000
c) $275,000
d) $300,000
$
Direct Material
Direct labor
Royalty payment
1.2
0.8
1.4
1.0
0.6
a) $5
b) $6
c) $7
d) $8
$
Direct material
Direct labor
Variable overheads
Fixed overheads
4000
6000
2000
8000
unit?
a) Decrease by $1.6
b) Decrease by $5
c) Increase by $1.6
d) Increase by $5
Fixed costs
Variable costs
Total costs
?
?
15600
?
?
19600
?
?
21200
a) $1600
b) $4000
c) $5200
d) $5600
Ali Jamshed
costs
$400,000 $425,000
a) $150,000
b) $250,000
c) $275,000
d) $300,000
$
Direct Material
Direct labor
Royalty payment
1.2
0.8
1.4
1.0
0.6
a) $5
b) $6
c) $7
d) $8
$
Direct material
Direct labor
Variable overheads
Fixed overheads
4000
6000
2000
8000
unit?
a) Decrease by $1.6
b) Decrease by $5
c) Increase by $1.6
d) Increase by $5
Fixed costs
Variable costs
Total costs
?
?
15600
?
?
19600
?
?
21200
a) $1600
b) $4000
c) $5200
d) $5600
Ali Jamshed Marginal Costing WS 1
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5. A company sells two products, X and Y.
X Y
Sales (units)
Selling price/unit
Contribution/unit
1000
$
22
12
2000
$
12
4
a) A 30% increase in sales of X
b) A 50% increase in sales of both product
c) An increase in selling price of X by $1 and Y by $6
d) A reduction in variable costs of both products by $5
6. A company is about to quote a price for making a special order, which requires 1000
kg of material X and 1500 kg of material Y.
The following information is available about these resources
Type of material Original cost per
kg($)
Current purchase
price per kg ($)
Net realizable
value per kg ($)
X
Y
3
5
4
7
2
6
The inventory of material X cannot be used by the company for any other product.
Material Y is used frequently for other products. Which cost of material should be
included in the quotation for the manufacture of this special order?
a) $10500
b) $11000
c) $12500
d) $14500
7. The table shows budgets for the next production period.
Costs Output
2000 units ($)
Output
4000 units ($)
Direct material
Direct labor
Production overhead
30000
48000
76000
154000
60000
96000
92000
248000
What would be the budgeted production cost of 3000 units?
a) $141000
b) $147000
c) $171000
d) $201000
Ali Jamshed
8. A business makes wedding dresses. Each machinist is paid $30 a day and each
supervisor $40 a day. Each supervisor can work with up to 10 machinist and each
machinist can product one wedding dress a day.
If 95 wedding dresses a day are produced, what is the daily labour cost?
a) $2850
b) $3210
c) $3230
d) $3250
9. A product has a contribution per unit of $20.
Which action would increase the total contribution by the greatest amount?
a) A 10% increase in selling price
b) A 10% increase in volume of sales
c) A 10% reduction in variable costs
d) A 20% reduction in fixed costs
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X Y
Sales (units)
Selling price/unit
Contribution/unit
1000
$
22
12
2000
$
12
4
kg($)
Current purchase
price per kg ($)
Net realizable
value per kg ($)
X
Y
3
5
4
7
2
6
a) $10500
b) $11000
c) $12500
d) $14500
Costs Output
2000 units ($)
Output
4000 units ($)
Direct material
Direct labor
Production overhead
30000
48000
76000
154000
60000
96000
92000
248000
a) $141000
b) $147000
c) $171000
d) $201000
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X Y
Sales (units)
Selling price/unit
Contribution/unit
1000
$
22
12
2000
$
12
4
kg($)
Current purchase
price per kg ($)
Net realizable
value per kg ($)
X
Y
3
5
4
7
2
6
a) $10500
b) $11000
c) $12500
d) $14500
Costs Output
2000 units ($)
Output
4000 units ($)
Direct material
Direct labor
Production overhead
30000
48000
76000
154000
60000
96000
92000
248000
a) $141000
b) $147000
c) $171000
d) $201000
Marginal Costing WS 1 Ali Jamshed
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a) $2850
b) $3210
c) $3230
d) $3250
10. A business has the following costs.
Raw material $3 per unit
Direct labor $2 per unit
Stepped costs of $5000 for every 10000
units
What is the cost of producing 15000 units?
a) $75000
b) $82500
c) $85000
d) $105000
11. The details of a planned college course are shown below.
$
Course fee per student
Variable course cost per student
Total fixed costs of the course
100
20
480
The budgeted number of students is 10. However, if a lower fee is charged 20
students would take the course.
What is the maximum reduction in the course fee of $100, to earn the same total
profit from either 10 or 20 students?
a) $16
b) $24
c) $40
d) $50
1. A 7. D
2. C 8. D
3. A 9. A
4. C 10. C
5. B 11. C
6. C
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machinist can product one wedding dress a day.
a) $2850
b) $3210
c) $3230
d) $3250
units
a) $75000
b) $82500
c) $85000
d) $105000
$
100
20
480
a) $16
b) $24
c) $40
d) $50
1. A 7. D
2. C 8. D
3. A 9. A
4. C 10. C
5. B 11. C
6. C
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a) $2850
b) $3210
c) $3230
d) $3250
units
a) $75000
b) $82500
c) $85000
d) $105000
$
100
20
480
a) $16
b) $24
c) $40
d) $50
1. A 7. D
2. C 8. D
3. A 9. A
4. C 10. C
5. B 11. C
6. C
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Decision Making
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1. A company manufactures and sells widgets. The directors want to increase
profitability and are considering buying-in the widgets instead of manufacturing
them.
The company should buy the widgets from an outside supplier if the price is:
a) Less than the marginal cost of production
b) More than the marginal cost of production but less than the marginal cost of
sales
c) More than the marginal cost of sales but less than the total cost
d) More than the total cost but less the selling price
2.
Department X Y Z
Sales
Less: variable costs
Headquarter fixed costs-
apportioned
Net profit(loss)
$
200000
130000
80000
(210000)
(10000)
$
240000
150000
90000
(240000)
-
$
320000
100000
130000
(230000)
90000
Headquarters fixed costs will not be reduced if any department is closed.
What should the company do, on the basis of these results?
a) Close department X
b) Close department Y
c) Close department X & Y
d) Keep all departments open
3. A company manufactures one product. It has variable costs of $600,000 and fixed
costs of $300,000.
If it bought all its production from another supplier, it could use its existing
machinery to make a total contribution of $400,000. Fixed costs would not change.
What is the maximum price it should pay to obtain all its production from another
supplier?
a) $600000
b) $700000
c) $900000
d) $1000000
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them.
sales
2.
Department X Y Z
Sales
apportioned
Net profit(loss)
$
200000
130000
80000
(210000)
(10000)
$
240000
150000
90000
(240000)
-
$
320000
100000
130000
(230000)
90000
costs of $300,000.
supplier?
a) $600000
b) $700000
c) $900000
d) $1000000
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them.
sales
2.
Department X Y Z
Sales
apportioned
Net profit(loss)
$
200000
130000
80000
(210000)
(10000)
$
240000
150000
90000
(240000)
-
$
320000
100000
130000
(230000)
90000
costs of $300,000.
supplier?
a) $600000
b) $700000
c) $900000
d) $1000000
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Ali Jamshed
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4. A company manufactures 3 products X,Y and Z. the table provides information
concerning the three products.
Product X Product Y Product Z
Selling price per unit
Direct material cost per
unit
Direct labor cost per unit
Variable overhead cost per
unit
Fixed overhead cost per
unit
Profit per unit
$
100
40
20
15
18
7
$
120
45
25
18
18
13.5
$
130
48
29
20
27
6
All 3 products are made from the same material. If the material is in short supply,
which manufacturing pattern will maximize profits?
Order of priority
1 2 3
A
B
C
D
Y
Y
Z
Z
X
Z
Y
X
Z
X
X
Y
5. The table contains information for the two products of a company.
Product X Y
Contribution per unit
Machine hours required per unit
Estimated sales demand
Required machine hours
$12
6
200
1200
$9
3
200
600
Machine capacity limited to 1200 Hours
What is the maximum possible contribution?
a) $2100
b) $3000
c) $3300
d) $4200
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4. A company manufactures 3 products X,Y and Z. the table provides information
concerning the three products.
Product X Product Y Product Z
Selling price per unit
Direct material cost per
unit
Direct labor cost per unit
Variable overhead cost per
unit
Fixed overhead cost per
unit
Profit per unit
$
100
40
20
15
18
7
$
120
45
25
18
18
13.5
$
130
48
29
20
27
6
All 3 products are made from the same material. If the material is in short supply,
which manufacturing pattern will maximize profits?
Order of priority
1 2 3
A
B
C
D
Y
Y
Z
Z
X
Z
Y
X
Z
X
X
Y
5. The table contains information for the two products of a company.
Product X Y
Contribution per unit
Machine hours required per unit
Estimated sales demand
Required machine hours
$12
6
200
1200
$9
3
200
600
Machine capacity limited to 1200 Hours
What is the maximum possible contribution?
a) $2100
b) $3000
c) $3300
d) $4200
alt

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6. A company manufactures four products using different quantities of the same material,
which is short in supply. The following data is given:
Product Y1
$ per unit
Y2
$ per unit
Y3
$ per unit
Y4
$ per unit
Selling price
Materials, $6 per kg
Production costs
Profits
Machine time per
unit(in minutes)
64
18
37
9
45
68
24
30
14
30
84
27
36
21
40
100
30
33
37
30
The production costs include fixed costs which have been absorbed using a machine hour
rate of $36. Which product gives the most profitable use of raw materials?
a) Y1
b) Y2
c) Y3
d) Y4
7. A business manufactures 3 products which all use the same material. The following
information is available.
X
$000
Y
$000
Z
$000
Selling price
Direct material
Direct labor
Variable overhead
Contribution
160
56
35
28
41
190
68
32
34
56
240
90
50
45
55
Direct material is in short supply.
In which order should the products be manufactured to maximize profits?
a) X -> Y -> Z
b) Y -> X -> Z
c) Y -> Z -> X
d) Z -> Y -> X
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Product Y1
$ per unit
Y2
$ per unit
Y3
$ per unit
Y4
$ per unit
Selling price
Production costs
Profits
Machine time per
unit(in minutes)
64
18
37
9
45
68
24
30
14
30
84
27
36
21
40
100
30
33
37
30
a) Y1
b) Y2
c) Y3
d) Y4
X
$000
Y
$000
Z
$000
Selling price
Direct material
Direct labor
Variable overhead
Contribution
160
56
35
28
41
190
68
32
34
56
240
90
50
45
55
a) X -> Y -> Z
b) Y -> X -> Z
c) Y -> Z -> X
d) Z -> Y -> X
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Product Y1
$ per unit
Y2
$ per unit
Y3
$ per unit
Y4
$ per unit
Selling price
Production costs
Profits
Machine time per
unit(in minutes)
64
18
37
9
45
68
24
30
14
30
84
27
36
21
40
100
30
33
37
30
a) Y1
b) Y2
c) Y3
d) Y4
X
$000
Y
$000
Z
$000
Selling price
Direct material
Direct labor
Variable overhead
Contribution
160
56
35
28
41
190
68
32
34
56
240
90
50
45
55
a) X -> Y -> Z
b) Y -> X -> Z
c) Y -> Z -> X
d) Z -> Y -> X
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Product Y1
$ per unit
Y2
$ per unit
Y3
$ per unit
Y4
$ per unit
Selling price
Production costs
Profits
Machine time per
unit(in minutes)
64
18
37
9
45
68
24
30
14
30
84
27
36
21
40
100
30
33
37
30
a) Y1
b) Y2
c) Y3
d) Y4
X
$000
Y
$000
Z
$000
Selling price
Direct material
Direct labor
Variable overhead
Contribution
160
56
35
28
41
190
68
32
34
56
240
90
50
45
55
a) X -> Y -> Z
b) Y -> X -> Z
c) Y -> Z -> X
d) Z -> Y -> X
alt

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Marginal Costing WS 2

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COSTING -2 MARGINAL COSTING
1. Following data is available for ABC Manufacturing Company for production & sale of 4000 units.
$
Sale 80000
Direct Material (DM) 40000
Direct Labor (DL) 16000
Variable Overheads (VOH) 4000
Fixed Overheads 10000
REQUIRED:
Calculate Profit if
o 2000 units are produced and sold
2. Following Data is available for Target Ltd for production & sale of 1200 units
$
Sale 96000
Overheads (60% Fixed) 30000
REQUIRED:
Calculate Profit if
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COSTING -2 MARGINAL COSTING
1. Following data is available for ABC Manufacturing Company for production & sale of 4000 units.
$
Sale 80000
Variable Overheads (VOH) 4000
Fixed Overheads 10000
REQUIRED:
Calculate Profit if
2. Following Data is available for Target Ltd for production & sale of 1200 units
$
Sale 96000
Overheads (60% Fixed) 30000
REQUIRED:
Calculate Profit if
alt

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Ali Jamshed
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3. Following information is available for two levels of activity.
4000 Units
$
10000 Units
$
Sales 64000 160000
DM 12000 30000
DL 18000 45000
Production Overheads 20000 38000
REQUIRED:
Calculate:
(i) Variable Cost / Units
(ii) Fixed Cost
(iii) Profit if 7000 units are produced and Profit if 15000 units are produced.
4. Following information is available for two level of activity
2000 Units
$
10000 Units
$
Sales 30000 150000
DM 10000 50000
DL 8000 40000
REQUIRED:
Calculate:
(ii) Fixed Cost
Ali Jamshed
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3. Following information is available for two levels of activity.
4000 Units
$
10000 Units
$
Sales 64000 160000
DM 12000 30000
DL 18000 45000
REQUIRED:
Calculate:
(ii) Fixed Cost
4. Following information is available for two level of activity
2000 Units
$
10000 Units
$
Sales 30000 150000
DM 10000 50000
DL 8000 40000
REQUIRED:
Calculate:
(ii) Fixed Cost
alt

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Ali Jamshed
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5. The following budget is based on the full production capacity of 12000 units
$
Sales 240000
DM 96000
DL 36000
Production Overheads (20% fixed) 20000
Sales overheads (50%) 24000
Calculate:
(i) Breakeven point in units
(ii) Contribution to sales ratio (CS ratio)
(iii) Breakeven point in value
(iv) How many units should be produced in order to make a profit of $20000
(v) The Margin of safety in units
(vi) The Margin of safety in value
(vii) The Margin of safety as a percentage
Ali Jamshed
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5. The following budget is based on the full production capacity of 12000 units
$
Sales 240000
DM 96000
DL 36000
Production Overheads (20% fixed) 20000
Sales overheads (50%) 24000
Calculate:
(i) Breakeven point in units
(ii) Contribution to sales ratio (CS ratio)
(iii) Breakeven point in value
(iv) How many units should be produced in order to make a profit of $20000
(v) The Margin of safety in units
(vi) The Margin of safety in value
(vii) The Margin of safety as a percentage
alt

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Ali Jamshed
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6. Alberta Limited produces one product, plates, for which the following information is available.
Per unit $
Selling price 12.00
Direct Materials 5.00
Direct Labour 2.80
Variable Overheads 2.20
Total fixed costs (per annum) $240000
Sales per annum (units) 400000
REQUIRED:
(a) Using the information above, calculate the following:
(i) Break-even point in units and sales value.
(ii) Profit for one year, clearly showing the contribution per unit.
(iii) Margin of safety in units and as a percentage of sales.
Alberta Limited is now considering extending the product range by adding two products, cups and
saucers. The fixed costs would double to $480,000 if any new product was introduced.
The following information is available for the additional products.
Cups
$ per unit
Saucers
$ per unit
Selling price 18.00 26.00
Direct Materials 7.20 14.00
Direct Labour 4.80 4.20
Variable Overheads 3.00 1.80
Sales per annum (units) 100,000 60,000
The current workforce is operating al full capacity in the production of the plates. There is, however,
machine capacity available to undertake the production of both cups and saucers.
Alberta Limited extended their product range by adding both products.
(b) Calculate the maximum profit for one year that Alberta Limited could achieve if it was to
produce plates, cups and saucers. Show the contribution per unit and total contribution for each
product.
Ali Jamshed
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6. Alberta Limited produces one product, plates, for which the following information is available.
Per unit $
Selling price 12.00
Direct Materials 5.00
Direct Labour 2.80
Variable Overheads 2.20
Total fixed costs (per annum) $240000
Sales per annum (units) 400000
REQUIRED:
(a) Using the information above, calculate the following:
(i) Break-even point in units and sales value.
(ii) Profit for one year, clearly showing the contribution per unit.
(iii) Margin of safety in units and as a percentage of sales.
Alberta Limited is now considering extending the product range by adding two products, cups and
saucers. The fixed costs would double to $480,000 if any new product was introduced.
The following information is available for the additional products.
Cups
$ per unit
Saucers
$ per unit
Selling price 18.00 26.00
Direct Materials 7.20 14.00
Direct Labour 4.80 4.20
Variable Overheads 3.00 1.80
Sales per annum (units) 100,000 60,000
The current workforce is operating al full capacity in the production of the plates. There is, however,
machine capacity available to undertake the production of both cups and saucers.
Alberta Limited extended their product range by adding both products.
(b) Calculate the maximum profit for one year that Alberta Limited could achieve if it was to
produce plates, cups and saucers. Show the contribution per unit and total contribution for each
product.
alt

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Ali Jamshed
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7. Ranjeev Ali has decided to open his own business making leather jackets. He is not sure whether
to produce high quality jackets or low quality jackets. If Ranjeev produces high quality jackets, he
will use good quality material, each jacket will take longer to complete, and he will have to employ
higher quality skilled labour. He will also have higher fixed costs Ranjeev will be able to sell each
high quality jacket at a higher price, but he would sell more jackets if he produced low quality
jackets.
Ranjeev has prepared some estimated figures, shown below:
High Quality
Jacket
Low Quality
Jacket
Material costs per square metre $11 $8
Material required per jacket (sq metres) 3 3
Labour costs per hour $15 $13
Labour time per jacket (hours) 4 3
Fixed Costs per month $2300 $2000
Selling Price per jacket $149 $99
Estimated number of sales per month (units) 160 210
REQUIRED:
(a) Calculate the expected break even point in units for a month, for both the high quality
jacket and the low quality jacket.
(b) Calculate the margin of safety in units for one month, for both the high quality jacket
and the low quality jacket.
(c) Calculate the expected profit for a month, for both the high quality jacket and the low
quality jacket.
(d) Evaluate which type of jacket Ranjeev should produce.
Ali Jamshed
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7. Ranjeev Ali has decided to open his own business making leather jackets. He is not sure whether
to produce high quality jackets or low quality jackets. If Ranjeev produces high quality jackets, he
will use good quality material, each jacket will take longer to complete, and he will have to employ
higher quality skilled labour. He will also have higher fixed costs Ranjeev will be able to sell each
high quality jacket at a higher price, but he would sell more jackets if he produced low quality
jackets.
Ranjeev has prepared some estimated figures, shown below:
High Quality
Jacket
Low Quality
Jacket
Material costs per square metre $11 $8
Material required per jacket (sq metres) 3 3
Labour costs per hour $15 $13
Labour time per jacket (hours) 4 3
Fixed Costs per month $2300 $2000
Selling Price per jacket $149 $99
Estimated number of sales per month (units) 160 210
REQUIRED:
(a) Calculate the expected break even point in units for a month, for both the high quality
jacket and the low quality jacket.
(b) Calculate the margin of safety in units for one month, for both the high quality jacket
and the low quality jacket.
(c) Calculate the expected profit for a month, for both the high quality jacket and the low
quality jacket.
(d) Evaluate which type of jacket Ranjeev should produce.
alt

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Ali Jamshed
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8. Calthrop and Earle Ltd manufactures electronic ignition systems for the motor industry. The
company has recently developed a new ignition system.
The draft budget for the new ignition system for the financial year ending 30 June
2006 includes the following:
Production and sales 100 000 units
Direct materials 180
Direct labour 110
Variable overheads 60
Fixed costs:
Production 7 000 000
Administration 2 500 000
Marketing and Advertising 3 700 000
Selling price p
At a recent board meeting the following points were made:
(i) The chief executive suggested that the business should aim for 70% margin of safety.
(ii) The marketing director suggested that if the adv
sales and production quantities would rise by 5%. The production director estimated that
the business would then benefit from increased bulk purchases discounts and direct
material costs would fall by 5%. All other costs would remain unchanged, and selling price
REQUIRED
(a) Using the original draft budget
(i) Calculate the Break-even output in units.
(ii) Calculate the margin of safety as a percentage.
(iii) Calculate the profit for the year ending 30 June 2006 clearly showing contribution
per unit.
(b) calculate
profit for the year ended 30 June 2006, clearly showing the contribution per unit.
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9
Ali Jamshed
39
9. Claret Limited manufactures a single product. Its sales and costs for the year ended 31 March
2001 were as follows:
Unitssold 60,000
Selling price per unit £20
Variable costs per unit £8
Total fixed costs £300,000
To improve profits in its next financial year the following options are being considered.
Option 1 Increase the selling price by £3 per unit, the loss in sales would be compensated by
higher revenue. Costs would be unchanged.
Option 2 Reduce the selling price by 10% per unit, this leading to an increase in demand. Costs
would be unchanged.
Option 3 Reduce part of the fixed salaries of the sales representatives and instead pay them a
lower fixed salary plus a commission of £020 for each unit they sell. This would reduce
fixed costs by £20,000. All other costs, selling price and quantity sold would be
unchanged.
REQUIRED
(a) Calculate for the year ended 31 March 2001:
(i) Break-even point in units;
(ii) Profit, showing the contribution per unit In your calculations.
(b) Calculate, for each of the Options 1 and 2, the sales in units required to maintain the profit of
the year ended 31 March 2001.
(c) Calculate the profit for Option 3.
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10

Ali Jamshed
40
10. A division of Hobbs Limited manufactures one product, the Wye. The directors had prepared the
following forecast for the year ending 30 June 2016.
$000
Sales revenue 4400
Direct labour 1000
Variable administration costs 400
Fixed administration costs 300
Other fixed overheads 1200
Budgeted sales for the year ending 30 June 2016 are expected to be 40 000 units.
REQUIRED
(a) Calculate for product Wye:
(i) the contribution per unit
(ii) the budgeted break-even point in units
(iii) the margin of safety in units
Additional information
The directors have been warned that trading conditions are likely to change in the coming year
and they plan to make the following changes to their forecasts.
Reduce the selling price of the product by 10%.
Budget for a 20% increase in sales.
Budget for a 3% increase in direct labour.
Budget for a 10% decrease in fixed costs.
(b)Calculate for product Wye:
(i) the revised contribution per unit
(ii) the revised break-even point in units
(iii) the revised margin of safety in units
Another division of Hobbs Limited also manufactures one product, the Exe.
The following data is available for the year ending 30 June 2016.
Unit selling price $20
Unit variable costs $15
Budgeted fixed costs per annum $30 000
Budgeted sales 8000 units
Ali Jamshed
(c) Calculate the monthly break-even point in revenue.
(d) Prepare a break-even chart for product Exe for the year ending 30 June 2016. Clearly indicate
the areas of profit and loss.
(e) State three assumptions the accountant must make when preparing a break-even
The company uses marginal costing in order to calculate its break-
decisions.
(f) State three further reasons why a business might use a marginal costing
Ali Jamshed
decisions.
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11
Ali Jamshed
11. Ken produces components for mobile telephones. The following budgeted data is available for
the year ending 31 December 2018:
Per unit
$
Selling price 5.25
Direct materials 0.50
Direct labour 0.75
Direct expenses 0.25
Break-even point 16 000 units
REQUIRED
(a) Calculate the budgeted fixed costs for the year ending 31 December 2018.
The budgeted profit for the year ending 31 December 2018 is $75 000.
(b) Calculate for the year ending 31 December 2018:
(i) budgeted number of units to be sold.
(ii) budgeted contribution to sales (C / S) ratio (to two decimal places)
(c) State the meaning of C / S ratio.
(d) (i) State the name given to the difference between the budgeted total sales units and the
budgeted break-even sales units.
(ii) Explain the significance of this difference to a business.
(e) Prepare the break-even chart for Ken based on the relevant data. Clearly identify the area of
profit, the area of loss and the break-even point.
(f) State three limitations of a break-even analysis.
Ken is considering increasing the selling price to $6.00 per unit from 1 January 2019. He expects
that all costs will remain unchanged.
(g) Calculate the number of units Ken must sell each month so the budgeted total contribution
is the same as in 2018.
(h) Advise Ken whether or not he should increase the selling price taking into account both
financial and non-financial factors. 41
decisions.
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12
Ali Jamshed
43
12. Bould Limited manufactures two products, Wye and Zed. The forecast data for the year ending 30
June 2016 is as follows.
Wye Zed
$ $
Revenue from Wye 70 000 units at $12 840000
Revenue from Zed 90 000 units at $8 720000
Materials (259 000) (180 000)
Labour (233 000) (372 000)
Overheads (190 000) (207 000)
Profit / (Loss) 158 000 (39 000)
Labour includes fixed costs 65 000 48 000
Overheads include fixed costs 36 000 45 000
REQUIRED
(a) Calculate the contribution per unit of Wye
(b) Calculate the contribution per unit of Zed.
(c) Calculate the break-even point in units of Zed.
(d) Calculate the break-even point in revenue of Zed.
(e) Calculate the margin of safety in revenue for Zed.
The directors are concerned about the forecast loss of manufacturing Zed and are considering two
proposals.
Proposal 1
Increase the selling price of Zed by $1.20 per unit.
The sales volume is expected to fall by 5% as a result.
Proposal 2
Stop manufacturing Zed.
This will incur redundancy costs of $20 000.
There would be an increased additional budget facility for advertising Wye, which would increase
sales volume of Wye by 40%.
(f) Calculate the revised forecast profit of Bould Limited for the year ended 30 June 2016 if
proposal 1 is adopted.
(g) Calculate the revised forecast profit if proposal 2 is adopted.
(h) Advise, with reasons, which proposal the directors should adopt.
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13
Ali Jamshed
44
13. Albert Ross Limited produces a single product. Its costs and sales for the year ended 31
December 2001 were as follows:
Units sold 20,000
$
Sales revenue 900,000
Direct wages 200,000
Direct materials 300,000
Variable overheads 120,000
Fixed costs 205,000
The selling price and all costs were at a constant rate throughout the year.
To improve profit for the year commencing 1 January 2002, the following changes are
planned:
i. Units to be sold to increase by 5%.
ii. Selling price to be maintained at the 2001 price.
iii. Wages to be increased by 3% per unit.
iv. Materials costs to be reduced by 5% per unit, this being achieved b changing from a
local supplier to an overseas supplier.
v. Variable overheads to be reduced by $0.55 per unit.
vi. Fixed costs to increase by $5000 per annum.
REQUIRED:
(a) Calculate for the year commencing 1 January 2002:
(i) Break-even point in units and sales value
(ii) Profit for the year showing the contribution per unit in your calculations
(iii) The margin of safety in units and sales value
(iv) The sales in units required to maintain the profit level for the year ended 31
December 2001
(b) Evaluate the effects of the decision to change from a local to an overseas supplier.
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18
Decision Making
14
Ali Jamshed
48
COSTING 3-MARGINAL COSTING AND DECISION MAKING
1. Sairum manufacturing makes three types of products. Following information is available for
each product.
Product A Product B Product C
Selling price / Unit $35 $20 $60
DM / Unit $8 $6 $12
DL / Unit $10 $3 $30
VOH / Unit $4 $3 $5
Demand (Units) 3000 2400 1000
Annual Fixed Overheads for Sairum Manufacturing is $20000.
1kg of DM = $8/kg
Labour in the factory is paid at the rate of $5 per hour.
REQUIRED:
a) (i) If only 5000 kg of material is available and there is no shortage of labour, draw a
production schedule which will maximize profits.
(ii) Calculate the maximum profit.
b) Assuming material is not in short supply but labour hours available are restricted to 10000
hours.
(i) Draw a production schedule which will maximize profit.
(ii)Calculate the maximum profit.
c) Now assuming labour is not in short supply and availability of material is 4500 kg. Mr
Sairum has ordered that at least 500 units of each product must be produced. This order
must be accepted if the workers want to stay ALIVE.
(i) Draw a production schedule which will maximize profit.
(ii) Calculate the maximum profit.
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15

Ali Jamshed
49
2. Reed Ltd manufactures three products A, B and C. Budgeted costs and selling prices for the
three months ending 30 September 1999 were as follows:
A B C
Sales (units per month) 6000 8000 5000
$ $ $
Selling price per unit 45 44 37
Unit costs
Direct labour 6 9 6
Direct materials 20 24 16
Variable overheads 4 3 2
The total fixed costs are $100000 per month, and are unavoidable.
The company has been advised by its supplier that, due to a material shortage, its material
requirement for the month of September will be reduced by 15%. Material costs are $4 per
kilo for all products.
REQUIRED:
a) A statement to show the net profit for July 1999, clearly showing the contribution per
unit for each product.
b) A statement to show the maximum net profit for the three months ending 30th
September 1998 taking into account the material shortage for the month of September
1998, clearly showing the total contribution for each product.
Ali Jamshed
49
2. Reed Ltd manufactures three products A, B and C. Budgeted costs and selling prices for the
three months ending 30 September 1999 were as follows:
A B C
Sales (units per month) 6000 8000 5000
$ $ $
Selling price per unit 45 44 37
Unit costs
Direct labour 6 9 6
Direct materials 20 24 16
Variable overheads 4 3 2
The total fixed costs are $100000 per month, and are unavoidable.
The company has been advised by its supplier that, due to a material shortage, its material
requirement for the month of September will be reduced by 15%. Material costs are $4 per
kilo for all products.
REQUIRED:
a) A statement to show the net profit for July 1999, clearly showing the contribution per
unit for each product.
b) A statement to show the maximum net profit for the three months ending 30th
September 1998 taking into account the material shortage for the month of September
1998, clearly showing the total contribution for each product.
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16
Ali Jamshed
50
3. Passabuck Ltd makes three products: Meenibuck, Teenibuck and Deluxibuck for which the
following details are given:
Product Meenibuck Teenibuck Deluxibuck
Direct material (kilos per unit) 5 7 10
Direct labour (hours per unit) 4 6 8
Direct expenses (per unit) $7 $4 $9
Selling price per unit $74 $85 $115
Further information:
All three products are made from material X.
Material X costs $3 per kilo.
All three products require the same type of labour which is paid at $7 per hour.
Total fixed costs amount to $70000.
Budgeted production (based upon maximum demand) is:
Menibuck 2000 units
Teenibuck 2400 units
Deluxibuck 1800 units
It has now been discovered that the supply of material X is limited to 38000 kilos.
REQUIRED:
a) Calculate the contribution per kilo of material X used for each product.
b) Prepare a production budget based on your calculation in (a) to give maximum profit
from the material available
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17
52
5. Garden supplies Ltd make 3 styles of ornamental pot:
African
$
British
$
Chinese
$
Unit selling price 10.00 12.00 15.50
Direct labour 3.00 4.00 5.00
Direct materials 3.00 2.00 4.00
Variable overheads 3.00 4.00 4.00
Annual fixed costs total $60000
Machine hours needed to make 10 pots 3 4 6
Three machines are used in the manufacturing process.
Each machine runs for a maximum of 6000 hours per annum.
Each machine can make any type of pot.
Annual demand in units is 24000 20000 18000
REQUIRED:
a) What is the unit contribution of each type of pot?
b) To maximize profits:
(i) How many of each type should be made?
(ii) How much profit would be made?
c) What are the answers to (b) if at least 6000 of each pot must be made per annum?
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18
Ali Jamshed
55
7. Clarke Limited manufactures one product, the Apex. The following forecast information for
the Apex is available for the year ending 31 December 2014:
Per unit:
Selling price $45.50
Direct material ($4 per metre) $14.00
Direct labour ($12 per hour) $18.00
Variable production overhead $ 3.00
Sales demand 4 000 units
Fixed overheads are forecast to be $23 100 for the year.
REQUIRED
a) Calculate the breakeven point in units for the sales of the Apex.
b) Calculate the margin of safety for the Apex in terms of revenue.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Clarke Limited has decided to introduce two new products in addition to the Apex; the Bond
and the Cord. Both products use the same direct material and the same grade of direct labour
as the Apex. The following forecast information is available for the year ending 31 December
2014:
Per unit: Bond Cord
Selling price $52.00 $67.50
Direct material ($4 per metre) $16.00 $20.00
Direct labour ($12 per hour) $24.00 $30.00
Variable production overhead $ 4.00 $ 5.00
Sales demand 6 000 units 2 000 units
Fixed overheads are expected to double as a result of producing all three products.
c) Calculate the contribution per unit of the Bond and the Cord.
d) Calculate the total quantity of direct material required by Clarke Limited for the year
ending 31 December 2014.
e) Clarke Limited has been told that due to a shortage of direct material, only 40 000 metres
will be available for the year. Calculate the maximum forecast profit for Clarke Limited for
the year ending 31 December 2014 using 40 000 metres of direct material.
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23
19

56
8. Y Limited manufactures three products, Exe, Wye and Zed. The following budgeted
information is available for the month of July 2017:
Per unit Exe Wye Zed
Selling price $96.00 $128.00 $140.00
Direct material at $4 per kilo 7 kilos 9 kilos 15 kilos
Direct labour at $8 per hour 3 hours 4 hours 4 hours
Machine hours 1.00 2.50 5.00
Variable overhead $2.40 $3.20 $3.20
Fixed overhead $10.00 $25.00 $50.00
Maximum monthly demand 100 units 120 units 60 units
Fixed overheads are forecast to be $7000 per month.
Y Limited has enough resources and capacity to meet the maximum monthly demand.
REQUIRED
a) Calculate the contribution per unit for each product.
b) Prepare a statement to show the maximum contribution and maximum profit that Y
Limited can earn for the month of July 2017.
c) Calculate the total machine hours required to meet maximum demand for the month
of July 2017.
Due to a machine breakdown, only 500 machine hours will be available for July 2017
production.
d) Calculate the maximum contribution and the maximum profit for the month of July
2017, taking into account the limited machine hours available.
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24
20
Ali Jamshed
60
10. Nasri
at $1100 each. However his manager has already produced the following figures for 2009
$ $
Sales (8000 x $1100) 8800000
Direct wages 5000000
Production overheads 640000
Sales overheads 480000 7144000
Profit 1656000
All overheads are 50% fixed and 50% variable.
250000 labour hours are worked.
There are 3 options under consideration which will allow sales to increase to 10000 tables.
Option 1:
Purchase 2000 tables from another manufacturer at $920 each.
Option 2:
Lease new and improved machinery at a cost of $260000 for the year. This would allow
production of 10000 tables per annum with no change in unit variable costs. This was
previously under consideration and $40000 has been spent on a feasibility study.
Option 3:
Using the existing machinery introduce an evening shift thus providing an additional 62500
labour hours. Wage rates for this shift would have to increase by 15% to take into account
unsocial hours to be worked. Also the additional staff needed would have to be trained at a
cost of $50000- this cost would be absorbed in 2009.
REQUIRED:
a) Calculate the original unit contribution
b) Calculate profit under each option
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21

62
12. Fernando manufactures 3 types of refrigerator for Household, Business and Factory use.
The following data apply to the year ended 30 April 2007.
Household Business Factory Total
Sales (units) 2400 900 2250 5550
Total sales value ($) 240000 108000 360000 708000
Total costs $ $ $ $
Direct material 96000 45000 112500 253500
Direct labour 72000 28800 94500 195300
Variable overheads 24000 13500 45000 82500
Fixed overheads _57600 _27000 _67500 _152100
249600 114300 319500 683400
Profit (loss) (9600) (6300) 40500 24600
REQUIRED:
a) For the year ended 30 April 2007 calculate for each type of refrigerator:
(i) the contribution per unit;
(ii) the contribution as a percentage of sales.
Give answers to a maximum of two decimal places. Working must be shown.
b) Calculate the break-even point for each type of refrigerator in both units and dollars.
Give your answers to the nearest whole number. Working must be shown
c) The table at the beginning of the question shows that both the Household and the Business
models appear to be making a loss.
Explain why Fernando should not cease production of these two types of refrigerator.
62
Sales (units) 2400 900 2250 5550
Total costs $ $ $ $
Direct material 96000 45000 112500 253500
Direct labour 72000 28800 94500 195300
Fixed overheads _57600 _27000 _67500 _152100
249600 114300 319500 683400
Profit (loss) (9600) (6300) 40500 24600
REQUIRED:
62
Sales (units) 2400 900 2250 5550
Total costs $ $ $ $
Direct material 96000 45000 112500 253500
Direct labour 72000 28800 94500 195300
Fixed overheads _57600 _27000 _67500 _152100
249600 114300 319500 683400
Profit (loss) (9600) (6300) 40500 24600
REQUIRED:
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26
Answers WS 1

1 A
2 C
3 A
4 C
5 B
6 C
7 D
8 D
9 A
10 C
11 C
12 A
13 D
14 D
15 B
16 B
17 A
18 B
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