1. Guilford’s Theory of Intelligence
Classes:
The
ability
to
sort
units
into
the
appropriate
groups
by
a
common
property.
Operations
of
Guilford’s
Structure
of
Intellect
Theory
E.g.
dogs
grouped
with
dogs,
and
cats
with
cats
when
categorised
into
type
of
animal
Systems:
Evaluation Systems
refers
to
how
information
is
organised.
The
relationships
between
two
or
more
Evaluation
refers
to
the
ability
to
examine
a
piece
of
units.
information
and
decide
whether
it
is
true,
reliable
Spearman
or
valid.
Relations:
(1863-­‐1945)
Refers
to
the
ability
to
create
a
link
between
items
of
information.
Convergent
Production
First
introduced
intelligence
tests
Convergent
production
refers
to
the
ability
to
Gind
a
Transformations
and
found
good
performance
on
one
solution
to
a
problem
by
using
problem
solving
The
ability
to
comprehend
changes
in
information
test
carries
over
to
other
tests.
Developed
theory
of
general
abilities
often
related
to
logic.
intelligence
(g).
Implications
Divergent
Production They
are
predictions
made
from
information
present.
Divergent
production
refers
to
the
ability
to
produce
many
ideas
across
topics
from
one
common
point,
and
is
one
of
the
key
processes
in
Contents
of
Guilford’s
Structure
of
Intellect
creative
thinking.
Theory
Thurstone
(1887-­‐1955)
Memory
Visual:
Memory
refers
to
the
ability
to
encode,
store
and
This
is
the
information
received
directly
Agreed
with
Spearman
and
retrieve
information
through
sight.
explained
‘g’
came
from
several
primary
mental
abilities.
Cognition
Auditory:
Cognition
refers
to
mental
processes
of
knowing
Auditory
information
is
gained
through
and
thinking.
hearing.
E.g.
Read
the
question
and
then
try
and
note
the
steps
and
processes
you
use
to
answer:
Which
is
Symbolic:
larger
an
elephant
or
a
dog?
This
includes
items
that
don’t
convey
a
Ca:ell
meaning
on
their
own
but
can
be
combined
to
(1905-­‐1998 )
create
information
that
can
be
recognised.
‘G’
made
up
of
two
types
of
intelligence:
Semantic:
The
meaning
of
a
source
is
interpreted
and
Crystallised
intelligence
where
knowledge
is
used
effectively
to
recognise
and
store
inGluenced
by
culture
and
Fluid
intelligence
Products
of
Guilford’s
Structure
of
information.
which
is
problem
solving
without
culture
inGluence.
Intellect
Theory
Guilford’s
Structure
of
Intellect
can
be
visually
Units
represented
on
a
three
dimensional
cube:
Behavioural:
This
could
refer
to
words
being
symbolic
units,
shapes
as
Behavioural
Information
is
received
through
visual
units
and
facial
expressions
as
behavioural
units.
•
These
abilities
are
categorised
into
3
groups:
observing
others
mental
states
or
overt
Guilford
operations;
contents;
&
products
behaviour.
(1897-­‐1987)
E.g.
the
images
below
are
an
example
of
facial
expressions
•
According
to
Guilford
a
mental
task
could
potentially
involve
any
combination
of
the
following:
acting
as
a
behavioural
unit,
thus
using
one’s
ability
to
-­‐
5
types
of
operation:
evaluation;
convergent
Example:
Opposed
Spearman’s
theory
of
‘g’
and
understand
the
content
area.
proposed
a
theory
known
as
“Structure
of
production;
divergent
production;
memory;
&
Intellect”
involving
three
dimensions;
cognition
Visual:
(Content;
remember
operations,
content
and
products,
totalling
150
components
as
displayed
in
Guilford’s
-­‐
5
types
of
contents:
visual;
auditory;
symbolic;
visually
seeing
the
dog).
cube.
semantic;
&
behavioural
Unit:
(Product;
the
dog
itself)
-­‐
6
types
of
products:
units;
classes;
relations;
systems;
Memory:
(Operation;
transformation;
&
implication
remembering
it)
•
Theoretically,
this
produces
150
components
of
intelligence
(5
x
5
x
6)