wall bearing system and arches

1. Structural System

2. In building construction, the particular method of assembling and constructing
structural elements of a building so that they support and transmit applied loads
safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in the members. Basic
types of systems include bearing-wall, post-and-beam, frame, membrane, and
suspension. They fall into three major categories: low-rise, high-rise, and long-span.
Structural System ?

3. A load-bearing wall or bearing wall
is a wall that is an active structural
element of a building, that is, it bears
the weight of the elements above
wall, resting upon it by conducting its
weight to a foundation structure. The
materials most often used to
construct load-bearing walls in large
buildings are concrete, block, or
brick..

4. Load-bearing walls are one of the earliest forms of construction. The
development of the flying buttress in Gothic architecture allowed structures to
maintain an open interior space, transferring more weight to the buttresses instead of
to central bearing walls. The Notre Dame Cathedral is an example of a load-bearing
wall structure with flying buttresses.
The early-Gothic Notre-Dame de Paris (shown here with buttresses as
later modified) features flying buttresses with blocky porticoed pinnacles,
surrounding tall nave, a clerestory, a wide triforium, and two side aisles.
Arrows show structural forces

8. Description
A load-bearing wall or bearing wall is
a wall that is an active structural
element of a building, that is, it bears
the weight of the elements above
said wall, resting upon it by
conducting its weight to a foundation
structure. The materials most often
used to construct load-bearing walls
in large buildings are concrete, block,
or brick. By contrast, a curtain wall
provides no significant structural
support beyond what is necessary to
bear its own materials or conduct
such loads to a bearing wall.in this
type of construction load of the
structure is transferred to the walls
as roof, floors are directly.

10. History
Load-bearing walls are one of the
earliest forms of construction. The
development of the flying buttress in
Gothic architecture allowed
structures to maintain an open
interior space, transferring more
weight to the buttresses instead of
to central bearing walls. The Notre
Dame Cathedral is an example of a
load-bearing wall structure with
flying buttresses

11. Application
Depending on the type of building and
the number of floors, load-bearing walls
are gauged to the appropriate thickness
to carry the weight above them.
Without doing so, it is possible that an
outer wall could become unstable if the
load exceeds the strength of the
material used, potentially leading to the
collapse of the structure. The primary
function of this wall is to enclose or
divide space of the building to make it
more functional and useful. It provides
privacy, affords security, and gives
protection against heat, cold, sun or rain

13. Housing
In housing, load-bearing walls are most
common in the light construction method
known as "platform framing", and each
load-bearing wall sits on a wall sill plate
which is mated to the lowest base plate.
The sills are bolted to the masonry or
concrete foundation.
A beam of PSL lumber installed to replace a
load-bearing wall at the first floor of a
three-story building.
The top plate or ceiling plate is the top of
the wall, which sits just below the platform
of the next floor (at the ceiling). The base
plate or floor plate is the bottom
attachment point for the wall studs. Using a
top plate and a bottom plate, a wall can be
constructed while it lies on its side, allowing
for end-nailing of the studs between two
plates, and then the finished wall can be
tipped up vertically into place atop the wall
sill; this not only improves accuracy and
shortens construction time, but also
produces a stronger wall

15. Wall Bearing Structure Summary
This type of system uses walls to carry the vertical and lateral loads of the
structure down to its foundation. Materials used for this system include but not
limited to wood, concrete, and brick. This type of structure allows for an open
interior space without the use of supporting columns, however, since the walls are
carrying all the loads (including itself), the height and dimension of the structure,
and the loads on the floors are dependent on the size of the walls, as a result, it
cannot handle large loads without becoming massive in size. In addition, it does
not have the ability to span large distances as compared to some other systems.
This system is typically used in residential and small business buildings because of
area and height restrictions imposed by codes that try to maximize fire safety.

18. An arch is a structural form that spans an opening. It starts from a
horizontal on a spring point where the arc begins upward. Constructed by
stone masons, each stone is cut to fit radially against the next one (voussoirs)
with the key or centering stone, the final piece that sets all of the other
pieces into compression on their lower ends and tension on their tops ends.

19. The round arches of the
Romans are the structural system
of the Coliseum. Later, Gothic
masons created the pointed arch
to achieve greater widths and
greater heights in stone cathedrals.
Key to the structure of the arch is
the resisting structure of the walls,
buttresses, or thickened piers to
the outward diagonal thrust of the
loads transferring down the arc
and meeting the wall.

25. Arches are convex structures that
are designed primarily to resist
compression, as a result of their
shape and the uniform loading acting
on them. The most efficient shape
for an arch, when subject to uniform
loading, is a parabola but they can be
circular, or even made from multiple
linear elements. Arches also resist
bending moments that are induced
due to non-uniform or asymmetric
loading, or the deviation of the arch
from the idealised shape in which
the lines of thrust (compression) are
located within the member cross
section.

27. Arches react either against
foundations or buttresses, or
conversely they can be tied at their
base to form a tied arch which does
not lead to external horizontal
forces. Arches usually have pinned
bases, whose details are
emphasised, but they may also be
encased in their foundations which
provide fixity. Fire station using a series of steel arches

28. Arches in steel may be made of I-
sections that are either curved to
shape, or made in sections from
multiple straight lengths. Arches can
also be in the form of fabricated
members, such as trusses. An
excellent example of external and
internal tied arches is the 10-storey
Exchange House in Broadgate,
London where the four parabolic
segmented tied arches span the full
78m across the railway tracks
entering Liverpool Street Station.
Exchange House in Broadgate

30. TYPE OF
ARCHS

31. Flat Arch

32. SEMI – CIRCULAR ARCH

33. SEMI – CIRCULAR ARCH

34. SEGMENTAL ARCH

36. RELIVING
ARCH

37. TREFOIL
ARCH

38. MULTIFOIL
ARCH

39. OGEE ARCH

40. BASKET HANDLE ARCH

41. CENTERED ARCH

42. CENTERED ARCH

43. CENTERED ARCH

44. CENTERED ARCH

50. TYPES OF
ARCHES ON
MATERIAL
OF
CONSTRUCT
ION

51. TYPES OF ARCHES ON MATERIAL
OF CONSTRUCTION

52. ROUGH BRICK
ARCHES

54. GAUGED BRICK ARCHES

55. STONE ARCHES
I. RUBBLE ARCHES:

56. STONE
ARCHES
II.ASHLER ARCHES:

57. GAUGED
ARCHES
PRECAST CONCRETE
BLOCK ARCHES:

58. Gauged arches
Monolitic Concrete Arches:

59. FAILURE OF AN ARCH

60. CRUSHING OF THE
MASONRY

63. CONSTRUCTION
OF ARCHES

64. CONSTRUCTION OF ARCHES
DO’S
DON’T’S

65. An arch is a curved structure that spans a space and may or may not support
weight above it.