The document discusses psychological disorders and mental retardation. It defines psychological disorders as abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors according to the American Psychological Association. Symptoms of psychological disorders include aggression, anxiety, mood changes, and social withdrawal. Causes may include chemical imbalances, genetics, stress, and childhood experiences. Treatments involve medication and various forms of therapy. The document also defines mental retardation as significant delays in adaptive skills. It identifies five categories of mental retardation based on IQ. Causes include genetic disorders, brain damage, and problems during pregnancy or childhood. Symptoms involve difficulties with problem-solving, behavior, communication, and learning. The document outlines teaching strategies for students with mental retardation, such as reinforcement, repetition, demonstrations,

1. Creating an Inclusive School
Unit 1 – Understanding
Disability
Psychological Disorders
Dr.S.Govindaraj,
Assistant Professor
Adhiparasakthi College of Education
Kalavai@GovindarajS Ph.D

2. @GovindarajS Ph.D

3. Types of Disabilities
Psychological Disorders
@GovindarajS Ph.D

4. Psychological Disorders –
Meaning and Definition
@GovindarajSPh.D
 Abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
 Psychopathology is the study of psychological disorders, including
their symptoms, etiology (i.e., their causes), and treatment
 The term psychopathology can also refer to the manifestation of a
psychological disorder.

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Psychological Disorders –
American Psychological Association (APA)
Definition
 in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
 reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental
dysfunction
 lead to significant distress or disability in one’s life
 do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain
events
Disturbances

6. Psychological Disorders –
Symptoms
@GovindarajS Ph.D
Aggression
Anxiety
Alteration in energy levels
Irritability
Erratic behavior (unusual in
conduct or behavior)
Social Withdrawal

7. Psychological Disorders –
Symptoms
@GovindarajS Ph.D
Persistent or abrupt mood
changes
Perception
Thought process
Problem denial
Sleep disturbances
Weight and appetite
changes

8. Psychological Disorders –
Symptoms
@GovindarajS Ph.D
Withdrawal from friends,
family and peers
Avoiding pleasure activities
Feeling hopelessness
Negative emotions
Confused
Unable to complete daily
activities

9. Psychological Disorders –
Causes
@GovindarajS Ph.D
Chemical imbalance in brain
Genes or Heredity
Illness/Disease
Prenatal problems/during Pregnancy
Stress/Tension
Childhood experiences

10. Psychological Disorders –
Treatments
@GovindarajSPh.D
 Antidepressant Medication -
to improve moods
 Antipsychotic Medication –
to alter perception and
thought patterns
 Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy – thought pattern
and behavior
 Family therapy – develop
support and understanding

11. Psychological Disorders –
Treatments
@GovindarajSPh.D
 Group therapy
 Individual therapy
 Mood stabilizing
medications
 Psychodynamic therapy –
discovering and
understanding past issues
 Talk therapy

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16. Mentally Retarded – Meaning and
Definition
@GovindarajSPh.D
Ө Significant delays/lacks in adaptive skills
Ө IQ – 70 to 75
Ө Substantial limitations of present functioning

17. Mentally Retarded – Meaning and
Definition
@GovindarajSPh.D
Ө Two or more limitations in adaptive skill areas
# Communication
# Self-care
# Home living
# Social skills
# Community use

18. Mentally Retarded – Meaning and
Definition
@GovindarajSPh.D
Ө Two or more limitations in adaptive skill areas
# Health and safety
# Functional academics
# Leisure
# Work
# Self-direction

19. 5 categories
of Mentally
Retarded
Ө Mild Mentally
Retarded - IQ (50-
55) to 70
Ө Moderate
Mentally
Retarded – IQ (35-
40) to (50-55)
Ө Severe Mentally
Retarded – IQ (20-
25) to (35-40)
Ө Profound
Mentally
Retarded – IQ
below (20-25)

20. Causes for
Mentally
Retarded
Ө Fetal alcohol
syndrome
Ө Brain damage
Ө Brain injury
Ө Disease
Ө Genetic disorders
Ө Problems during
childhood
Ө Problems during
pregnancy
Ө Illness/injury

21. Symptoms of
Mentally
Retarded
Ө Difficulty with
problem solving
or logical
thinking
Ө Problems in
behavior
Ө Inability of
connecting
actions with
consequences
Ө Difficulty in
remembering
@GovindarajSPh.D

22. Symptoms of
Mentally
Retarded
Ө Rolling over,
sitting up,
crawling or late
walking
Ө Trouble with
talking
Ө Slow in doing
activities
@GovindarajSPh.D

23. Symptoms of
Mentally
Retarded
Ө Difficulty in
paying
Ө Trouble in
understanding
social rules
@GovindarajSPh.D

24. Teaching Strategies for Mentally
Retarded
@GovindarajSPh.D
Ө Encourage child’s
independence
Ө Provide
opportunities in
group activities
Ө Reinforce
the child

25. Teaching Strategies for
Mentally Retarded
@GovindarajS Ph.D
Ө Concentrate
on the
activity or
task
Ө Teaching
with
functional
actitivities
Ө Repetition of
concepts
Ө Additional
support and
Guidance

26. Teaching Strategies for
Mentally Retarded
@GovindarajS Ph.D
Ө Alternate
physical and
sitting down
activities
Ө Provide
accomodation
Ө Demonstration
Ө Provide hands-
on-materials
Ө Break
information
into small steps

27. Teaching Strategies for
Mentally Retarded
@GovindarajS Ph.D
Ө Multiple
opportunities
to practice
Ө Providing
feedback
Ө Help them to
learn life skills
Ө Opportunity to
learn social
skills

28. Teaching Strategies for
Mentally Retarded
@GovindarajS Ph.D
Ө Enhance
interaction
Ө Involve in
social
activities
Ө Introduce new
ideas in
Physical,
hands-on-
approach

29. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wsu-sandbox/chapter/what-are-
psychological-
disorders/#:~:text=A%20psychological%20disorder%20is%20a,manifestation
%20of%20a%20psychological%20disorder.
https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/mental-health-and-
behavior/psychological-disorders
https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/mental-health-and-
behavior/psychological-disorders
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154543#treatment
https://www.quizalize.com/blog/2018/02/23/teaching-strategies/
https://teachmag.com/archives/7220
https://www.pediatrics.emory.edu/centers/pehsu/health/mental.html#:~:text=Me
ntal%20retardation%20(MR)%20refers%20to,communication
@GovindarajS Ph.D

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https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20174
https://www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/intellectual-disability-mental-
retardation#3
https://therapytravelers.com/strategies-teaching-students-intellectual-
disabilities/
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