xray Crystallography

1. Maria Fareed
Department of Biochemistry
GC.Unversity Faisalabad

2.  X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
• X-ray crystallography is
the experimental science
determining the atomic and
molecular structure of a
crystal, in which the
crystalline structure causes
a beam of incident X-rays
to diffract into many specific
directions

3.  HISTORY
X-ray crystallography was discovered by Johns Kaplae in 17th
century.

4.  INSTRUMENTS
The instruments used in x-ray crystallography
is know as x-ray diffractometer and content
following parts;
1. X-ray source
2. Monochromater
3.Calorimeter
4.Goneomater
5.photographic plate film
6.Detector

5.  WORKING
The basic principle in working of X-ray
crystallography is that the crystalline
atoms diffract X-rays to several
specific directions whose intensity
and angle of the diffracted beams
generate three-dimensional (3D)
electron density image from which the
mean position of atoms in a crystal.

6.  WORKING

7.  X-Ray crystallography
experiments are broken down into
four steps:
1. Protein crystallization.
2. Production of a diffraction
pattern.
3. Analysis of the diffraction
pattern to produce an electron
density map.
4. Determination of the protein
structure.

10.  APPLICATION
Some of the specific areas that can
now be probed with X-ray
crystallography include measuring the,
1.Thickness of films
2. Identifying specific crystal phases and
orientations that can help to determine the
catalytic activity of materials
3. Determining the purity of a sample.