This presentation covers aviation topics including the functions of various aircraft parts like the cockpit, cargo area, exterior parts, interior parts, slide rafts, cabin intercommunication systems, and more. Emergency equipment like smoke hoods, oxygen bottles, fire axes, asbestos gloves, fire extinguishers, oxygen masks, megaphones, ELTs, and life jackets are described. The document also discusses procedures for embarkation and disembarkation of passengers, special handling of passengers like unaccompanied minors, VVIPs, expectant mothers, and more. Precautions for transporting dangerous goods by air are outlined.
UGC NET Paper 1 Mathematical Reasoning & Aptitude.pdf
Frankfinn Presentation on Aviation by Hricha Dhungel
1. PRESENTATION ON
AVIATION
Submitted to : Ms. Tanaaz Ahmeo
Submitted on : 25th May 2018
Center :Vikas Marg, Delhi
Year :2017-2018
Submitted by :
Hricha Dhungel
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this humble opportunity to thank
our Aviation trainer Ms. Tanaaz Ahmeo for
the great Knowledge and support she has
given through her sessions.
I am also grateful to my friends and well
wishers who helped me in all possible
aspects.
3. CONTENTS
P1b P3a,b,c (LO2/LO1,LO2 &3 unit 4 & 9)
P3b (LO3 of unit 4)
P2c (LO2 of unit 9)
P4a (LO4 of unit 4)
P4b (LO4 of unit 4)
P3b,c (LO4, LO3 of unit 4 & 9)
M (unit 4 & 9)
D (unit 4 & 9)
Conclusion
Bibliography
4. P1B P3A,B,C (LO2/LO1,LO2 &3 UNIT 4 &9)
Describe the function of The Parts shown to
You :
COCKPIT
CARGO
EXTERIOR PART
INTERIOR PART
SLIDE RAFT
CABIN INTER COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Passenger Service Unit
Jump Seat
5. COCKPIT
A cockpit or flight deck is the area, usually near
the front of an aircraft or spacecraft, from which a
pilot controls the aircraft.
Most Modern Cockpits Are Enclosed, Except On
Some Small Aircraft.
The Cockpit Of An Aircraft Contains Flight
Instruments On An Instrument Panel, And The
Controls That Enable The Pilot To Fly The Aircraft
Cockpit of an Antonov An-124 Cockpit of an A380.
Most Airbus cockpits are glass cockpits featuring
fly-by- wire technology.
The cockpit of an aircraft contains flight
instruments on an instrument panel, and the
controls that enable the pilot to fly the aircraft. In
most airliners, a door separates the cockpit from
the aircraft cabin.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks, all major
airlines fortified their cockpits against access by
hijackers.
6. CARGO
Cargo commonly known as Air
Freight, is used for loading baggage
of the passengers . •
A cargo aircraft plane (also known
as freight aircraft or freighters) is a
fixed-wing aircraft designed or
converted for the carriage of goods,
rather than passengers.
They are devoid of passenger
amenities, and generally feature one
or more large doors for the loading
and unloading of cargo.
8. EXTERIOR PART AND FUNCTION
AILERONS: Ailerons Are Hinged Control Surfaces Attached To The Trailing Edge
Of The Wing Of A Fixed-wing Aircraft. The Aileron Are Used To Control The Aircraft
In Roll.
RUDDER: The Rudder Is One Of Three Primary Flight Control Surfaces Found On
An Airplane. It Is A Movable Surface Hinged To The Fixed Surface That Is Located
At The Rear Of The Aircraft Called The Vertical Stabilizer, Or Fin. The Rudder
Controls Movement Of The Airplane About Its Vertical Axis And Causes The
Airplane & Helps Nose To Move The Right Or Left And Point In A Different
Direction.
STABILIZER: Thus Is The Horizontal Part Of The Tail Assembly, The Small Wings
At The Rear Of An Aircraft’s Fuselage. It Balances The Lift Forces Generated By
The Main Wings Further Forward On The Fuselage. The Stabilizer Also Usually
Contains The Elevator.
UNDERCARRIAGE: It Is Located Under The Plane, It Allows The Plane To Land
And Supports It While It Is On Ground. It Also Has The Mechanism To Reduce And
Absorb The Shock Of Landing To Acceptable Limits.
SPOILER: Spoilers Are Small, Hinged, Plates On The Top Portion Of Wings.
Spoilers Can Be Used To Slow An Aircraft, Or To Make An Aircraft Descend, If
They Are Deployed On Both Wings. Spoilers Can Also Be Used To Generate A
Rolling Motion For An Aircraft, If They Are Deployed On Only One Wing.
10. EXTERIOR STRUCTURE OF AIRCRAFT
FUSELAGE: Its Is The Central Body Portion Of A Plane Designed To
Carry Fuel, Passengers, Freight & Mail. The Part Of The Aircraft, Which
Is Streamlined, & The Wings And The Tails Are Attached To It. It Is Made
Up Of Duralium I.E. An Alloy Of Aluminum, Nickel & Cobalt.
COCKPIT: A Cockpit Or A Flight Deck Is The Area, Usually Near The
Front Of An Aircraft, From Which A Pilot Controls The Aircraft. It Is A Place
Where From Flight Is Controlled On The Ground And In The Air.
CABIN: An Aircraft Cabin Is The Section Of An Aircraft In Which
Passengers Travel, Often Just Called The Cabin. The Portion Of
Enclosed Airplane Intended For Transporting Passengers Or Freight.
WINGS: The Parts Of The Plane That Provides Lift & Support The Weight
Of The Plane, Its Passengers, Crew & Cargo While The Plane Is In Flight.
FLAPS: The Movable Portion Of The Wings Closest To The Fuselage.
These Are Control Surface Installed On The Trailing Edge Of A Wing And
Used To Increase The Amount Of Lift Generated By The Wing At Slower
Speed
13. INTERIOR PART AND FUNCTION
AISLE : A Passage Between Two Sections Of Seats, Comprising Of
Horizontally Placed Rows That Is Located From The Nose To Tail Of The
Aircraft Without Any Obstruction.
BULKHEAD: Partitions Or Walls In The Fuselage To Make Compartments
For Different Purpose.
DOGHOUSE: A Small Cupboard, Placed On The Floor Of The Aircraft On
Casters, Usually Behind The Last Row Of Seats In Every Zone Of The
Plane Used For Storage Purposes.
OVERHEAD BINS: Medium Sized Compartments Placed Along The
Sidewall Of The Aircraft, Fitted With A Door, Meant For Storage Of The
Carry On Baggage Of The Passenger During Flight.
EMERGENCY EXITS : Doors & Windows Used Specially In Case Of
Emergency Besides Being Used As Normal Exits.
GALLEY: The “Kitchen” Of The Aircraft Is Called The Galley.
LAVATORY: All Lavatory Are Similar In Design , Though Size And Contour
May Very Depending On Its Location.
14. SLIDE RAFT
Slide raft is an inflatable slide used to
evacuate an aircraft quickly during
emergency landing.
Slide raft container- parts of the aircraft
door/exit that holds the slide raft in a
compressed stat.
The escape slides a quick evacuation
from the aircraft in case of emergency.
Slides Are Also Designed To Double As
Life Raft In Case Of A Water Landing.
18. P3B (LO3 OF UNIT 4)
Demonstrate the correct procedure for Embarkation
and Disembarkation of all the special handling pax
along with related documents.
19. EMBARKATION PROCEDURE
First The Passenger Enters The Airport And Proceed To The
Ticket Counter.
Ground Staff Executive Will Check In The Passenger Baggage
And Tags The Slip To Boarding Pass.
If The Passenger Have Any Excess Baggage They Need To Pay
Extra Amount According To The Airline Fares.
If It Is Domestic Destination , Passenger Need Not To Go Through
The Customs And Immigration Check.
If It Is International The Passenger Need T Go Through The
Customs And Immigration Check.
After Customs And Immigration The Passenger Proceed To
Security Check.
Then The Passenger Boards The Aircraft.
20. DISEMBARKATION PROCEDURE
For Domestic passenger disembarkation, they directly
proceed to baggage counter and collects their
baggage.
And they leave the airport.
International passengers collects the disembarkation
form from crew on board.
Then they proceed to customs and immigration check.
After customs and immigration they proceed to
baggage counter to collect.
And they leave the airport.
21. P2C (LO2 OF UNIT 9)
Demonstrate the correct procedure for Embarkation and
Disembarkation of all the special handling pax along with
related documents.
UNIM
VVIP’S
EXPECTANT MOTHER
MOTHER WITH INFANT
DEPORTEE
WCHR PAX
BLIND PASSENGER
29. P4A (LO4 OF UNIT 4)
Describe the following Emergency Equipments
Used in Emergency.
SMOKE HOOD
OXYGEN BOTTLE
FIRE AXE
ASBESTOS GLOVES
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
OXYGEN MASK
MEGAPHONE
ELT
LIFE JACKET
30. SMOKE HOOD
A smoke hood is a protective device
similar in concept to a gas mask.
Smoke hoods are intended to protect
victims of fire from the effects of smoke
inhalation.
31. OXYGEN BOTTLE
Oxygen May Be Classified as an
element, a gas ,and a drug.
Oxygen therapy is the administration of
oxygen at concentrations greater than
that in room air to treat or prevent
hypoxemia [not enough of oxygen in the
blood].
The portable oxygen systems are that
provides a constant flow breathing
system for up to 3 passengers or crew
members. It is intended to supply
supplemental or first-aid oxygen.
Hand Held Loudspeakers Used By Crew
To Enable Them To Directly Emergency
Evacuation Procedure By Being Heard
Over Various Sounds Associated With
The Emergency.
32. FIRE AXE
Fire Axes are provided to obtain
emergency access to areas and parts
roof the airplane which are not easily
accessible.
The handle is insulated to protect
against electrical shock. In the past, fire
axes might be found in the flight deck
and in the passengers cabin but on most
carriers, in compliance with anti
terrorism regulations and procedures,
axes are no longer carried in the
passenger/cargo compartment.
33. ASBESTORS GLOVES
These Gauntlet-type Gloves Are Kept In
The Flight Deck And/or In The Cabin To
Protect The User Against Heat/Fire.
They Can Also Be Used To Handle Hot
Or Sharp Objects.
Furthermore They Will Provide
Protection From Evaporative Cooling At
The Portable Fire Extinguisher Nozzle
During Discharge.
34. FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Devices used to contain & overcome
fire. They are of two types: Halon &
Water.
It is used to extinguish small fire in the
aircraft.
35. OXYGEN MASK
Placed In Overhead Cabins To
Manipulate Decompression In
The Cabin For Every
Passengers.
36. MEGA PHONE
Hand held loudspeakers used by crew
to enable them to direct emergency
evacuation procedures by being heard
over various sounds associated with the
emergency.
PA inoperative, Megaphone is used to
make important announcement. Crowd
control after the Evacuation.
37. ELT
Emergency locater transmitter is a radio
device on board to give out emergency
signals on particular frequencies in case
of an emergency with no contact with
outside world. Found in the bins as well
as in the side/rafts.
After crash, when activated, assist in the
location of the airplane during search
and rescue operation.
ELT is used during Land Evacuation and
ditching.
Once it gets in touch of water antenna
will go erect and start sending signals.
ELT/RADIO BEACON
38. LIFE JACKET
Automatically inflatable vests found
under every seat on board to help in
floatation during ditching.
Children’s life vests are also present in
smaller sizes.
Passenger life vest is of yellow color
and crew and Capt’s life vest is orange
in color.
Ensure life jacket is stored each seat or
in arm rest.
39. P4B (LO4 OF UNIT 4)
Analyze the Emergency Equipment Under the
Headings:
40. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENTS
Name of the
Emergency
Equipment
Parts of the
Emergency
Equipment
Preflight checks
of the
Emergency
Equipment
Usage of the
Emergency
Equipment
Smoke hood Mask Check the right
location in the
cockpit.
To protect the
victim from fire in
the effects of
smoke.
Fire axe Handle, hook,
blade.
Check the right
location and
secured with
straps.
Incase of fir or
during survival
incase of crash.
Asbestos
Gloves
Gloves Correct location
in the cockpit
To touch the hot
metals while
anything is in fire
41. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENTS
Name of the
Emergency
Equipment
Parts of the
Emergency
Equipment
Preflight checks of
the Emergency
Equipment
Usage of the
Emergency
Equipment
Fire
extinguisher
It’s a red
colored bottle
strapped to
secure, safety
pin, handle,
trigger, nozzle
In correct location,
secured with straps,
needle on the
pressure gauge
should be between
1500-2000tsi and
on the green band.
To extinguish the
fire.
Oxygen mask Gas pipe, mask,
elastic band.
Check the right
location in the over
head bin in the
cabin.
During
decompression.
42. EMERGENCY EQUIPMENTS
Name of the
Emergency
Equipment
Parts of the
Emergency
Equipment
Preflight checks of
the Emergency
Equipment
Usage of the
Emergency
Equipment
Mega phone Push to talk
button, sling,
speaker, handle.
Check the correct
location, secured
with straps, check
the push to talk
button.
It is used for
crowd control .
ELT(Emergen
cy Locator
Transmitter)
Antenna, lan
yard, a plastic
cover and a
battery.
Check if it is in right
location and
secured with straps
.
To send rescue
and search
signals used in
ditching and crash
landing.
Life jacket Upper and lower
chamber, 2 red
toggle, inflation
tubes, straps
around the waist.
It should be under
each passenger
seats & the spare
ones in the over
head bin.
Used in ditching.
43. P3B,C (LO4, LO3 OF UNIT 4 & 9)
What Precautions to be Taken by
airline for Transportation of Dangerous
goods.
44. DANGEROUS GOODS
Dangerous Goods are solids, liquids, or gases that can harm
people, other living organisms, property, or the environment.
Dangerous Goods are articles or substances which are capable of
posing a risk to health, safety, property or the environment.
Dangerous Goods by air are classified according to the
Dangerous Goods Regulations.
Dangerous Good include material that are radioactive flammable,
explosive, corrosive, oxidizing.
Also included all physical conditions such as compressed gases
and liquids or hot material.
45. THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF DANGEROUS
GOODS TRAINING IS SAFETY AND IS ABLE
TO :
Identify Dangerous Goods And Have Knowledge Of
The Current Regulation And Limitation Of Dangerous
Goods.
Able To Recognize And Identify The Hazard Labels.
Recognize And Identify Dangerous Goods Package
And Markings And Familiar Of Dangerous Goods
Emergency Procedures.
46. PRECAUTIONS
They Should Check :
Packing - Dangerous goods shall be packed in accordance with
the requirements specified in the Technical Instructions in addition
to the provisions of this rule.
Labeling - Unless otherwise provided in the Technical Instructions,
each package of dangerous goods shall be labeled in accordance
with the requirements specified in the Technical Instructions.
Marking - Save as otherwise provided in the Technical
Instructions, each package of dangerous goods shall be marked
with the proper shipping name of its contents and, when assigned,
the UN number and such other markings as may be specified in
the Technical Instructions.
47. PRECAUTIONS
No operator shall accept dangerous goods for transport by air unless :
(a) The dangerous goods are accompanied by a completed dangerous
goods transport document, except where the Technical Instructions
specify that such a document is not required.
(b) The package, over pack or freight container containing the dangerous
goods has been inspected in accordance with the acceptance procedures
specified in the Technical Instructions.
(c) The operator shall ensure that an acceptance check-list as required by
the Technical Instructions has been developed and is being used.
(d) The operator shall ensure that no leaking or damaged packages, over
packs or freight containers containing dangerous goods shall be loaded
on an aircraft.
(e) No dangerous goods shall be carried in an aircraft cabin occupied by
passengers or on the flight deck of an aircraft, except those specified in
sub-rule (4) of rule 336.
(f) Any hazardous contamination found on an aircraft as a result of
leakage or damage to dangerous goods shall be removed without delay.
48. M (UNIT 4 & 9)
Describe a cabin crew routine for
international flight from sign in time
until sign out.
49. THE PRE-FLIGHT BRIEFING
You need to report for duty approximately 2 hours
before flight to have enough time for preparation before
it is time to meet your passengers whether its 12 in the
afternoon or 3 in the morning.
The pre flight briefing is the first meeting time for all
crews working on a specific flight.
The team gathers for a 1 hour briefing in which the
purser (in flight supervisor) plan the in flight service,
sets the expectations and assigns the working
positions for each cabin crew.
51. THE PRE TAKE-OFF SERVICE
Service between boarding and take-off is called pre
take-off service.
You will be standing in the cabin welcoming
passengers on board and helping them to locate
their seats and store their cabin baggage quickly to
maintain a smooth flow for all passengers boarding.
Don’t lift the passenger bag you barely touch the
bag with two fingers.
Boarding completed.
53. CLOSING THE DOOR
Hold the door assist handle on the door frame. Press the gust
lock on the door support arm to unlock the door.
Check the door area is clear.
Slide the door rearwards until it is in front of the doorframe,
then pull the door inwards and lower the door control handle
for Airbus/rotate in anti clock wise for Boeing and make sure
that the door is locked properly.
54. TAKE-OFF
It is vital that flight attendants remain aware as the majority of
emergencies occur during takeoff.
Informing the passengers of the aircraft safety procedures and
ensuring that all hand luggage is securely stored.
The cockpit crew assigns a seat belt sign in passenger
service unit to wear seat belts during take-off and Landing.
Cabin crew should inform all passengers to wear seat belts
and make sure that they have done it.
Remind the passengers not to wake up or not to remove seat
belts during take-off and Landing.
55. AT CRUISING
Serving meals and refreshments to passengers. Regular
cockpit checks must be done to ensure the pilot’s health and
safety.
They must also respond to call lights dealing with special
requests.
During turbulence, flight attendants must ensure the cabin is
secure.
Prior to landing all loose items, trays and rubbish must be
collected and secured along with service and gallery
equipment.
All hot liquids must be disposed of.
56. BEFORE LANDING
An Disembarkation form is handed over to all the
passengers for filling the details for immigration
check.
Cabin crew should also fill the disembarkation form
before landing and a final cabin check must then be
completed prior to landing.
They also assist any special needs passengers and
small children off the aircraft to escort children,
while following the proper paperwork picking them
up.
Giving first aid to passengers disembarks safely at
the end of a flight and checking that there is no
luggage left in the overhead lockers.
58. AFTER LANDING
Upon landing, flight attendants must remain
stationed at exits and monitor the aircraft and cabin
as passengers disembark the plane.
Completing paperwork, including writing a flight
report and sign out.
59. D (UNIT 4 & 9)
a)Describe & compare Boeing 747 & Airbus
A380.
b)Do a case study actual mishap of an air crash.
60. BOEING 747
Engines : Four genx-2b67 turbofans.
Typical Cruising Speed : Mach 0.855[855km/h].
range : 14,815km [8,000nm] .
Max Take-off Weight : 435,456 kg [960,000lb].
Wingspan : 68.5m [224ft 9 inch].
Length : 74.2m [249ft 6 inch].
Passenger Seating : 416 Passengers On Decks In A
Three Class Arrangement, And Up To 660 Passengers
In A One Class Arrangement .
Cost : about $205 million.
62. AIR BUS A380
A-380 Engines : Four Rolls-Royce Trent 900 turbofans
or four general Electric /pratt & whitney GP-7200
turbofans
Typical Cruising Speed : Mach 0.85 (850 km/h)
Range : 14,800 km (8,000 nm)
Max Takeoff Weight : 560,000 kg (1,234,600 lb)
Wingspan : 79.8m (261 ft 10 in)
Length : 72.75m (238 ft 8 in)
Passengers Seating : 555 Passengers On Decks In A
Three Class Arrangement, And Up To 800 Passengers
In A One Class Arrangement
Cost : About $250 Million US
64. BOEING747 VS AIRBUS A380
Airbus and Boeing are the two giants when it comes to
manufacturing commercial airplanes.
The A380 is the latest and biggest plane from Airbus
while the 747 has been Boeing’s flagship for quite
some time.
The biggest difference between the two is size as the
A380 is certainly much bigger than the 747.
The Airbus A380 has a wingspan that is 15m longer to
that of the 747.
It is also about 50% heavier than the 747 even when
empty.
65. BOEING747 VS AIRBUS A380
The size of the A380 is such that many airport runways
are not equipped to accommodate the huge planes
and had to undergo major renovations to make them
fit..
The major contributor to the A380’s considerable size
is its 2nd deck, which extends the full length of the
entire plane.
The 747 is also a double Decker but its 2nd deck is just
very short.
The 747’s characteristic bulge at the front of the plane
is the extent of its 2nd deck.
Because of the full length of the A380’s deck, it can
accommodate way more passengers than the 747
without extending its length by much.
66. BOEING747 VS AIRBUS A380
Even though the A380 is just over 2 meters longer than
the 747, it can accommodate 33% more passengers in
the usual 3 class seating or up to 50% more in an all
economy seating.
In order to get that much weight into the air, the A380
needs a lot more thrust than the 747.
Each of the A380’s four engines can put out at least
80,000lbs of thrust while the 747’s engines only put out
somewhere around 60,000lbs of thrust.
But all in all, the A380 still manages to be more
efficient and less costly per passenger and would be
perfect in high traffic routes like major cities and
regional hubs.
67. BOEING747 VS AIRBUS A380
Other areas may not benefit from having an A380 or
may even lose profit because of it.
As the 747 has been in production for four decades, it
is no secret that it has gone through many revisions
and has many variants aside from the typical
passenger and cargo models.
Non-commercial variants include VIP transport, with Air
Force One being the most popular, Shuttle carrier, and
as an aerial fire fighter among others.
The A380, being fairly new, only has passenger and
cargo models at the moment.
68. D (UNIT 4 & 9)
b)Do a case study actual mishap of an air crash.
69. CASE STUDY-ACTUAL MISHAP OF AN AIR
CRASH
The country woke up Saturday morning to one of the deadliest air
tragedies in Mangalore.
Air India Express flight 812 from Dubai to Mangalore, carrying 166
passengers, got completely burnt, killing 158 people and eight
miraculous survivors.
Timeline of the mishap At 2am on the 22nd of May the ill-fated Air
India Express flight 812 took off from Dubai International Airport.
Captain Glusica, a Serbian expat,was in charge. Its a four-and-a-
half hour long flight to Mangalore.
The flight was scheduled to touch down at about 6.30 in the
morning. There were 166 passengers on board -- 137 adults, 19
children, four infants and six crew members.
Most of them were from Kerala, heading back from the Gulf, each
with a date to keep with their loved ones.
70. CASE STUDY-ACTUAL MISHAP OF AN AIR
CRASH
As the narrow-bodied Boeing 737-800 approached the table-top runway
at Mangalore, the winds were calm, its a bit cloudy. But visibility was clear
up to six kilometers. Captain Glusica and his co-pilot Captain SS
Ahluwalia were cleared by Mangalore airport to approach for landing.
About 10 miles short of the runway, the plane switched over to the
Instrument Landing System. What happened next is a mystery at the
moment.
The aircraft hit the tarmac about 2000 feet beyond its touchdown point.
That proved fatal for the aircraft as it simply did not have enough runway
left to break its speed.
The plane hit a fence, broke through the airport boundary wall and fell
into the gorge beyond, breaking into two and catching fire on impact. Of
the166 people on board, 158 perished but there is a miraculous escape
for eight passengers.
Reports suggest that the Air Traffic Control received no distress signal in
the moments before landing. So the reason for one of the countries worst
aviation disasters is still a mystery.
87. CONCLUSION
I would like to conclude by saying that I have learned a lot
from Aviation classes and I am sure that it will help me a lot in
my present as well as future.
I got many Information and it helps me to update the
knowledge about the Aviation Industry. Once again I would
like to thank my Aviation faculty Ms. Tanaaz Ahmeo who
guide me to do this assignment. I have understood the
importance of Aviation industry by doing this assignment.