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ETAP - Transient stability
1.
©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology,
Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Transient Stability
2.
Slide 2©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Time Frame of Power System Dynamic Phenomena
3.
Slide 3©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Introduction • TS is also called Rotor Stability, Dynamic Stability • Electromechanical Phenomenon • All synchronous machines must remain in synchronism with one another • TS is no longer only the utility’s concern • Co-generation plants face TS problems
4.
Slide 4©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Analogy • Which vehicles will pushed hardest? • How much energy gained by each vehicle? • Which direction will they move? • Height of the hill must they climb to go over?
5.
Slide 5©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Introduction (cont’d) • System protection requires consideration of: Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT) Critical Separation Time (CST) Fast load transferring Load Shedding …
6.
Slide 6©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Causes of Instability • Short-circuits • Loss of utility connections • Loss of a portion of in-plant generation • Starting of a large motor • Switching operations (lines or capacitors) • Impact loading on motors • Sudden large change in load and generation
7.
Slide 7©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Consequences of Instability • Synchronous machine slip poles – generator tripping • Power swing • Misoperation of protective devices • Interruption of critical loads • Low-voltage conditions – motor drop-offs • Damage to equipment • Area wide blackout • …
8.
Slide 8©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Synchronous Machines • Torque Equation (generator case) T = mechanical torque P = number of poles air = air-gap flux Fr = rotor field MMF = rotor angle
9.
Slide 9©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Swing Equation
10.
Slide 10©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Synchronous Machines (cont’d) • Swing Equation M = inertia constant D = damping constant Pmech = input mechanical power Pelec = output electrical power
11.
Slide 11©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Rotor Angle Responses • Case 1: Steady-state stable • Case 2: Transient stable • Case 3: Small-signal unstable • Case 4: First swing unstable
12.
Slide 12©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Power and Rotor Angle (Classical 2-Machine Example)
13.
Slide 13©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Power and Rotor Angle (cont’d)
14.
Slide 14©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Power and Rotor Angle (Parallel Lines)
15.
Slide 15©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Both Lines In Service
16.
Slide 16©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability One Line Out of Service
17.
Slide 17©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Equal Area Criterion
18.
Slide 18©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Equal Area Criterion
19.
Slide 19©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Equal Area - Stable
20.
Slide 20©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Equal Area – Unstable
21.
Slide 21©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Equal Area - Unstable
22.
Slide 22©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Power System Stability Limit • Steady-State Stability Limit After small disturbance, the synchronous generator reaches a steady state operating condition identical or close to the pre- disturbance Limit: < 90
23.
Slide 23©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Power System Stability Limit (con’d) • Transient and Dynamic Stability Limit After a severe disturbance, the synchronous generator reaches a steady-state operating condition without a prolonged loss of synchronism Limit: < 180 during swing
24.
Slide 24©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Generator Modeling • Machine Equivalent Model / Transient Model / Subtransient Model • Exciter and Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) • Prime Mover and Speed Governor • Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
25.
Slide 25©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Generator Modeling (con’d) • Typical synchronous machine data
26.
Slide 26©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Factors Influencing TS • Post-Disturbance Reactance seen from generator. Reactance Pmax • Duration of the fault clearing time. Fault time Rotor Acceleration Kinetic Energy Dissipation Time during deceleration • Generator Inertia. Inertia Rate of change of Angle Kinetic Energy • Generator Internal Voltage Internal Voltage Pmax
27.
Slide 27©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Factors Influencing TS • Generator Loading Prior To Disturbance Loading Closer to Pmax. Unstable during acceleration • Generator Internal Reactance Reactance Peak Power Initial Rotor Angle Dissipation Time during deceleration • Generator Output During Fault Function of Fault Location and Type of Fault
28.
Slide 28©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Solution to Stability Problems • Improve system design Increase synchronizing power • Design and selection of rotating equipment Use of induction machines Increase moment of inertia Reduce transient reactance Improve voltage regulator and exciter characteristics
29.
Slide 29©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Solution to Stability Problems • Reduction of Transmission System Reactance • High Speed Fault Clearing • Dynamic Braking • Regulate Shunt Compensation • Steam Turbine Fast Valving • Generator Tripping • Adjustable Speed Synchronous Machines
30.
Slide 30©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Solution to Stability Problems • HVDC Link Control • Current Injection from VSI devices • Application of Power System Stabilizer (PSS) • Add system protections Fast fault clearance Load Shedding System separation
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