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検査がすべて正しいとは
限らないことについて
健康な人 病気の人
100人のうち10人が病気の人です
この全員にある検査をしたら
どうなるでしょうか…?
陽性…? 陰性…?
当然、そうじゃないの?
えっ、違うの…!?
違うんです
検査は正しいとは限らないのです
ある検査の場合、実際はこうなります
「陽性」 「陰性」
だいぶイメージと違う…
ですよね。説明しましょう!
この検査では、10人の病気の人
のうち、「陽性」と出るのは
実は4人だけなのです
(これを、「検査の感度が40%」といいます)
残りの6人は、本当は病気なのに
見逃されてしまうわけです
(→この6人のことを、「ニセモノの陰性」なので
「偽陰性」といいます)
俺たちは陰性だから
病気じゃないんだ!
一方、10人の健康な人のうち
ちゃんと「陰性」と出るのは
9人です
(これを、「検査の特異度が90%」といいます)
この1人は、本当は健康なのに
「陽性」と出てしまうのですね
(→「ニセモノの陽性」なので、「偽陽性」です)
入院だ!
「陽性」だったんですって…
まあ怖い…
仕事は…?
お金が…
家族にうつる…?
猫の世話も…
俺死んじゃうの…?
(※本当は「偽陽性」)
例では、90人の健康な人のうち81人(90%)
が正しく陰性と出ていたということです
まとめると、この例は
「100人中10人が病気の集団」に
「感度40%、特異度90%の検査」
を行った場合ということでした。
「病気の人の半分以上が見逃されている」
「“陽性”でも本当に病気とは限らない」
この例はあくまでも架空のもので
すが、「検査をすれば全て正しく
白黒つく」という考えは、必ずし
も正しくない場合もあるんだよ、
ということが伝われば幸いです
「陰性」だから安心できますか?
気兼ねなく外出していいですか?
「陽性」でも病気とも限りません
それじゃあ、検査のメリットは何
でしょうか?(難しい問題です。ちなみにインフルエ
ンザ検査も似たようなものです(特異度は例の場合より高いですが
…))
いずれにせよ確実なのは、このよ
うな悩ましい状況は、「片っ端か
ら検査をすればするほど」さらに
起こりやすくなってしまうという
ことです…

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検査がすべて正しいとは限らないことについて