podium

1. PODIUM

2. What is Podium?
■ Any of various elements that form the
“foot,” or base, of a structure, such as a
raised pedestal or base, a
low wall supporting columns, or the
structurally or decoratively emphasized
lowest portion of a wall. Sometimes
the basement story of a building may be
treated as a podium. The podium is usually
designed with a modeled base
and plinth at the bottom; a central surface
known as a die, or dado; and a projecting
cornice, or cap. Major Roman examples
can be seen in the Maison Carrée (c.
12 BC) in Nîmes, France, and the Temple
of Fortuna Virilis (c. 40 BC) in the Forum
Boarium at Rome.

3. How it acts as a Functional Component?
■ Podiums are a good way to incorporate
usages that just need horizontal space,
such as conference halls, or street
space such as shops or other public
amenities. Contrary to the stand-alone
shafts, podiums offer the opportunity to
use urban space that otherwise might
be experienced as public emptiness. On
the other hand, a horizontally orientated
and designed podium might not be the
most exciting thing to pass from a
pedestrian point of view, especially
when the space inside the podium is
deemed private.
■ On the individual building level, existing
low-rise building can be re-used as
podiums for skyscrapers, as it is the
case in the World Trade Center in
Rotterdam, or the Hearts Tower in New

5. How it acts as a Functional Component?

6. How it acts as a Structural Component?
■ The framing members above the podium
are often not coincident with the framing
below. As such, the podium also serves
as a transfer slab to pick up conventional
bearing walls above and distribute them
to the supporting beams below.
■ The code-prescribed fire resistance
rating is typically 2-hours or 3-hours.
■ Assuming normal vehicular parking
spaces at 9’-0” wide a module of 29’-0”
permits the use of three (3) spaces
ganged together with no interference
from the columns.
■ The flat surface of the bottom soffit
provides a workable substrate for rigid
insulation, if so required.

7. What is podium slab?
■ Podium slabs are special type of floor
system that transfers loads from a steel or
wood frame structure above the slab to walls
and columns below.
■ Load bearing elements such as walls and
columns of superstructure above the podium
slab may not align with substructure load
bearing elements below. Typically, the
superstructure built from wood, metal studs
or structural steel.
■ Generally, this type of slab constructed and
placed at ground level parking with 3-4 levels
of conventional residential construction
above. The name is derived from the
“podium” that separates the two
occupancies.
■ This article presents podium slab along with
its functions, advantages and disadvantages.

8. Functions of podium slab
•It works as a structural floor and transfer slab for loads from
the above superstructure to the walls and columns below.
•As a horizontal separation, podium slab works as a fire
separation between different building occupancy types
Podium slab construction techniques
The following construction systems have
been used for podium slabs:
•Post-tensions cast in place construction
technique
•Precast hollow core; this construction
system is preferred it provides
immediate safe working platform and
excellent construction speed.
podium slab construction using hollow core precast units

9. Advantages of podium
slabs
■ Provide solid separation between parking areas
and living spaces and consequently offers
sound and fire protection.
■ The application of post-tensioned two-way
podium slab permits the decrease of overall
thickness of the frame. This will cause the
reduction of excavation because the parking is
below grade.
■ Flat soffit does not need extra fire protection
provided that adequate cover for rebars and
post tensioning are provided. Additionally, the
flat soffit permits efficient lighting, electrical,
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.
■ Forms can be stripped two to three days after
the post tensioning application.
■ It is proven to be cost effective.
■ It provides large open spaces at or below grade
for example parking and retail.
■ In single family and multi-family residential
structures, podium slab provides high fire
rating, decline sound transmission and floor
Disadvantages of
podium slab
■ In the case of precast hollow
podium slab, provision of proper
connections is not easy, the unit
may damage in the case of
improper handling and
transportation, and need special
equipment and machines to move
and lift precast units.
■ In the case of post-tensions cast
in place podium slab, construction
work is complex, low quality
workmanship could cause
accidents, and there is a
possibility of tendon corrosion

11. TAIPEI 101
AR. C.Y.Lee & Partners

12. Location
Taiwan
Population: 23 M
GDP per Capita: 27,572 (24)
Taipei 101

13. Project Details
■ Architect – C.Y.Lee & Partners
■ Structural Engineer – Shaw Shieh
■ Structural Consult. – ThorntonTomasetti
Engineers, New York City
■ Year Started – June 1998
■ Total Height – 508m
■ No. of Floors – 101
■ Plan Area – 50m X 50m
■ Cost – $ 700 million
■ Building Use – Office Complex + Mall
■ Parking - 83,000 m2, 1800 cars
■ Retail - Taipei 101 Mall (77,033 m2)
■ Offices - Taiwan Stock Exchange
(198,347 m2)

14. Project Profile Project Details
■ Construction Dates
■ Began 1998
■ Finished 2004
■ Height 508 m2
■ Floors Main Tower 101
■ Podium 6
■ Basement 5
■ Floor Area 412,500 m2
■ Structural Types - High-rise
-Tuned mass damper
- Pole
■ Architectural Style -Pagoda Style
■ Materials – Glass
Steel

15. Taipei 101
The tallest building in the world

17. PODIUM PLAN
GROUND &FIRST FLOOR

18. PODIUM PLAN
SECOND &THIRDFLOOR

19. PODIUM PLAN
FOURTH & FIFTH FLOOR

20. PODIUM SECTION

21. PODIUM
SECTION

22. Taipei 101 Mall
■ Opened in Nov. 2003
■ Located in Taipei 101 Tower’s
75,900 sqm podium
■ Target Market
-High-end
-Tourist
■ Strong Brand-image

23. Taipei 101 Mall
■ 6-story shopping mall
B1 Jason Marketplace… Food court
1F Avenue 101… Popular fashion brands
2F Designer Walk… Designer brands
3F Galleries Couture… Couture brand flagship stores
4F City Square… Delicate restaurants, Bookstore
5F Financial Center… Banks, VIP service

24. Taipei 101 Mall
■ Main Brands
-High-End
Celine, Christian Dior, Cartier, Dolce & Gabbana,
Escada, Gucci, Issey Miyake, Kenzo, Louis Vuitton,
Loewe, Miu Miu, Omega, Prada, Bvlgari, Tiffany…
-Popular Brands
Mango, Benetton, Calvin Klein, D&G, DKNY,
Tommy Hilfiger…

25. Taipei 101 SWOT Analysis
■ Strengths
– Convenient Public Transportation
(Rapid Transit System)
– The building itself is a scenic spot
– Special Events
– Layout (more space)…the mall setting
– Hand-free shopping experience
– One-stop shopping for high-end
customer
 Weaknesses
-- Crowded
-- Traffic Jam
-- Limited parking space
-- Uncommon Floor setting
-- Undifferentiated product offering

26. Taipei 101 SWOT Analysis
■ Opportunities
– CBD
– GDP growth – more high-end customers
– Globalization – more tourists and unified brand
preference
■ Threats
– Mall:
■ Shin Kong Mitsukoshi
■ Sogo
■ Breeze Shopping Center
■ New York New York Shopping
Center

31. The challenges to design and build a
super-tall building in Taipei:
• Height
• Typhoon
• Winds
• Frequent strong Earthquakes
• Weak clayey soils

32. FACTORS THAT MAKE CONSTRUCTION
DIFFICULT• AS THE EARTH BENEATH TAIPAE IS SOFT CLAY IT DEMANDS
UNQUELY DESIGNED FOUNDATION
• ABOVE THE GROUND EARTHQUAKE AND TYPHOON
INDUCES HORIZONTAL FORCES
• FOR ERATHQAUKE RESISTING :- FLEXIBLE
• FOR TYPHOON RESISTING :- STIFFNESS
DESIGN CRITERA

33. 101’s Strengths
• Designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes.
• Withstand 134 mph winds
• Withstand a 7.0 Richter scale earthquake, only happens in a
2,500 year cycle.
• Withstood a 6.8 earthquake during construction in which a
crane fell off of the tower and killed 5 people.

34. The structure is reinforced by a Moment
Frame System linking the columns on all
floors
36 columns provide vertical support,
including eight mega columns around the
perimeter.
The world’s largest passive tuned mass
wind damper, suspended from level 92
down to level 88
The Tower is built on 380 concrete piles,
sunk 80 meters into the ground

35. GENERAL LAYOUT OF THE
BUILDING SHOWING VARIOUS
ELEMENTS
SUPER CLOUMNS
OUTRIGGER TRUSS
MEGAFRAME PILINGS

36. Outrigger columns are visible below the tower
’waist’ and perimeter moment frame columns
are visible above.
Note a setback above each 8-story module, the tower
’waist’ and double- notched corners for wind load
reduction.

37. FOUNDATION
CONSTRUCTION
STEEL PILES, REBAR, & CONCRETE

38. Analysis and Design
■ Wind Design
■ Seismic Design

39. Wind Design
■ Skyscrapers must be flexible in strong winds
yet remain rigid enough to prevent large
sideways movement (lateral drift).
■ Flexibility prevents structural damage while
resistance ensures comfort for the occupants
and protection of glass, curtain walls and other
features.
■ Thirty-six columns support Taipei 101,
including eight "mega-columns" packed with
10,000 psi (69 MPa) concrete.
■ Every eight floors, outrigger trusses connect
the columns in the building's core to those on
the exterior.
■ These features combine with the solidity of its
foundation to make Taipei 101 one of the most
stable buildings ever constructed.
■ The foundation is reinforced by 380
piles driven 80 m (262 ft) into the
ground, extending as far as 30 m (98
ft) into the bedrock.
■ Each pile is 1.5 m (5 ft) in diameter
and can bear a load of 1,000–1,320
tonnes (1,100–1,460.

40. Seismic Design
■ Taipei 101 includes a 728-ton sphere
locked in a net of thick steel cables
hung way up toward the top of the
building.
■ This secret, Piranesian moment of
inner geometry effectively acts as a
pendulum or counterweight – a damper
– for the motions of earthquakes
■ As earthquake waves pass up through
the structure, the ball remains all but
stationary; its inertia helps to counteract
the movements of the building around it,
thus “dampening” the earthquake.
.

41. FOUNDATION DETAILS
• One of the most stable buildings ever
constructed
• Reinforced by 380 piles driven 262 feet into
the ground
• Each pile is 5 feet in diameter and can withstan a
load of 1100-1450 tons, that is 2,900,000 pounds
each.

42. FOUNDATION DEPTH 80 METERS
Tower Podium
Clay
Colluvium1
Colluvium2
Sandstone

43. REVERSE CIRCULATION PILE

44. SUPER STRUCTURE CONSURCTION

45. STEEL SUPER COLUMNS

46. SUPER-COLUMN FABRICATION

47. WELDING OF SUPER-COLUMN
Electric Pads

48. CROSS-SECTION OF SUPER-COLUMN &
REINFORCEMENT
FILLED WTIH HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE UPTO LEVEL 62

49. TUNED MASS DAMPER

50. • A TUNED MASS DAMPER
OCCUPIES LEVEL 87 TO 91
• 736 TON SPHERE OF STACKED
STEEL PLATES
• SUSPENDED FROM 4 STEEL
CABLES
• IT’S A PENDULUM 0.26 OF
BUILDINGS TOTAL WEIGHT

51. PRINCIPLE BEHIND TUNED MASS DAMPER
As LATERAL FORCE
pass up through the structure, the ball remains all but
stationary; its inertia helps to counteract the movements
of the building around it,
thus “dampening” the LATERAL FORCE.

53. TMD CONSTRUCTION
• Tuned mass damper of stacked field-welded steel plates will
swing as a pendulum on steel cables.

54. Assembly of the Tuned Mass
Damper
Completed Assembly of the
Tuned Mass Damper

56. 400 kg - 14 Hz
OTHER APPLICATION OF TUNED
MASS DUMPER
tall and slender free-standing structures (bridges, pylons of
bridges,chimneys, TV towers) which tend to be excited
dangerously in one of their mode shapes by wind

57. Millennium Bridge
Dampers on the Millennium Bridge
in London , England.

58. Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge,
between Honshu and Shikoku in Japan, currently the world's
longest suspension bridge, uses pendulums within its suspension
towers as tuned mass dampers.

59. CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS 2002
ON 31 March 2002 Partially constructed building survives
6.8 magnitude earthquake undamaged.

60. THE PROJECT SURVIVES
EARTHQUAKE IN IT’S MOST
VULNERABLE STATE
• ONLY THE CRANE HAD COLAPSED
• NO STRUCTURAL DAMAGE TOOK PLACE