1. University of Sulaimania
School of Science
Department of Biology
2nd Class Year
24t h La b.
Pterygotes - Neopteran Insects:
Order Hymenoptera
Lecturer: Farhad A. Khudhur
2. Objectives:
- This lecture gives knowledge about the medically and
ecologically important insect group (order
Hymenoptera), Ant, Wasp and Bees. Their
classifications and identification keys.
- Focusing on the most common and important families
of Apocrita.
Scientific content:
Order Hymenoptera
- General descriptions
- Classification:
Suborder: Apocrita
Family: Vaspidae
Family: Formicidae
Family: Apidae
3. Order: Hymenoptera
• Two pairs of membranous wings
• Forewings larger
• Wing coupling apparatus (Hamuli)
• Social and Solitary
• Caterpillar like or vermiform larvae
• Exarate Pupae
• Two Suborders:
– Symphyta (Sawflies)
– Apocrita (Wasp, Ant & Bees)
4. Suborder: Apocrita
• Narrow waisted wasp
• Wasp, Ant and Bees.
• The propodeum is the first abdominal
segment in Apocrita.
• Geniculate Antennae.
12. References:
• David, B. V. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (2004). General
and Applied Entomology. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-hill
Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. India. 1184 p.
• Elzinga, Richard J. (1997). Fundamentals of Entomology.
4th ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 475 pp.
• Gillot, Cedric. (2005). Entomology. 3rd ed. Springer,
Dordrecht. The Netherlands. 831 pp.
• Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume
3, Insects, edited by Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans,
Rosser W. Garrison.
• Markle, Sandra. (2008). Mosquitoes: tiny insect
troublemakers. Minneapolis, USA. Lerner Publications
Company. 48 p.
• Resh, Vincent H. & Cardé, Ring T. (2003). Encyclopedia of
Insects. USA. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 1266 pp.
