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Gaines day stevenspoint-bee-talk-5-21-14-final
1. The Buzz on Bees
Hannah Gaines Day
Department of Entomology
University of Wisconsin, Madison
H. Gaines Day
H. Gaines DayR. Mallinger
2. Protecting wildlife through the conservation of invertebrates and
their habitat since 1971.
Major Programs:
•Pollinator conservation
•Endangered species
• Aquatic invertebrates
www.funet.fi
Advocacy, Education, Restoration, and Applied Research
3. Outline
• Pollination and Pollinators
• Biology and natural history of bees
• Resource requirements of native bees
• Crop pollination by bees
• Threats to native bees
• Native bee conservation strategies
• Further resources
17. What is a bee?
• Hymenoptera
– Ants, bees, wasps
•6 legs, 4 wings
• Vegetarian
– Provision nests with pollen
• Great pollinators!
– Pollen sticks to feather-
like hairs
18. Bees versus wasps
• Carnivorous
• Simple hairs
• More aggressive
• Examples: yellow jackets,
hornets, paper wasps
19. Bees versus flies
• Feed on decaying matter,
feces, and blood
• Also feed on nectar
• 2 wings, short stubby
antennae
• Prominent eyes
• Examples: house flies,
hover flies
20. Native bees versus honey bees
• Single, non-native species
• Perennial colony with queen
• Wax hives
• Produce honey
21. Honey bees are not native, but
• Generalist pollinators
• “Easy” to manage
• Work well with modern agricultural system
22. Social behavior of bees
• Solitary (majority of species)
• Social (only 10%)
– Honey bees (NOT native)
– Bumble bees
23. Solitary bee life cycle
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
(Photos: Dennis Briggs)
24. Social bee life cycle (bumble bee)
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
38. Cavity nesting (bumble bees)
• 45 species in North America
• Annual colony with 100-300 workers
• Specialist pollinators of red clover,
blueberry, cranberry, eggplant, tomato
Photos:Eric Mader, Elaine Evans
39. How many bees are there?
• ~20,000 species worldwide
• ~4000 species native to North America
• ~500 species native to Wisconsin
40. Photos: James Cane; Steve Javorek (Ag Canada); Edward S. Ross
Honey bee (Apis mellifera)
Bumble bee (Bombus edwardsii) Leafcutter bee (Megachile sp.)
Polyester bee (Colletes sp)
41. Photos: Bruce Newhouse; Edward S. Ross; Mace Vaughan; USDA-ARS/Jack Dykinga
Metallic sweat bee (Agapostemon sp.) Yellow-faced bee (Hylaeus sp.)
Mason bee (Osmia sp.) Sweat bee (Halictus sp.)
44. Bee diversity in Wisconsin
• Cranberry ~180 species (H. Gaines Day, unpubl.)
• Pickling cucumber ~60 species (Lowenstein et al. 2012)
• Apple ~70 species (R. Mallinger, unpubl.)
45. Outline
• Pollination and Pollinators
• Biology and natural history of bees
• Resource requirements of native bees
46. Resource requirements
• Flower availability
– Early spring through fall
• Nesting resources
– Undisturbed soil, woody habitat, or nest boxes
63. Systemic pesticides (e.g. neonicotinoids)
• Benefits
– Very effective
– Less toxic to birds and mammals
– Effective longer
64. Systemic pesticides (e.g. neonicotinoids)
• Benefits
– Very effective
– Less toxic to birds and mammals
– Effective longer
• Drawbacks
– Present in nectar and pollen
– Remain in environment longer
– Toxic to bees
85. Native bees and crop pollination
- Native bees provide insurance against
honey bee decline
- Efficient crop pollinators
R. Winfree
86. Native bees and crop pollination
• Active earlier in season
and day
• Collect both pollen
and nectar
• Buzz pollination
• No rental fees
• Keep honey bees
moving
88. Photo: Rachael Winfree
Winfree, R. et al.. 2008. Wild bee pollinators provide the majority of crop visitation across land-use gradients in
New Jersey and Pennsylvania, USA. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:793-802.
Watermelon in New Jersey
89. Photo: Mace Vaughan
Kremen, C. et al. 2004. The area requirements of an ecosystem service: crop pollination
by native bee communities in California. Ecology Letters 7:1109-1119.
Watermelon in California
91. Outline
• Pollination and Pollinators
• Biology and natural history of bees
• Resource requirements of native bees
• Crop pollination by bees
• Threats to native bees
95. Outline
• Pollination and Pollinators
• Biology and natural history of bees
• Resource requirements of native bees
• Crop pollination by bees
• Threats to native bees
• Native bee conservation strategies
98. What can you do to help?
• Identify and preserve bee habitat already
present in your area.
• Provide flowers and nesting resources.
K. Ullmann Photo: Bob Hammond, CO Coop Ext
102. Floral resources
• How to select good bee plants
– Locally native plants are better for native bees
– Minimum of 3 blooming plants at all times
throughout the season (spring, summer, fall)
– PLANT IN CLUMPS FOR BEST RESULT!
103. Protecting the bees
• Restrict insecticide use
•Use active ingredients
with least impact on
bees
•Spray at night
•Consider alternatives
•Restrict herbicide use
K. Ullmann
106. Further resources
The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)
– Pollinator Conservation Resource Center
•Plant lists
•Conservation
guidelines
•Pesticide
guidelines
107. Further resources
The Xerces Society (www.xerces.org)
– Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting
North America’s Bees and Butterflies
•Natural history
•Creating habitat
•Bee identification
•Plant lists
108. Further resources
Honey bee health
•Bee Informed Partnership
(www.beeinformed.org)
•Project Apis m (www.projectapism.org)
