Basic Demographic Indicators

1. Truc Ngoc Hoang Dang, Ph.D.
21 January 2022
PRPR 101
Population and Development
BASIC DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATORS

2. 2
Outline
• Definition of demographic indicators
• Type of demographic indicators
• Lecture
• Quiz
60 minutes
45 minutes

3. 3
Indicator
“something that shows what a situation is like”
(Cambridge English Dictionary)
“a measurement or value which gives you
an idea of what something is like”
(Collin English Dictionary)

4. 4
• Size
• Age and sex structure
• Distribution
• Fertility
• Mortality
• Migration
Demographic composition

5. AGE AND SEX INDICATORS
Image:
9

6. 6
Age and sex indicators
1. Sex ratio
2. Median age
3. Age-dependent ratio

7. 1. Sex ratio
• Proportion of males to females in a population
7

8. Thai population by age group and sex in 2016
Age groups Male Female Total
0 785,000 752,000 1,537,000
1-4 1,104,000 1,054,000 2,158,000
5-9 1,944,000 1,855,000 3,799,000
10-14 2,116,000 2,030,000 4,146,000
15-19 2,272,000 2,202,000 4,474,000
20-24 2,310,000 2,276,000 4,586,000
25-29 2,175,000 2,177,000 4,352,000
30-34 2,202,000 2,257,000 4,459,000
35-39 2,427,000 2,555,000 4,982,000
40-44 2,501,000 2,679,000 5,180,000
45-49 2,589,000 2,821,000 5,410,000
50-54 2,416,000 2,668,000 5,084,000
55-59 2,060,000 2,308,000 4,368,000
60-64 1,672,000 1,907,000 3,579,000
65 + 3,150,000 4,053,000 7,203,000
T
otal 31,723,000 33,594,000 65,317,000
Sex ratio at birth
= 1.05 m for every f
8
Sex ratio of Thai pop
= 0.94 m for every f
103<Sex ratio at birth <107

9. 2. Median age
• Median = the "middle" value in the list of numbers
• Median age = the point at which half the population is older than
that age and half is younger
Example:
• 40 people < 30 years-old
• 40 people > 30 years-old
30 years-old is median age

10. 15
Formula
Md= Imd +[N/2 - ∑ fx)/ fmd]* i
Imd = age at start of the age group that half population is.
N = total number of population
∑ fx = sum of population before the level of age group that half of
population is
fmd = population at age group that half of population is
i = range of age group

11. Age groups Male Female T
otal
< 5 1,889,000 1,806,000 3,695,000
5-9 1,944,000 1,855,000 3,799,000
10-14 2,116,000 2,030,000 4,146,000
15-19 2,272,000 2,202,000 4,474,000
20-24 2,310,000 2,276,000 4,586,000
25-29 2,175,000 2,177,000 4,352,000
30-34 2,202,000 2,257,000 4,459,000
35-39 2,427,000 2,555,000 4,982,000
40-44 2,501,000 2,679,000 5,180,000
45-49 2,589,000 2,821,000 5,410,000
50-54 2,416,000 2,668,000 5,084,000
55-59 2,060,000 2,308,000 4,368,000
60-64 1,672,000 1,907,000 3,579,000
65 + 3,150,000 4,053,000 7,203,000
Total 31,723,000 33,594,000 65,317,000
Thai population 2016 (NESDB 2013)
N = total number
of population16
Imd = age at start
of the age group
that half
population is
= 35 years
i = range of
age group
= 5
∑ f = sum of
x
population before
the level of age
group that half of
population is.
= 29,511,000
md
f = population
at age group that
half of population
is.
= 34,493,000
Md= Imd +[N/2 - ∑ fx)/ fmd]* i
1
2
3
4
5

12. Median age of Thai population 2016
Md= Imd +[N/2 - ∑ fx)/ fmd]* i
Md = 35 + [(65,317,000/2) – 29,511,000)/34,493,000]*5
= 35.456
Imd = age at start of the age group that half population is.
N = total number of population.
∑ fx = sum of population before the level of age group that half of population is.
fmd = population at age group that half of population is.
i = range of age group

13. Age groups Male Female T
otal
< 5 1,889,000 1,806,000 3,695,000
5-9 1,944,000 1,855,000 3,799,000
10-14 2,116,000 2,030,000 4,146,000
15-19 2,272,000 2,202,000 4,474,000
55-59 2,060,000 2,308,000 4,368,000
60-64 1,672,000 1,907,000 3,579,000
65 + 3,150,000 4,053,000 7,203,000
Total 31,723,000 33,594,000 65,317,000
20-24 2,310,000 2,276,000 4,586,000
25-29 2,175,000 2,177,000 4,352,000
30-34 2,202,000 2,257,000 4,459,000
35-39 2,427,000 2,555,000 4,982,000
40-44 2,501,000 2,679,000 5,180,000
45-49 2,589,000 2,821,000 5,410,000
50-54 2,416,000 2,668,000 5,084,000
<20 = young population
20-29 = middle-age population
30+ = older population
In 2016, the median age in Thailand was 35,
signifying an older population.
18
Thai population 2016 (NESDB 2013)

14. Median age of Singaporeans
https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/infographics/population 19

15. 20
3. Age-dependent ratio
• The ratio of persons in the “dependent” ages
• In Thailand:
– dependent ages = age under 15 & over 60
– economically productive ages = 15-59 years

16. Age groups Male Female T
otal
< 5 1,889,000 1,806,000 3,695,000
5-9 1,944,000 1,855,000 3,799,000
10-14 2,116,000 2,030,000 4,146,000
15-19 2,272,000 2,202,000 4,474,000
20-24 2,310,000 2,276,000 4,586,000
25-29 2,175,000 2,177,000 4,352,000
30-34 2,202,000 2,257,000 4,459,000
35-39 2,427,000 2,555,000 4,982,000
40-44 2,501,000 2,679,000 5,180,000
45-49 2,589,000 2,821,000 5,410,000
50-54 2,416,000 2,668,000 5,084,000
55-59 2,060,000 2,308,000 4,368,000
60-64 1,672,000 1,907,000 3,579,000
65 + 3,150,000 4,053,000 7,203,000
Thai population 2016 (NESDB 2013)
Population under
15 years old
= 11,640,000
1
2
3
((Pop under age 15 + Pop over age 60)
/(Pop age 15-59))*k
Population over
60 years old
= 10,782,000
Population age
15-59 years old or
working age
population
= 42,895,000

17. Formula
((Pop under age 15 + Pop over age 60) /(Pop age 15-59))*k
= ((11,640,000+10,782,000) / 42,895,000)*100
= 52.272
*For every 100 people in the working ages there are 52 people in
the dependent ages
The “constant ” - an assigned
value of
100, 1,000, 10,000 or 100,000,
which
represents a standard population.
21

18. 22
Formula
((Pop under age 15 + Pop over age 60) /(Pop age 15-59))*k
Child dependent ratio =?
Elderly dependent ratio =?

19. 23
Formula
((Pop under age 15 + Pop over age 60) /(Pop age 15-59))*k
Child dependent ratio = (Pop under age 15/Pop age 15-59)*k
Elderly dependent ratio = (Pop over age 60/Pop age 15-59)*k

20. 24
Sex ratio, median age & age-dependent ratio of Thai population in
2014 and 2016
Indicators 2014 2016
Sex ratio 94.63 94.43
Median age 35.34 35.46
Age-dependent ratio 50.90 52.27
• Child dependent ratio 27.81 27.14
• Elderly dependent ratio 22.16 25.14

21. Fertility indicators
Image:
25

22. Fertility indicators
26
• Fertility
– production of a live birth
– the first basic factor affecting change in the population

23. Five key indicators
27
• Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – number of live births per 1,000 people
CBR= (Births/Population) x 1,000
• General Fertility Rate (GFR) - total number of live births per 1,000 women of
reproductive age (ages 15 to 49 years)
GFR= (Births/Female population) x 1,000
• Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFRs) - the number of live births per 1,000
women in a specific age group usually in 5 year age intervals
ASFRaged x = (Birthsaged x/Female populationaged x) x 1,000

24. Five key indicators
28
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) – finding the approximate magnitude of ‘completed
family size’ by summing age specific fertility rate for all ages; if 5-year age
groups are used, the sum of the rates is multiplied by 5.
TFR= 5(∑ ASFR) x 1,000
TFR =2.1: Replacement level.
• Gross Reproductive Rate (GRR) - the average number of girls that would be
born to women living through the child bearing ages (15-49 years), assuming
no mortality
GRR = 5(∑ ASFR_girls)

25. Population and Births in 2009
29
Age groups
Total pop.
aged 15-49 Female pop. Male pop. Total Births Births (girls)
15-19 4,910,411 2,390,695 2,519,716 119,828 58,126
20-24 4,721,027 2,326,086 2,394,941 184,096 89,096
25-29 5,244,631 2,597,929 2,646,702 203,386 98,078
30-34 5,422,374 2,711,644 2,710,730 156,397 75,853
35-39 5,535,275 2,810,343 2,724,932 76,340 37,120
40-44 5,452,439 2,803,408 2,649,031 19,036 9,284
45-49 4,889,621 2,523,521 2,366,100 1,266 595
Total 36,175,778 18,163,626 18,012,152 760,349 368,152
Total populationall age = 63,525,062 (Male=31,293,096 Female=32,231,966)

26. Fertility in Thailand in 2009
30
• Crude Birth rate (CBR) =
• General Fertility Rate (GFR) =
• Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFRs)women ages20-24 =
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) =
• Gross Reproductive Rate (GRR) =

27. Population and Births in 2009
29
Age groups
Total pop.
aged 15-49 Female pop. Male pop. Total Births Births (girls)
15-19 4,910,411 2,390,695 2,519,716 119,828 58,126
20-24 4,721,027 2,326,086 2,394,941 184,096 89,096
25-29 5,244,631 2,597,929 2,646,702 203,386 98,078
30-34 5,422,374 2,711,644 2,710,730 156,397 75,853
35-39 5,535,275 2,810,343 2,724,932 76,340 37,120
40-44 5,452,439 2,803,408 2,649,031 19,036 9,284
45-49 4,889,621 2,523,521 2,366,100 1,266 595
Total 36,175,778 18,163,626 18,012,152 760,349 368,152
Total populationall age = 63,525,062 (Male=31,293,096 Female=32,231,966)
CBR= (Births/Population) x 1,000
• Crude Birth rate (CBR) = 11.97 (12 births per 1000 pop.)

28. 29
Age groups
Total pop.
aged 15-49 Female pop. Male pop. Total Births Births (girls)
15-19 4,910,411 2,390,695 2,519,716 119,828 58,126
20-24 4,721,027 2,326,086 2,394,941 184,096 89,096
25-29 5,244,631 2,597,929 2,646,702 203,386 98,078
30-34 5,422,374 2,711,644 2,710,730 156,397 75,853
35-39 5,535,275 2,810,343 2,724,932 76,340 37,120
40-44 5,452,439 2,803,408 2,649,031 19,036 9,284
45-49 4,889,621 2,523,521 2,366,100 1,266 595
Total 36,175,778 18,163,626 18,012,152 760,349 368,152
Total populationall age = 63,525,062 (Male=31,293,096 Female=32,231,966)
Population and Births in 2009 GFR= (Births/Female population) x 1,000
General Fertility Rate (GFR) = 23.59 (24 births per 1000 women ages 15-49)

29. 29
Age groups
Total pop.
aged 15-49 Female pop. Male pop. Total Births Births (girls)
15-19 4,910,411 2,390,695 2,519,716 119,828 58,126
20-24 4,721,027 2,326,086 2,394,941 184,096 89,096
25-29 5,244,631 2,597,929 2,646,702 203,386 98,078
30-34 5,422,374 2,711,644 2,710,730 156,397 75,853
35-39 5,535,275 2,810,343 2,724,932 76,340 37,120
40-44 5,452,439 2,803,408 2,649,031 19,036 9,284
45-49 4,889,621 2,523,521 2,366,100 1,266 595
Total 36,175,778 18,163,626 18,012,152 760,349 368,152
Total populationall age = 63,525,062 (Male=31,293,096 Female=32,231,966)
Population and Births in 2009
ASFRaged x = (Birthsaged x/Female populationaged x) x 1,000
Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFRs)women ages20-24 = 79.14 (79 live births for every 1000 women ages 20-24)

30. 29
Age
groups
Total pop.
aged 15-49
Female pop. Male pop. Total Births Births (girls) ASFR
15-19 4,910,411 2,390,695 2,519,716 119,828 58,126 ?
20-24 4,721,027 2,326,086 2,394,941 184,096 89,096 ?
25-29 5,244,631 2,597,929 2,646,702 203,386 98,078 ?
30-34 5,422,374 2,711,644 2,710,730 156,397 75,853 ?
35-39 5,535,275 2,810,343 2,724,932 76,340 37,120 ?
40-44 5,452,439 2,803,408 2,649,031 19,036 9,284 ?
45-49 4,889,621 2,523,521 2,366,100 1,266 595 ?
Total 36,175,778 18,163,626 18,012,152 760,349 368,152
Total populationall age = 63,525,062 (Male=31,293,096 Female=32,231,966)
Population and Births in 2009
TFR= 5(∑ ASFR) x 1,000

31. 29
Age
groups
Total pop.
aged 15-49
Female pop. Male pop. Total Births Births (girls) ASFR
15-19 4,910,411 2,390,695 2,519,716 119,828 58,126 0.05
20-24 4,721,027 2,326,086 2,394,941 184,096 89,096 0.079
25-29 5,244,631 2,597,929 2,646,702 203,386 98,078 0.0783
30-34 5,422,374 2,711,644 2,710,730 156,397 75,853 0.0577
35-39 5,535,275 2,810,343 2,724,932 76,340 37,120 0.027
40-44 5,452,439 2,803,408 2,649,031 19,036 9,284 0.007
45-49 4,889,621 2,523,521 2,366,100 1,266 595 0.0005
Total 36,175,778 18,163,626 18,012,152 760,349 368,152 0.2995
Total populationall age = 63,525,062 (Male=31,293,096 Female=32,231,966)
Population and Births in 2009 TFR= 5(∑ ASFR) x 1,000
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) = 1.50 (1.50 births per woman)

32. 29
Total populationall age = 63,525,062 (Male=31,293,096 Female=32,231,966)
Population and Births in 2009 GRR = 5(∑ ASFR_girls)
Age groups
Total pop.
aged 15-49
Female
pop.
Male pop. Total Births Births (girls)
ASFR
(girls)
15-19 4,910,411 2,390,695 2,519,716 119,828 58,126 ?
20-24 4,721,027 2,326,086 2,394,941 184,096 89,096 ?
25-29 5,244,631 2,597,929 2,646,702 203,386 98,078 ?
30-34 5,422,374 2,711,644 2,710,730 156,397 75,853 ?
35-39 5,535,275 2,810,343 2,724,932 76,340 37,120 ?
40-44 5,452,439 2,803,408 2,649,031 19,036 9,284 ?
45-49 4,889,621 2,523,521 2,366,100 1,266 595 ?
Total 36,175,778 18,163,626 18,012,152 760,349 368,152

33. 29
Age groups
Total pop.
aged 15-49
Female
pop.
Male pop. Total Births Births
(girls) ASFR
15-19 4,910,411 2,390,695 2,519,716 119,828 58,126 0.0243
20-24 4,721,027 2,326,086 2,394,941 184,096 89,096 0.0383
25-29 5,244,631 2,597,929 2,646,702 203,386 98,078 0.0378
30-34 5,422,374 2,711,644 2,710,730 156,397 75,853 0.0279
35-39 5,535,275 2,810,343 2,724,932 76,340 37,120 0.0132
40-44 5,452,439 2,803,408 2,649,031 19,036 9,284 0.0033
45-49 4,889,621 2,523,521 2,366,100 1,266 595 0.000236
Total 36,175,778 18,163,626 18,012,152 760,349 368,152 0.145
Total populationall age = 63,525,062 (Male=31,293,096 Female=32,231,966)
Population and Births in 2009 GRR = 5(∑ ASFR_girls)
Gross Reproductive Rate (GRR) = 0.73 (0.73 female births per woman or 730 female births per 1000 women)

34. Fertility in Thailand in 2009
• Crude Birth rate (CBR) = 11.97 (12 births per 1000 pop.)
• General Fertility Rate (GFR) = 23.59 (24 births per 1000 women ages 15-49)
• Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFRs)women ages20-24 = 79.14 (79 live births for
every 1000 women ages 20-24)
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR) = 1.50* (1.50 births per woman)
• Gross Reproductive Rate (GRR) = 0.73 (0.73 female births per woman or 730
female births per 1000 women)
31
* Lower than the replacement level (2.1 births per woman)

35. Mortality indicators
Image:
32

36. Mortality indicators
33
• Mortality = death

37. Three key indicators
34
• Crude Death Rate (CDR) - the number of deaths per 1000 people
= (Deaths/Population) x 1,000
• Age Specific Death Rates (ASDRs) - total number of deaths to population of a
specified age or age group
= (Deathsage x /Populationage x) x 1,000
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) - number of deaths per 1,000 live births of
children under one year of age
= (Deathsage 0 /All births) x 1,000

38. Population and deaths in 2009
35
Age groups Total Population Deaths
0 752,321 5,416
0-4 3,973,721 7,476
5-14 8,918,024 4,003
15-34 20,298,443 30,999
35-59 23,100,621 107,484
60+ 7,166,630 243,785
Unknown - 169
Total 63,457,439 393,916
1. CDR
2. Age Specific Death Rates (ASDRs)age35-59
3. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

39. Mortality in Thailand in 2009
36
• Crude Death rate (CDR) = 6.21 (6.2 per 1,000 pop.)
• Age Specific Death Rates (ASDRs)age35-59 = 4.65 (5 per 1,000 pop. of that
age)
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) =7.12 (7 deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000
live births)

40. Migration indicators
37

41. Migration indicators
38
• Must consider about geographic and time dimensions
• May vary according to specific context and people

42. Keywords
39
• Immigration
– the process of people entering a foreign country to live
• Emigration
– the process of people leaving a country to live in another
• In-migration
– the process of people moving into a new area in their country to live
there permanently
• Out-migration
– the process of people moving out of an area in their country to
another area in their country permanently

43. Types of indicators
40
• International migration
– Crude immigration rate
– Crude Emigration rate
– Crude net migration rate
– Crude gross migration rate
• National migration or internal migration
– In-migration rate
– Out-migration rate
– Net migration rate
– Gross migration rate

44. Types of indicators - International migration
41
• Crude immigration rate
= (Number of immigrants/Total population at destination)*k
• Crude emigration rate
= (Number of emigrants/Total population at destination)*k
• Crude net migration rate
= (Number of immigrants - number of emigrants)/ Total population at destination)*k
• Crude gross migration rate
= (Number of immigrants + number of emigrants)/ Total population at destination)*k

45. Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country
4
2

46. Types of indicators - Internal migration
44
• In-migration rate
Mi= (In-migration number/Total population)*k
• Out-migration rate
Mo= (Out-migration number/Total population)*k
• Net migration rate
Mn= ((I-O)/Total population)*k
• Gross migration rate
Mg= ((I+O)/Total population)*k

47. Source: Migration survey in 1994 (October-December) Table 8, Page 84. NSO
45
Population and migrants classified by previous
and current place of residence in 1994
Current
region
Previous region Total
migrants
Total
population
Bangkok Central North Northeast South
Bangkok - 157,958 158,443 630,426 38,547 985,374 5,739,369
Central 61,335 - 89,657 317,968 24,922 493,882 4,892,055
North 40,408 60,269 - 56,261 8,815 165,753 11,965,435
Northeast 147,329 134,007 29,573 - 15,131 326,040 21,463,562
South 34,368 19,013 34,619 85,852 - 173,852 8,466,272
Total
Migrants 283,440 371,247 312,292 1,090,507 87,415 2,144,901 6,256,693

48. Source: Migration survey in 1994 (October-December) Table 8, Page 84. NSO
45
Current
region
Previous region Total
migrants
Total
population
Bangkok Central North Northeast South
Bangkok - 157,958 158,443 630,426 38,547 985,374 5,739,369
Central 61,335 - 89,657 317,968 24,922 493,882 4,892,055
North 40,408 60,269 - 56,261 8,815 165,753 11,965,435
Northeast 147,329 134,007 29,573 - 15,131 326,040 21,463,562
South 34,368 19,013 34,619 85,852 - 173,852 8,466,272
Total
Migrants 283,440 371,247 312,292 1,090,507 87,415 2,144,901 6,256,693
In-migration rate (to BKK) ?
Out-migration rate (from BKK) ?
Out-migration rate (from BKK)
Mo= (Outmigrants/Population)*k
(283,440/5,739,369)*1000
=49.4
In-migration rate (to BKK)
Mi= (In-migrants/Population)*k
(985,374/5,739,369)*1000
=171.7
• In-migration rate
Mi= (In-migration number/Total population)*k
• Out-migration rate
Mo= (Out-migration number/Total population)*k

49. 1. What demographic indicators
can be calculated from the
number in the Gazette?
2. Please calculate the
demographic indicators that
you specify in Question 1.
(round your answer to two
decimal places*)
*If the number at the next decimal place is five
or more add 1 to the previous decimal place.
QUIZ
48