Multidisciplinary action project report

Multidisciplinary Action Project Report
ON
At
KRISHNAM BIOTECH, KATHWADA
AHMEDABAD
Submitted to
Institute code: 820
SHAYONA INSTITUE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Under The Guidance OF
Prof. Prashanti Kothari
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Award of the Degree Of
MASTERS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (MBA)
Offered by
Gujarat Technological University
Ahmedabad
Prepared by:
Bhavasar Shikha Piyushbhai (178200592005)
Chaudhari Pooja Babulal (178200592007)
Patel Mitkumar Vishnubhai (178200592024)
Saxena Rishabh Rakeshkumar (178200592034)
Soni Himani Dilipbhai (178200592042)
MBA SEM-III November-2018

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Declaration
I hereby declare that the Multidisciplinary Action Project titled “Critical
Evaluation and Measures at Krishnam Biotech, Kathwada G.I.D.C.”
undertaken at “KRISHNAM BIOTECH” is a result of our own work and our
indebtedness to other work publications, references, if any, have been duly
acknowledged. If we are found guilty of copying from any other report or
published information and showing as our original work, or extending plagiarism
limit, we understand that we shall be liable and punishable by the university, which
may include being declared „Fail‟ in the MAP examination or any other
punishment which the university may decide.
Enrollment No. Name Signature
178200592005 Bhavasar Shikha
Piyushbhai
178200592007 Chaudhari Pooja Babulal
178200592024 Patel Mitkumar
Vishnubhai
178200592034 Saxena Rishabh
Rakeshkumar
178200592042 Soni Himani Dilipbhai
Place: Ahmedabad Date: ____/12/2018

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Date: __/12/2018
Institute Certificate
“This is to Certify that this Multidisciplinary Action Project Titled ““Critical
Evaluation and Measures at Krishnam Biotech, Kathwada G.I.D.C.”” is the
bonafide work of Bhavasar Shikha Piyushbhai (178200592005), Chaudhari
Pooja Babulal (178200592007), Patel Mitkumar Vishnubhai (178200592024),
Saxena Rishabh Rakeshkumar (178200592034), Soni Himani Dilipbhai
(178200592042) who have carried out their project under my supervision. I also
certify further, that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not
form part of any other project report or dissertation on the basis of which a degree
or award was conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate. I
have also checked the plagiarism extent of this report which is 3 % and it is below
the prescribed limit of 30%. The separate plagiarism report in the form of html /pdf
file is enclosed with this.
Rating of Project Report [A/B/C/D/E]: ______ (A=Excellent; B=Good;
C=Average; D=Poor; E=Worst) (By Faculty Guide)
Signature of the Faculty Guide/s:
Prof. Prashanti Kothari.
Signature of Principal/Director with Stamp of Institute:

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CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINER
This is to certify that project work embodied in this report entitled Critical
EVALUATION AND MEASURE SUGGESTED was carried out by Shikha Bhavsar
(178200592005) of Shayona Institute of Business management(820).
The report is approved / not approved.
Comments of External Examiner:
This report is for the partial fulfilment of the requirement of the award of the degree of
Master of Business Administration offered by Gujarat Technological University.
----------------------------------
(Examiner’s Sign)
Name of Examiner:
Institute Name:
Institute Code:
Date :
Place :

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EVALUATION AND MEASURE SUGGESTED was carried out by Pooja chudhari
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(Examiner’s Sign)
Name of Examiner:
Institute Name:
Institute Code:
Date :
Place :

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EVALUATION AND MEASURE SUGGESTED was carried out by Mitkumar Patel
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(Examiner’s Sign)
Name of Examiner:
Institute Name:
Institute Code:
Date :
Place :

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EVALUATION AND MEASURE SUGGESTED was carried out by Rishabh Saxena
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(Examiner’s Sign)
Name of Examiner:
Institute Name:
Institute Code:
Date :
Place :

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EVALUATION AND MEASURE SUGGESTED was carried out by Himani Soni
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(Examiner’s Sign)
Name of Examiner:
Institute Name:
Institute Code:
Date :
Place :

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Preface
The aim of the project is the practical application of the managerial knowledge and skill
learned during the course work of this program.
This project Report represents the facts, findings and recommendations resulting from my
understanding of the activities of “A Critical Evaluation and Measures Suggested of
Krishnam biotech, kathawada Ahemdabad.
The scope of the project report is limited to the study of the company on the basis of the
primary data collected from field trip, briefings by company/Bank executives, etc., and the
secondary data collected from information received from written and published document, online
journals and articles.
I acknowledge that being a Second year student my report may be rudimentary in nature
and based on data collected during summer internship program only. In spite of my best efforts,
there may be errors or omissions, which may please be excused.

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Acknowledgement
It is almost inevitable to incur indebtedness to all who generously helped by sharing their
invaluable time and rich experience with me, without which this project would have never been
accomplished.
No task can be achieved alone, particularly while attempting to finish a project of such
magnitude. It took many special people to facilitate it and support it. Hence, I would like to
acknowledge all of their valuable support and convey my humble gratitude to them. I would like
to thank Prof. Prashanti Kothari and all other faculties of Shayona Institute of Business
Management (SIBM) for their guidance throughout the preparation of the project and for their
valued suggestion.
I express my sincere thanks to the management of “Krishnam Biotech, Kathwada
Ahmedabda” for giving me this golden opportunity to work as a trainee in their company. The
guidance and support provided by the company have really made the training a learning
experience for me. This short period was full of rich experience, which will definitely help me in
my future career.

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Contents of Report
NO. NAME Page No.
1. Introduction
1.1. Introduction of Pharma Industry 1
1.2. Indian Pharmaceutical Industry 2
1.3. Marketing of Pharmaceutical Industry in India 2
1.4. Present Indian Pharma Industry Scenario 2
1.5. Indian companies & Approvals 3
1.6. Indian Pharma Industry Investments 3
1.7. Pharma Vision 2020 3
1.8. Future Indian pharmaceutical market 4
1.9. Top 9 Publicly Listed pharmaceutical companies in
India
4
1.10. Top 20 Biotechnology companies in India 5
1.11 Relation between pharma and biotech 6
1.12. Government support 6
1.13. Introduction of Biotech 7
1.14. Market size 7
1.15. Investments 8
2. INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY
2.1. Over View Of company 9
2.2. Vision 11
2.3. Mission 11
2.4. Marketing Set Up 11
2.5. Excellence 11
2.6. Quality 12
2.7. Commitment 12
2.8. Products of the Company 13
3. Diagnosis Phase 21
4. Design and Analysis Phase 34
5. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE 36

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Chapter-1
Introduction
1.1. Introduction of Pharma Industry:
Pharmaceuticals are medicinally effective chemicals, which are converted to
dosage forms suitable for patients to imbibe. In its basic chemical form, pharmaceuticals
are called bulk drugs and the final dosage forms are known as formulations. Bulk drugs
are derived from 4 types of intermediates (raw material), namely:
 Plant derivatives (herbal products)
 Animal derivatives e.g. Insulin extracted from bovine pancreas.
 Synthetic Chemicals.
 Biogenetic (human) derivatives e.g. Human Insulin.
Doctors, post-diagnosis to cure a disease or disorder in the patient primarily
prescribes formulations. To prevent misuse/incorrect administration, most formulations
are disbursed by pharmacies only under medical prescription and these are called ethical
products.
1.1.1. Indian Pharmaceutical Industry:
The Indian pharmaceutical industry is highly fragmented but has grown rapidly
due to the friendly patent regime and low cost manufacturing structure. Intense
competition, high volumes and low prices characterize the Indian domestic market.
Exports have been rising at around 30% CAGR over last five years. There is a shift in
export profile towards value added formulations from low value bulk drugs.
The Drug Pricing Control Order (DPCO) has been the millstone around the neck of
Indian industry as it has severally restricted profitability and hence innovation. However,
the government has been relaxing controls in a slow but progressive manner. The span of
control of DPCO has come down as per the latest proposed changes.
In the domestic market, old and mature categories like anti-infectives, vitamins,
analgesics are degrowing or stagnating while new lifestyle categories like cardiovascular,
CNS, anti-diabetic are growing at double-digit rates. The growth of a company in the
domestic market is thus critically dependent on its therapeutic presence.

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1.2. Marketing of Pharmaceutical Industry in India:
The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry is a vibrant, high technology based and high
growth oriented industry - attracting attention the world over for its immense potential to
produce high quality drugs and pharmaceutical formulations. The Pharmaceutical
Industry is among the most highly R&D intensive industries. In fact, other than drug
discovery, marketing has been the most important function in the pharmaceutical
industry.
The pharmaceutical marketing environment is perhaps the most challenging one
on the Indian industrial scene today. As it approaches a new millennium it is faced, on the
one hand, with new opportunities and new prospects, and on the other, with the
emergence of a radically ordered pharmaceutical order.
1.3. Present Indian Pharma Industry Scenario:
The Indian pharma industry, which is expected to grow over 15 per cent per
annum between 2015 and 2020, will outperform the global pharma industry, which is set
to grow at an annual rate of 5 per cent between the same period!. The market is expected
to grow to US$ 55 billion by 2020, thereby emerging as the sixth largest pharmaceutical
market globally by absolute size, as stated by Mr. Arun Singh, Indian Ambassador to the
US. Branded generics dominate the pharmaceuticals market, constituting nearly 80 per
cent of the market share (in terms of revenues). The sector is expected to generate 58,000
additional job opportunities by the year 2025.
India‟s pharmaceutical exports stood at US$ 16.4 billion in 2016-17 and are
expected to grow by 30 per cent over the next three years to reach US$ 20 billion by
2020, according to the Pharmaceuticals Export Promotion Council of India
(PHARMEXCIL).
1.4. Indian companies & Approvals:
Indian companies received 55 Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA)
approvals and 16 tentative approvals from the US Food and Drug Administration
(USFDA) in Q1 of 2017. The USFDA approvals are expected to cross 700 ANDA in
2017, thereby recording a year-on-year growth of 17 per cent. The country accounts for
around 30 per cent (by volume) and about 10 per cent (value) in the US$ 70-80 billion

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US generics market. India‟s biotechnology industry comprising bio-pharmaceuticals, bio-
services, bio-agriculture, bio-industry and bioinformatics is expected grow at an average
growth rate of around 30 per cent a year and reach US$ 100 billion by 2025. Biopharma,
comprising vaccines, therapeutics and diagnostics, is the largest sub-sector contributing
nearly 62 per cent of the total revenues at Rs 12,600 crore (US$ 1.89 billion).
1.5. Indian Pharma Industry Investments:
The Union Cabinet has given its nod for the amendment of the existing Foreign
Direct Investment (FDI) policy in the pharmaceutical sector in order to allow FDI up to
100 per cent under the automatic route for manufacturing of medical devices subject to
certain conditions.
The drugs and pharmaceuticals sector attracted cumulative FDI inflows worth
US$ 14.71 billion between April 2000 and March 2017, according to data released by the
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP).
1.6. Pharma Vision 2020:
Some of the initiatives taken by the government to promote the pharmaceutical
sector in India are as follows:
The Government of India unveiled „Pharma Vision 2020‟ aimed at making India a
global leader in end-to-end drug manufacture. Approval time for new facilities has been
reduced to boost investments.
The government introduced mechanisms such as the Drug Price Control Order
and the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority to deal with the issue of affordability
and availability of medicines.
Mr. Ananth Kumar, Union Minister of Chemicals and Petrochemicals, has
announced setting up of chemical hubs across the country, early environment clearances
in existing clusters, adequate infrastructure, and establishment of a Central Institute of
Chemical Engineering and Technology.
1.7. Future Indian pharmaceutical market:
The Indian pharmaceutical market size is expected to grow to US$ 100 billion by
2025, driven by increasing consumer spending, rapid urbanisation, and raising healthcare
insurance among others.

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Going forward, better growth in domestic sales would also depend on the ability
of companies to align their product portfolio towards chronic therapies for diseases such
as such as cardiovascular, anti-diabetes, anti-depressants and anti-cancers that are on the
rise.
1.8. Top 9 Publicly Listed pharmaceutical companies in India:
1. Sun Pharmaceutical
2. Lupin Ltd
3. Dr. Reddy's Laboratories
4. Cipla
5. Aurobindo Pharma
6. Zydus Cadila Healthcare
7. Piramal Enterprise
8. Glenmark Pharmaceuticals
9. Torrent Pharmaceuticals
1.9. Top 20 Biotechnology companies in India:
1. Serum Institute of India
2. Biocon
3. Jubilant Life Sciences
4. Syngene International
5. Biological E
6. Nuziveedu Seeds
7. AstraZeneca Pharma India
8. Mahyco
9. Bharat Biotech International
10. GSK India
11. Anthem Biosciences
12. Metahelix Life Sciences
13. Advanced Enzyme Technologies
14. Concord Biotech

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15. Panacea Biotec
16. Ankur Seeds
17. Ecron Acunova
18. Zytex
19. Accurex Biomedical
20. Bhat Bio-Tech India
1.10. Relation between pharma and biotech:
Unlike in other countries, the difference between biotechnology and
pharmaceuticals remains fairly defined in India, with biotech a much smaller part of the
economy. India accounted for 2% of the $41 billion global biotech market and in 2003
was ranked 3rd in the Asia-Pacific region and 13th in the world in number of biotech. In
2004-5, the Indian biotech industry saw its revenues grow 37% to $1.1 billion. The
Indian biotech market is dominated by biopharmaceuticals; 76% of 2004–5 revenues
came from biopharmaceuticals, which saw 30% growth last year. Of the revenues from
biopharmaceuticals, vaccines led the way, comprising 47% of sales. Biologics and large-
molecule drugs tend to be more expensive than small-molecule drugs, and India hopes to
sweep the market in bio-generics and contract manufacturing as drugs go off patent and
Indian companies upgrade their manufacturing capabilities.
Most companies in the biotech sector are extremely small, with only two firms
breaking 100 million dollars in revenues. At last count there were 265 firms registered in
India, over 92% of which were incorporated in the last five years. The newness of the
companies explains the industry‟s high consolidation in both physical and financial
terms. Almost 30% of all biotech are in or around Bangalore, and the top ten companies
capture 47% of the market. The top five companies were homegrown; Indian firms
account for 72% of the bio-pharma sector and 52% of the industry as a whole.[4,46] The
Association of Biotechnology-Led Enterprises (ABLE) is aiming to grow the industry to
$5 billion in revenues generated by 1 million employees by 2009, and data from the
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) seem to suggest that it is possible.

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1.11. Government support:
The Indian government established the Department of Biotechnology in 1986
under the Ministry of Science and Technology. Since then, there have been a number of
dispensations offered by both the central government and various states to encourage the
growth of the industry. India‟s science minister launched a program that provides tax
incentives and grants for biotech start-ups and firms seeking to expand and establishes
the Biotechnology Parks Society of India to support ten biotech parks by 2010.
Previously limited to rodents, animal testing was expanded to include large animals as
part of the minister‟s initiative. States have started to vie with one another for biotech
business, and they are offering such goodies as exemption from VAT and other fees,
financial assistance with patents and subsidies on everything ranging from investment to
land to utilities.
The biotechnology sector faces some major challenges in its quest for growth.
Chief among them is a lack of funding, particularly for firms that are just starting out.
The most likely sources of funds are government grants and venture capital, which is a
relatively young industry in India. Government grants are difficult to secure, and due to
the expensive and uncertain nature of biotech research, venture capitalists are reluctant to
invest in firms that have not yet developed a commercially viable product.
The government has addressed the problem of educated but unqualified candidates in its
Draft National Biotech Development Strategy. This plan included a proposal to create a
National Task Force that will work with the biotech industry to revise the curriculum for
undergraduate and graduate study in life sciences and biotechnology. The government‟s
strategy also stated intentions to increase the number of PhD Fellowships awarded by the
Department of Biotechnology to 200 per year. These human resources will be further
leveraged with a "Bio-Edu-Grid" that will knit together the resources of the academic and
scientific industrial communities, much as they are in the US.
1.12. Introduction of Biotech:
The biotechnology sector of India is highly innovative and is on a strong growth
trajectory. The sector, with its immense growth potential, will continue to play a
significant role as an innovative manufacturing hub. The sector is one of the most

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significant sectors in enhancing India's global profile as well as contributing to the
growth of the economy.
India is among the top 12 biotech destinations in the world and ranks third in the
Asia-Pacific region. India has the second-highest number of US Food and Drug
Administration (USFDA)–approved plants, after the USA and is the largest producer of
recombinant Hepatitis B vaccine. Out of the top 10 biotech companies in India (by
revenue), seven have expertise in bio-pharmaceuticals and three specialize in agri-
biotech.
India has no dearth of talent in biotechnology, as a number of institutions, both
government and autonomous, provide the necessary opportunities for the students
seeking to obtain a degree in this sector. The Government of India has provided adequate
scope to this sector by providing facilities for Research and Development (R&D) in the
field of biotechnology.
1.13. Market size:
The Indian biotech industry holds about 2 per cent share of the global biotech
industry. The biotechnology industry in India, comprising about 800 companies, is
expected to be valued at US$ 11.6 billion in 2017. The government has to invest US$ 5
billion to develop human capital, infrastructure and research initiatives if it is to realise
the dream of growing the sector into a US$ 100 billion industry by 2025, as per Union
Minister for Science and Technology, Mr Harsh Vardhan.
Biopharma is the largest sector contributing about 62 per cent of the total revenue
followed by bio-services (18 per cent), bio-agri (15 per cent), bio-industry (4 per cent),
and bio-informatics contributing (1 per cent).
The high demand for different biotech products has also opened up scope for the
foreign companies to set up base in India.
India has emerged as a leading destination for clinical trials, contract research and
manufacturing activities owing to the growth in the bio-services sector.
1.14. Investments:
India's biotech sector has attracted significant amount of attention over the past
two decades. Several global companies have aggressively joined hands with Indian

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companies due to India's strong generic biotechnology potential. Some of the recent
investments and developments in this sector are as follows:
 The Telangana state government's flagship pharma and biotech event – Bio Asia
2017 attracted investments to the tune of Rs 3,382 crore (US$ 507.3 million).
 During the Vibrant Gujarat Global Summit-2017, 54 MoUs worth Rs 5,022 crore
(US$ 736.1 million) in the biotechnology sector were signed by 37 companies.
 Syngene International Ltd, the contract research services arm of Biocon Ltd, is
setting up a drug discovery and development center in Bengaluru for Amgen Inc.,
a biotechnology company based in the US.
1.15. Government Initiatives:
A Network of Technology Centres and promotion of start-ups by Small Industries
Development Bank of India (SIDBI) are among the steps taken by the Government of
India to promote innovation and entrepreneurship in the agro industry proposed by the
Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSME) in a new scheme. The
Government of India has taken several initiatives to improve the biotechnology sector in
the country as well as offer enough scope for research in this field. The Department of
Biotechnology (DBT) along with other government funded institutions such as National
Biotechnology Board (NBTB) and many other autonomous bodies representing the
biotechnology sector, are working together in order to project India as a global hub for
biotech research and business excellence.
Some of the recent major initiatives are as follows:
 In the Union Budget 2017-18, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT)
received Rs 2,222.11 crore (US$ 333.31 million), an increase of 22 per cent,
to continue implementing the department‟s national biotech strategy and
target increasing the turnover from the sector to $100 billion by 2025 from $7
billion in 2016.
 The Telangana government also inked an MOU with PE firm Cerestra to explore
a 'Life Sciences Infrastructure Fund' with a corpus of Rs 1,000 crore (US$ 150
million) to create a sophisticated modular plug and play infrastructure for
pharma, biotech and medical devices industry.

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CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION OF COMPANY
2.1. Over View Of company:-
“KRISHNAM BIO-TECH engaged in the business of manufacturing of
Nutraceutical products of varied ranges like Syrups, Tablet, Capsule, Drops, Soft gel,
Amino Acids, Protein powder, Energy Drinks sachet of different kind of different
weights and by meeting the requirements of Nutraceutical entrepreneurs in industrial
areas, in the prominent cities, and various development sectors in the country. Our
products incorporate user-friendly operations and controls.”
 Established in 1996, KRISHNAM BIO-TECH engaged in the business of
manufacturing of Nutraceutical products of varied ranges like Syrups, Tab, Drops,
Capsules, Amino Acids, Protein powder, Energy Drinks sachet of different kind
of different weights and by meeting the requirements of Nutraceutical
entrepreneurs in industrial areas, in the prominent cities, and various development
sectors in the country. Our products incorporate user-friendly operations and
controls.
 KRISHNAM BIO-TECH has started its operation in the year of 1996, which has
now emerged as a well-established organization in Nutraceutical products
manufacturing as well as marketing company of the Nutraceutical products.
 KRISHNAM BIO-TECH, our continuous effort to grow in the defined path.
Hence to have better focus and significant market share in ever growing sales and
marketing segments. The management has come with new division namely
MANDID ayurvedic manufacturers to satisfy the constant increased demand we
have launched a new manufacturing unit namely MANDID In 2008. Our
manufacturing facilities are carried out at our plants with innovative technologies
to formulate small & large volume Oral, liquids, Capsules, Powder based on
various neutraceuticals formulations. This new unit is developed to serve
humanity with excellent quality products.

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 We are totally committed to manufacture products of world class quality with
advanced features by adopting innovation in design and technology. We believe
quality is the defining issue. We have adopted stringent quality control policy to
manufacture products of finest quality for our esteemed customers. At
KRISHNAM BIO-TECH and MANDID, we adopt & exercise stringent quality
assurance protocols which are built into the process of raw materials testing, in
process control & Finished products checks to deliver defect-free and consistent
quality products. The highly trained, professionally qualified and well
experienced manpower is even more stringently governed to execute high profile
production activities
 The boundaries of our knowledge incremental to up gradation of our products by
doing continues efforts at our works on various aspects like new products
development, stringent, quality control measures, cost effectiveness and
environmental friendly production system. In addition we have continued to focus
on the operational efficiencies & local market, which are our paralleled
inheritance and the foundation of our future growth. We strongly believe that the
exceptional standards of quality, performance & productivity will only led us to
long-term success & further strengthen our deep seated roots.
 Research, Development and training is an integral part of work culture at
KRISHNAM BIO-TECH and MANDID, We provides in house training to our
professionals at regular intervals to upgrade our core competencies and
knowledge to match with the latest emerging technologies. This is an effective
ongoing learning process rather than just training. The Firm‟s skilled and
experienced team to cater to and provide its wide range of expertise knowledge
ensure that each machine is designed to package products in the most effective
ways. Each machine is armed with impeccable credentials, breadth of experience
and backed by high accomplishments and achievements. The Firm place the
highest importance on its expert engineers and nurtures and guides them towards
reaching bigger goals and successes. Some of the prominent qualities of its team
that are on display in their work include expertise, integrity, dedication, focus and
also entrepreneur friendliness etc. A „rigorous attitude‟ and „meticulous

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professionalism‟ are also evident and are among the hallmarks that the team
brings to all its dealings and work to the satisfaction of Firm‟s customer.
2.2. Vision:
 Today, life style is very fast which brings deficiency in all aspects even human
body also affects. To overcome from deficiency, we required extra nourishment.
We very well understand the needs of human body and bridging the gap between
deficiency and needs by providing Nutraceutical range of the products and
touching lives with success.
2.3. Mission:
 KRISHNAM BIO-TECH has set high goals. We have pledge to strengthen
society and build a strong nation. We also adhere to provide quality range of
products. As we strongly belief that, growth is never possible with lapses, so we
are committed to offer a healing touch through good quality Nutraceutical range
of the products.
2.4. Marketing Set Up:
 We believe that any innovation, research or development is incomplete, unless &
until it is applied commercially, commercial activities are founded, guided, and
governed by a strong and talented marketing management team with reach
experience across a wide spectrum of the pharmaceuticals industry. Team
members keep themselves abreast and in tune with latest sales.
2.5. Excellence:
 We relentlessly pursue excellence through innovation and continuous
improvement in all our products to set our standards. We benchmark with the
best in the pharmaceutical market. We empower our employees to generate new
idea explore avenues and offer solutions that add exceptional value.

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2.6. Quality:
 Our quality department monitors all stages of production analysis and
warehousing they managed by qualified personnel constantly examines quality
consideration – performing systematic sampling and testing at every stage from
raw materials.
 As a socially responsible company we always focus on development &
betterment of our people.
 Through each procedure of intermediate and finished.
2.7. Commitment:
 Our commitment to implementing a robust world class quality management
system to sustain a capture of operational excellence meeting and exceeding
the expectations of all Patients customer and regulators.
 We corporate quality & compllance team regularly updates sites as per the
requirement for continue improvement.

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2.8. Products of the Company:-
 Nutraceutical
 Herbal
Nutraceutical
SYRUP

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SR.NO PRODUCT NAME PACK
SIZE
1. EACH 5 /15 ML CONTAINS :
SODIUM FERRIDATE 231 MG, FOILC ACID 1.5 MG, VIT –
B12 15 MCG
200 ML
2. EACH 5 / 15 ML CONTAINS :
FERROUS ASCORBATE 30 MG, FOLIC ACID 500 MCG, VIT –
B12 15 MCG
150 ML
FERRIC AMMONIUM CITRATE 160 MG, CYNOCOBALAMINE
7.5 MCG, FOLIC ACID 0.5 MG , ZINC SULPHATE 20 MG
200 ML
METHYLCOBALAMINE 1500 MCG, VIT B1 10 MG, VIT B6 3
MG, D-PENTHENOL 5 MG , L-LYSINE HYD. 150 MG
200 ML
LYCOPENE 10 % 1000 MCG, NICACINAMIE 25 MG,
PYRIDOXINE HYD. 1.5 MG, CYNOCOBALAMINE 1 MCG,
FOLIC ACID 100 MCG, SELENIUM DIOXIDE 35 MCG, ZINC
SULPHATE 3 MG, IODINE 100 MCG, COPPER 100 MCG
200 ML
( MULTI VITAMIN AND MINARALS SYRUP ) – ZINCOVIT
FORMULA ENERGY 12.12 KCL, CARBOHYDRATE 2 GM,
PROTEIN 0.0 GM FAT 0 GM, VIT D3 7.5 MG, L-LYSINE 5 MG,
ZINC SULPHATE 5 MG VIT B5 1.25 MG, VIT B1 0.75 MG, VIT
B2 0.75 MG, VIT B6 0.5 MG IODINE 38 MCG, COPPER 25 MCG,
SELENIUM 10 MCG, VIT B12 0.5 MCG, VIT A 1250 I.U., VIT D3
100 I.U. , VIT E 2.5 I.U., SATURTED FATTY ACID 0 GM, FATTY
ACID POLYUNSATURATED
0.0 GM, FATTY ACID MONOUNSATURATED 0.0
GM, TRANS FATTY ACID 0.0 GM, CHOLESTEROL 0 MG
200 ML

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PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE 20% 0.333 GM, L-LYSINE 20 MG,
FERRIC AMMONIUM CITRATE 15 MG, MANGANESE
CHLORIDE 0.333 MG, ZINC SULPHATE 2.7 MG, NIACINAMIDE
10 MG
200 ML
( B-COMPLEX PLUS WITH L-LYSINE SYRUP )
VIT B1 1.5 MG, VIT B2 2 MG, VIT B6 1 MG, D-PENTHENOL 2
MG, NIACINAMIDE 26 MG, L-LYSINE 100 MG
200 ML
( ENZYME WITH B-COMPLEX SYRUP )
DIASTAGE (1:50) 20MG, PEPSIN ( 1:1300 ) 10 MG, VIT
B12 1 MG, VIT B2 2 MG, VIT B6 1 MG, NIACINAMIDE 45
MG, D-PENTHENOL 2 MG

~ 16 ~
DROP’S
SR.NO PRODUCT NAME
PACK
SIZE
1. EACH ML CONTAINS :
FERROUS ASCORBATE 10 MG, FOLIC ACID 100 MCG
15 ML
VIT A 1250 IU. VIT E 2.5 MG, VIT D3 200 IU., VIT B1 1 MG,VIT B2 1
MG VIT C 20 MG, NICOTINAMIDE 10 MG, D-PANTHENOL 1 MG, L-
LYSINE 5 MG, VIT B12 2 MCG, ENERGY 0.7
CAL., CARBOHYDRATE 150 MG FAT 7 MG
15 ML
FOLIC ACID 200 MCG, VIT B12 5 MCG, NIACINAMIDE 20 MG
15 ML
(DIGESTIVE ENZYME)
DIASTAGE ( 1:1200) 33.33 MG, PEPSIN (1:3000) 5.0 MG
30 ML
VIT D3 800 IU.
15 ML,
30 ML

~ 18 ~
SR.NO PRODUCT NAME
PACK
SIZE
1.
DHA 10% 100 MG, FOLIC ACID 5 MG, METHYLCOBALAMINE
1500 MCG
10 X 10
2.
FERROUS ASCORBATE ( EQ. ELE. IRON ) 100 MG, FOLIC
ACID 1.5 MCG, VIT B12 5MCG
10 X 10
3.
FERROUS FUMERATE 200 MG, FOLIC ACID 1 MG, VIT B12 5
MCG, ZINC SULPHATE 61.8 MG
10 X 10
4.
METHYLCOBALAMINE 1500 MCG, ALPHA LIPOIC ACID 100
MG, VIT B1 10 MG, VIT B6 3 MG, FOLIC ACID 1.5 MG
10 X 10
5.
LYCOPENE 6 % 2000 MCG, VIT A 2500 IU., VIT E 10 IU., VIT C
50 MG, ZINC SULPHATE 61.8 MG, SELENIUM 70 MCG
10 X 10
6.
ANTIOXIDANT, MULTI-VITAMIN WITH MULTI MINERALS
CAPS. VIT A 2000 IU., VIT B1 1 MG., VIT B12 1 MG., VIT
B6 1.34 MG., METHYLCOBALAMINE 500 MCG, ASCORBIC
ACID 75 IU., VIT D3 270 IU., CANCIUM D
PENTOTHENATE 1MG, NIACINAMIDE 1MG, DIBASIC
CALCIUM PHOSPHATE 35 MG, FERROUS ASCORBATE 5 MG
., COPPER 0.01 MG, IODINE 0.0015 MG, MAGNESIUM 1 MG,
MANGANESE 0.01 MG, POTTASIUM 1 MG,ZINC 0.15 MG,
SELENIUM 70 MCG., FOLIC ACID 500 MCG
10 X 10
7. MULTIVITAMIN WITH 4G FORMULA CAPSULA 10 X 10
8. OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID WITH MULTIVITAMIN 10 X 10
9. PRE-PRO BIOTIC CAPSULES 10 X 10

~ 19 ~
Tablets
10.
B-COMPLEX CAPSULES
VIT B1 5MG, VIT B2 5 MG, VIT B6 2 MG, NIACINAMIDE 50 MG,
FOLIC ACID 1 MG, ZINC SULPHATE 61.8 MG, VIT A 5000 IU.,
CALCIUM PANTOTHENATE 10 MG, VIT E 15 MG
10 X 10
11.
MULTIVITAMIN WITH CALCIUM ASCORBATE, WHEAT
GERM OIL, PIPERINE
10 X 10
12. SPIRULINA WITH MULTIVITAMIN 10 X 10

~ 20 ~
SR.NO PRODUCT NAME PACK SIZE
1. ANTI OXIDANT , MULTIVITAMIN WITH MULTI MINERALS
TABLET:-
VIT A 2000 IU, VIT B1 1 MG, VIT B1 1 MG, VIT B6 1.34 MG,
METHYLCOBALAMINE 500 MCG, ASCORBIC ACID 75 IU., VIT
D3 270 IU, CALCIUM PANTOTHENATE 1 MG, NIACINAMIDE 1
MG, DI-BASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATE 35 MG,FERROUS
ASCORBATE 5 MG, COPPER 0.01 MG, IODINE 0.0015 MG,
MAGNESIUM 1 MG, MANGANESE 0.01 MG, POTASSIUM 1 MG,
ZINC SULPHATE 0.15 MG, SELENIUM 70 MCG,FOLIC ACID
500 MCG
10 X 10
2. DHA 10 % 100 MG, FOLIC 5 MG, METHYLCOBALAMINE 1500
MCG
10 X 10
3. CALCITROL 0.25 MG, CALCIUM CARBONATE 500 MG, ZINC
SULPHATE 7.5 MG – CHEWABLE / COATED
10 X 10
4. VIT C 100 MG, ZINC SULPHATE 5 MG 10 X 10
5. FERROUS ASCORBATE (EQ. ELE. IRON ) 100 MG, FOLIC ACID
1.5 MCG, VIT B12 5 MCG
10 X 10
6. MULTI VITAMINS AND MULTI MINARALS – WOMEN VIT C
75 MG, VIT B3 22.5 MG, VIT B1 5 MG, VIT B6 5 MG VIT B2 2.5
MG, VIT E ( 50 % POWDER ) 12.5 MG, BIOTIN 5MG, FOLIC 1.5
MG, VIT B12 500 MCG, VIT A 1250 IU. VIT D3 200 IU.,
MAGNESIUM SULPHATE 25 MG, ZINC SULPHATE 10 MG,
FERROUS FUMERATE 9 MG, MANGENSESE SULPHATE 1.5
MG, COPPER SULPHATE 750 MCG, SELENIUM DIOXIDE 100
MCG, CHROMIUM 50 MCG, IODINE 50 MCG, INOSITOL 100
MG, PARA AMINOBENZOIC ACID 12.5 MG, LYCOPENE 5 MG,
L-ARGINE 5 MG
10X10

~ 21 ~
7. MULTI VITAMINS AND MULTI MINARALS – MEN
VIT C 25 MG, VIT E (50 %) 12.5 MG, VIT B1 5 MG, VIT B6 5 MG
FOLIC ACID 1.5 MG, VIT A 1250 IU, CO-ENZYME Q10 50 MG
ZINC SULPHATE 10 MG, FERROUS FUMERATE 5 MG,
MANGANESE SULPHATE 2 MG, COPPER SULPHATE 1 MG,
SELENIUM 100 MCG, L-GLUTATHIONE 2.5 MG, L CARNITINE
75 MG, L-ARGININE 5 MG, LYCOPINE 6 % 5 MG, GINSENG
EXTRACT 10 MG
10X10
8. METHYL COBALAMINE 500 MCG, PYRIDOXAL 5 PHOSPHATE
0.5 MG, L-METHYL FOLATE 0.5 MG
10 X 10
9. METHYL COBALAMINE 500 MCG, PYRIDOXAL 5 PHOSPHATE
0.5 MG, L-METHYL FOLATE 0.5 MG
1 X 30 JAR
10. MULTIVITAMIN WITH 4G TABLET 10 X 10
11. CALCIUM CARBONATE , CALCIUM CITRATE,
CALCIUM OROTATE
10 X 10
12. BROMELIEN, TRYPSIN, RUTOSIDE TABLET 10 X 10
13. METHYLCOBALAMINE 500 / 750 / 1500 MCG CHEWABLE /
UNCOATED TABLET.
10 X 10
14. VIT D3 60000 IU. CHEWABLE TABLET CHEWABLE /
UNCOATED TABLET.
10 X 10
15. BOSWELLIA SERRATA, CISSUS QUANDRANGULARIS,
ROSEHIP EXTRACT
1 X 14 JAR
16. OMEGA – 3 FATTY ACID WITH MULTI VITAMIN 10 X 10
17. MYO-INOSITOL 500 MG, D-CHIRO- INOSITOL 13.8 MG, N-
ACETYL CYSTEINE 300 MG, L-METHYL FOLATE 100 MCG,
MELATONIN 1.5 MG, CHROMIUM PICOLINATE 200 MCG, VIT
D3 1000 IU.
10 X 10
18 CO – ENZYME Q10 , EPA 90 MG , DHA 60 MG , LYCOPENE ( 6%
)4000 MCG , SELENIUM WITH MULTIVITAMIN TABLET.
10 x 10

~ 22 ~
19 PRE AND PRO BIOTIC COMBINATION TABLET. 10 x 10
20 MULTI VITAMIN, CALCIUM ASCORBATE, WHEAT GERM OIL
WITH PIPERINE.
10 X 10
21 LYCOPENE 6 % 2000 MCG , VITAMIN A 2500 IU, VITAMIN E
10 IU., VITAMIN C 50 MG, ZINC SULPHATE 61.8 MG,
SELENIUM 70 MCG.
10 X 10

~ 24 ~
SR.NO PRODUCT NAME
PACK
SIZE
1. ENERGY DRINK POWDER ( BOX / POUCH )
DEXTROSE 17.5 GM, SUCROSE 14 GM, ZINC SULPHATE 32.5
MG, ASCORBIC ACID 50 MG
35 GM, 105
GM, 210
GM
SCHET
SR.NO PRODUCT NAME PACK SIZE
1. VIT- D3 60000 IU. 1 GM SACHET
2. L-ARGININE 3 GM, FOLIC ACID WITH ZINC 5 GM, 10 GM
SACHET
3. PRE-PRO BIOTIC 1 TO 21 GM
SACHET
4. L-ACETYL N-CYSTEIN 5 GM SACHET
5. METHYLCOBALAMINE 500 MCG 1 GM SACHET
6. L –ARGININE 3 GM, FOLIC ACID 2 MG, ZINC SULPHATE
7 MG
5 GM SACHET
7. O R S 1 TO 21 GM
SACHET
8. ISABGOOL POWDER 1 TO 20 GM
SACHET

~ 25 ~
PROTEIN POWDER
SR.NO PRODUCT NAME PACK
SIZE
1. PROTEIN POWDER WITH DIFFRENT FLAVOURES
CHOCOLATE , BANANA , AMERICAN ICE CREAM , DRY
FRUIT
200 GM
2. PROTEIN POWDR WITH DHA 200 GM
3. PROTEIN POWDER (SUGAR FREE) 200 GM

~ 26 ~
 Contact Person
 Mr. Nitin Panchal(M.D.)
(M) +91 9898996353
 Mr. Krunal Panchal
(M) +91 99786 56353
 Address
 Krishnam House
Plot No. 181, Road No.4, G.I.D.C. Estate, Kathwada GIDC, Ahmedabad –
382430 , Gujarat (INDIA).
 E-mail id
 info@krishnambiotech.com,
 sales@krishnambiotech.com
 krishnambiotech25@gmail.com
 Website
 www.krishnambiotech.com

~ 27 ~
CHAPTER: 3
Diagnosis Phase:
3.1. Problem / Opportunity identification and description = Background of the
project
 To identify problem in any organization 1st thing we need to show the current
scenario of the organization. We need to analysis the value chain of the firm.
 Value Chain: - is a process where a firm identifies its primary and support activities
that add value to its final product and then analyse these activities to reduce costs or
increase differentiation.
 Value chain represents the internal activities a firm engages in when transforming
inputs into outputs.
3.2. Value chain contain two types of Activities
1) Primary Activities 2) Support Activities
1. Primary Activities: - The Activities which are directly connected with the
manufacturing of the product this kind of activities are consider as a primary activities.
2. Supportive Activities: - The Activities which are help to enhancing the
performance of the primary activities those activities are consider as a Supportive
Activities.

~ 28 ~
Value Chain
Primary Activities include
 Inbound Logistics: It includes a range of activities like receiving, storing,
distributing, etc. which make available goods and services for operational
processes. Some of those activities are material handling, transportation, stock
control, etc.
 Operations: The activity of transforming input raw material to final product
ready for sale is termed as operation. Machining, assembling, packaging are the
activities covered under operations.

~ 29 ~
 Outbound Logistics: As the name suggests, the activities that help in collecting,
storage and delivering the product to the customer is outbound logistics.
 Marketing and Sales: All the activities like advertising, promotion, sales,
marketing research, public relations, etc. performed to make the customer aware
of the product or service and create demand for it, comes under marketing.
 Service: Service means service provided to the customer so as to improve or
maintain the value of the product. It includes financing service, after-sales service
and so on.
Supportive Activities
 Procurement: This activity serves the organization, by supplying all the
necessary inputs like material, machinery or other consumable items, that required
by the organization for performing primary activities.
 Technology Development: At present, technology development requires heavy
investment, which takes years for research and development. However, its
benefits can be enjoyed for several years and by a multitude of users in the
organization.
 Human Resource Management: It is the most common plus important activity
which excel all primary activities of the organization. It encompasses overseeing
the selection, retention, promotion, transfer, appraisal and dismissal of staff.
 Infrastructure: This is the management system, which provides its services to
the whole organization and includes planning, finance, information management,
quality control, legal, government affairs, etc.
We are focuses on Supportive Activities because Pharma Companies
not allowed any outsider person to involve in Primary Activities:-
Description of Supportive Activities of, KRISHNAM BIO-TECH:-
 We are focus on supportive actives of the KRISHNAM BIO-TECH because
supportive activities play important role in the manufacturing Companies:-

~ 30 ~
3.2.1. Human Resource Management:-
 There are 25 Workers working into the KRISHNAM BIO-TECH.
 Where 8 Person are the staff of the KRISHNAM BIO-TECH.
 And remaining are contract based Labour.
 The working hour of the firm is 8 hour (9 AM to 5 PM).
 In 8 person‟s staff
o Two MD
o Two Accountant
o Two Customers executives
o One is supervisor
o One is Manager
 There are no allowances provided by KRISHNAM BIO-TECH.
 The only one time bounce provide by KRISHNAM BIO-TECH on Diwali there is no
such bonus is provide to the employees
 There are two types of leaves provided by KRISHNAM BIO-TECH one is paid
leaves and the 2nd
is unpaid leaves
o All biggest Gujarati festivals holidays are paid leaves.
o Paid medical leaves are also providing to officers as well as Labours.
 Loan providing to the staff member with zero interest rate (MAX. 200000).
 There is no specific increment Policy.
 Salary structure according to the value of the Job
 Labours are contract based so that there are no specific benefits for them.
 Attendance manages through manager.

~ 31 ~
Suggestion in terms of the Human Resource Management of the
KRISHNAM BIO-TECH
 To hire a Human Resource Manager.
 To provided allowances to the employees and labours
 To make a strict rule for a Labour‟s to wearing gloves, cap, and face mask so that
worker don‟t infected to the chemicals.
 To Established regular medical checkup for the workers.
 To provide insurance to the employees.
3.2.2. Technology:-
 In Pharma Industry there is no frequent up gradation in technology as compare to the
Electronic Industry so that, In Pharma company technology is stable.
 Currently the machinery is latest.
 KRISHNAM BIO-TECH installed there machinery according there requirement
 There are no suggestions for Technology aspects of the KRISHNAM BIO-TECH.
3.2.3. Marketing Related:-
 In Pharma industry marketing Play‟s biggest role without marketing Pharma company
not able to survive into the market.
 In Pharma Industry the most famous marketing strategy are adopted by Pharma
companies and bio-tech companies are as under
o Hospital/Tender Supply (to supply all the products direct into the hospital‟s)
o Prescription Strategy
o Contract Manufacturing / Treading
 Hospital/Tender Supply (to supply all the products direct into the hospital’s):-
o This types of strategy mostly adopted by the biggest Pharmaceuticals companies
o In this strategy companies make a contract with the hospital to supply direct there
product they don‟t need to introduce their product into the local market.
 Prescription Strategy:-
o In this strategy companies send the samples of the product to the doctors for
prescribed to the patient.

~ 32 ~
o Here companies send their sales executive into diffident area‟s doctors for the
purpose of distributing their product.
 Contract Manufacturer/ treading :-
o This strategy adopted by the KRISHNAM BIO-TECH
o This kind of strategy mostly adopted by the small scale companies, where they
manufacture medicines in behalf of many biggest companies.
o This kind of strategy is also called Third Party Production Company.
o Here they only done contact between companies.
o There are no special skills are required into this strategy.
o In KRISHNAM BIO-TECH there is no sales executive available.
o Sales advertisement done by company‟s website
o Most of the sales work done by owner.
o They are also available one online.
Suggestion in terms of the Marketing Management of the
KRISHNAM BIO-TECH
 They should more sale there product into the market
 They should hire a 1 sales executive so that the work of owner distribute effectively.
 They should Purchase their own mini truck to reduce their daily expenses.
3.2.4. Quality Management:-
 KRISHNAM BIO-TECH check product manually for the purpose of quality check
 For quality check KRISHNAM BIO-TECH done some of the test which are as under:-
o Assay
o Ph-test
o Bio-burden test
o Coating test
o Desperation test

~ 33 ~
Suggestion in terms of the Quality Management of the
KRISHNAM BIO-TECH
 Here there is no requirement in quality management. The one suggestion is make their
checking process automated instead of manually if possible.
3.3. Objective of the study:
 To enhance the performance of the company
 To reduce cost of the company
 To analysis the actual scenario of the company
 To increase profit of the company
 To aware the safety of the workers in the company

~ 34 ~
CHAPTER: 4
Design and Analysis Phase:
Suggestion in terms of the Human Resource Management of the
KRISHNAM BIO-TECH
4.1. To hire a Human Resource Manager.
 Benefits/ Advantages:
1. HRM helps in Hiring and Training the Workforce
2. HRM takes care of the Performance Management System
3. HR is responsible for developing good relations
4. HR is for the Workplace Safety Services
5. Improve employee satisfaction and business efficiency
 Disadvantage:
1. Time and Money
2. Relinquishing (Drop out) Business Control
3. Relieving Burden
4. Confidentiality/ Information Leaks
4.2. To provided allowances to the employees or labours.
 Benefits/Advantages:
1. Increased Productivity
2. Tax advancement
3. Motivation
 Disadvantages:
1. Cost disadvantages
2. Change in demands
3. Difficult to keep everyone happy
4. Difficult to maintain
4.3. To make a strict rule for a Labour’s to wearing gloves, cap, and face mask so that
worker don’t infected to the chemicals.
 This is compulsory to strictly follow this rule in bio-tech Company because it is
directly concerned to the employees‟ Health and security.

~ 35 ~
4.4. To Established regular medical checkup for the workers.
 Benefits/Advantages:
1. Determine if the prospective employee is healthy and capable of
performing the job duties as designated by the written job description
2. Healthy and Fit Workforce
3. Workplace Safety
4. Public Health Protection
 Disadvantages:
1. They need to spend some money initially to save more money, time,
efforts and hassles.
4.5. To provide insurance to the employees.
 Company Workers are on the base of Contract.
5. Suggestion in terms of the Marketing Management.
 They should more sale there product into the market
 They should hire a 1 sales executive so that the work of owner distribute
effectively.
 They should Purchase their own mini truck to reduce their daily expenses.

~ 36 ~
CHAPTER: 5
IMPLEMENTATION PHASE:
5.1.To hire a Human Resource Manager.
Why they Reject?
 There are many numbers of benefits for hiring a HR Manager but it is directly
affected on cost.
 In this company there is vast number of employees working on the base of
contract.
 Possibility of Information leakage.
5.2.To provided allowances to the employees or labours
Why they Reject?
 More possibility of Cost disadvantages
 Every employees` have different demands so fulfillment of every demands is not
possible
 Difficult to keep everyone happy
5.3. To make a strict rule for a Labour’s to wearing gloves, cap, and face mask so that
worker don’t infected to the chemicals.
Why they Accept?
 This is compulsory to strictly follow this rule in bio-tech Company because it is
directly concerned to the employees‟ Health and security.
5.4. To Established regular medical checkup for the workers
Why they Reject?
 They need to spend some money initially to save more money, time, efforts and
hassles
5.5.To provide insurance to the employees.
Why they Reject?
 Company Workers are on the base of Contract

~ 37 ~
5.6.They should hire a 1 sales executive so that the work of owner distribute effectively.
Why they reject?
 Company`s Managing Director doesn‟t want to hire marketing executive due to
they felt there is possibility of leakage of their effective marketing strategies.
5.7.They should Purchase their own mini truck to reduce their daily expenses
Why they accept?
Analysis for purchasing Mini Truck:
 Before Implementation:-
Daily Transportation cost:
 One round trip: 800(Approximate)
 They have maximum daily 2 round trip: 800*2=1600(Approximate)
 Cost Per Month (25 working Days) 25*1600=40,000(Approximate)
 If they purchase their mini truck:
Daily Transportation cost:
 One round trip: 300 (Approximate)
 They have maximum daily 2 round trip: 300*2=600(Approximate)
 Cost Per Month (25 working Days) 25*600=15,000(Approximate)
 Benefit:
If they purchase their mini truck
 Direct Profit per month 40,000-15,000=25,000
 Profit per year: 25000*12=3, 00,000
 Truck Price: 4,00,000
 They cover-up their truck price in 1.5 year (Approximate)
 After Implementation:-
Daily Transportation cost
 One Round Trip: 250(Approximate)
 They have a maximum daily 2 round trip: 250*2=500(Approximate)
 Cost per month: (25 Working Day) 25*500=12,500 (Approximate)

~ 38 ~
 Benefit:
 Profit Per Month: 40,000-12500=27500(Approximate)
 Profit per year: 27500*12=330,000(Approximate)
 They purchase old mini truck in 200,000
 Profit after implementation: 3,30,000-2,00,000=1,30,000 (Approximate)
They found their benefit in this suggestion that’s why they accept it for
implementation.

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