Biomacromolecules and nucleic acids

1. BIO-MACROMOLECULES
By
Harinatha Reddy
Dpt of Microbiology

2. Biomolecules
Bio Macromolecules
Bio Micromolecules
Proteins
Polysaccharides
Nucleic acids
Amino acids
Monosaccharide's
(Glucose, Fructose)
Nucleotides
Lipids
Vitamins
Molecular weight:
18 to 800 daltons (Da)
Molecular weight:
>1000 daltons (Da)
Or
>10000 daltons (Da

4. • Biomolecules while those which are found in the acid
insoluble fraction are called macromolecules or
biomacromolecules.

5. There is one feature common to all those compounds found
in the acid soluble pool.
• They have molecular weights ranging from 18 to around
800 daltons (Da) approximately.

6. • The acid insoluble fraction, has only four types of organic
compounds i.e.,
• proteins,
• nucleic acids,
• polysaccharides
• lipids

7. • Except lipid the other compounds in acid insoluble
fraction consists of have molecular weight range is
>10000 daltons.

8. • Biomolecules, i.e., chemical compounds found in living
organisms are of two types.
• Bio micromolecules : less then <1000 daltons.

9. Lipids are not polymers
• The molecules in the insoluble fraction with the
exception of lipids are polymeric substances.
• Then why do lipids, whose molecular weights do not
exceed 800 Da, come under acid insoluble fraction.

10. • Lipids are indeed small molecular weight compounds
and arranged into structures like cell membrane and
other membranes.
• When we grind a tissue, we are disrupting the cell
structure.
• Cell membrane and other membranes are broken into
pieces, and form vesicles which are not water soluble.

11. • The membrane fragments in the form of vesicles get
separated along with the acid insoluble pool..
• Hence lipids in the Bio macromolecular fraction.
• Lipids are not strictly macromolecules..

12. • The acid soluble pool represents roughly the cytoplasmic
composition.
• The macromolecules from cytoplasm and organelles
become the acid insoluble fraction.
• Together they represent the entire chemical composition
of living tissues or organisms.

13. • Water is the most abundant chemical in living organisms

14. PROTEINS

15. Each protein is a polymer of amino acids.
• Proteins are polypeptides.
• They are linear chains of amino acids linked by peptide
bonds..
• a protein is a heteropolymer..

16. Essential and Non-essential amino acids
• Essential amino acids: Certain amino acids are essential
for our health and they have to be supplied through our
diet/food.
• Dietary proteins are the source of essential amino acids.
• Non-essential amino acids : are those which our body
can make,,,..

17. Proteins carry out many functions in living organisms:
• Some transport nutrients across cell membrane,
• Some fight infectious organisms,
• Some are hormones,
• Some are enzymes,..

18. • Collagen is the most abundant protein in animal world.
• Ribulose bisphosphate Carboxylase-Oxygenase
(RuBisCO) is the most abundant protein in the whole of
the biosphere

20. POLYSACCHARIDES

21. Polysaccharides are long chains of sugars
• The acid insoluble pellet also has polysaccharides
(carbohydrates) as another class of macromolecules..
• They are threads (literally a cotton thread) containing
different monosaccharides as building blocks..

22. Polysaccharides
• Cellulose
• Starch
• Inulin
• Chitin (Complex polysaccharide):

23. Starch:
• Starch is a present as a store house of energy in plant
tissues.
• Starch forms helical secondary structures.
• Starch can hold I2 molecules in the helical portion.
• The starch-I2 is blue in colour

24. Starch: Amylose and Amylopectin

25. Cellulose
• Cellulose consisting of only one type of monosaccharide
i.e., Glucose.
• Cellulose is a homopolymer..
• Cellulose does not contain complex helices and hence
cannot hold I2.

26. • Plant cell walls are made of cellulose.
• Paper made from plant pulp and cotton fibre is
cellulosic.

27. Glycogen and Inulin
• Animals store glucose in form of glycogen.
• Glycogen polymer of glucose..
• Inulin is a polymer of fructose.

28. • In a polysaccharide chain (say glycogen), the right end is
called the reducing end and the left end is called the
non-reducing end..
Reducing end
Non Reducing end

29. Complex polysaccharides
• They have as building blocks, amino-sugars and
chemically modified sugars.
• Glucosamine
• N-acetyl galactosamine.

30. Chitin
• Exoskeletons of arthropods, for example, have a complex
polysaccharide called chitin.
• Chitin is a polymer of N-acetyl-Glucosamine..
• These complex polysaccharides are mostly
homopolymers..

31. NUCLEIC ACIDS

33. • Nucleic acids are bio-macromolecule in the acid
insoluble fraction..
• Nucleic acids are polynucleotides.
• Nucleic acids are building block is a nucleotide

34. A nucleotide has three chemically distinct components
• One is a heterocyclic compound,
• The second is a monosaccharide
• The third a phosphoric acid or phosphate

35. • The heterocyclic compounds in nucleic acids are the
nitrogenous bases:
• adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine, and thymine.
• Adenine and Guanine are substituted purines
• while the rest are substituted pyrimidines

36. • The skeletal heterocyclic ring is called as purine and
pyrimidine respectively.
• The sugar found in polynucleotides is either ribose (a
monosaccharide pentose) or 2’ deoxyribose.

37. • A nucleic acid containing deoxyribose is called
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)..
• while that which contains ribose is called ribonucleic acid
(RNA).

40. THANK YOU