THREATENED MAMMALS

1. Submitted by ;
PATEL JAY
M.Sc ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE
Sem-I
Roll no. - 310jack.picture

2. OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION
 WHAT ARE MAMMALS
 CATEGORIES OF THREATENED MAMMALS
 SPECIES OF ANIMALS
 REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
DEFINATION OF THREATENED
• A species of plant or animal that is in inmediate danger of
becoming extinct and needs protection to survive.
• The International Union For Conservation Of Nature
(IUCN) is an international organisation working in the
field of conservation of species. The biggest role IUCN is
playing in this regard is the Red List which is a list of all
threatened species in the world. According to the Red List
animals and plants that have been evaluated by experts are
categorised from ‘Least concern’ to ‘Extinct’ based on
their current status.

4. WHAT ARE MAMMALS ?
• A warm-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that is
distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, females
that secrete milk for the nourishment of the young,
and (typically) the birth of live young.
• Distinguished from reptiles(including birds) by the
possession of a neocortex(a region of the brain)
• They evolved from millions of year ago.
www.marsupyle.com

5. Why mammals are threatened
 Habitat Destruction
 Expansion of Agriculture
 Rapid Industrialization
 Poaching and Trade
 Global Warming and Climate change

6. Categories of threatened mammals
 Extinct : not seen at least for 50 years
 Critically Endangered : likely to be extinct
 Endangered : high risk of extinction
 Vulnerable : risk of extinction
 Near threatened : close to vulnerable
 Least Concern : not qualify any of the above
 Data deficient : no information available

8. Red list data of IUCN

9. ENDANGERED SPECIES OF
MAMMALS
 Asiatic lion
 Blackbuck
 Bengal tiger
 Ganges River Dolphin
 Kashmir stag
 Musk deer
 Wild Ass
 Lion Tailed Macaque
 The leopard cat
 The Sumatran Rhinoceros

10. Asiatic lion
• DISTRIBUTION : This sanctuary
and the surrounding areas
in Saurashtra, Western India, are
the only wild habitats supporting
the Asiatic lion.
• CHARACTERISTICS : The
Asiatic lion's fur ranges in colour
from ruddy-tawny, heavily
speckled with black, to sandy or
buffish grey, sometimes with a
silvery sheen in certain lights.
• Five protected areas currently exist to protect the Asiatic lion: Gir Sanctuary, Gir
National Park, Pania Sanctuary, Mitiyala Sanctuary, and Girnar Sanctuary.
• THREATS : Prior to the resettlement of Maldharis, the Gir forest was heavily
degraded and used by livestock, which competed with and restricted the population
sizes of native ungulates
www.end.ind.com

11. Blackbuck
• DISTRIBUTION : Blackbuck is native
to the Indiansubcontinent,
but extinct in Bangladesh. In Nepal,
the last surviving population of
blackbuck inhabits the Blackbuck
Conservation Area south of the Bardia
National Park.
• CHARACTERISTICS : It stands up to
74 to 84 cm (29 to 33 in) high at the
shoulder. Males weigh 20–57 kilograms
(44–126 lb), an average of 38 kilograms
(84 lb).
• THREATS : During the 20th century, blackbuck numbers declined sharply
due to excessive hunting, deforestation and habitat degradation. Some
blackbucks are killed illegally especially where the species is sympatric
with nilgai.
Blackbuck.world

12. Bengal tiger
• CHARACTERISTICS : The Bengal tiger's
coat is yellow to light orange, with stripes
ranging from dark brown to black; the
belly and the interior parts of the limbs
are white, and the tail is oange with black
rings.
• White tiger : one fully authenticated
case of a true albino tiger.
• THREATS : The most significant
immediate threat to the existence of wild
tiger populations is the illegal
trade in poached skins and body
parts between India, Nepal and China.
• Habitat losses and the extremely large-scale incidences.
• In the northern and western boundaries of the Bangladesh Sundarbans Most
people were attacked in the mornings while collecting fuel wood, timber, or other
raw materials, or while fishing.
Bengaltiger.in.com

13. • DISTRIBUTION : In the Indian
subcontinent, tigers inhabit tropical
moist evergreen forests, tropical dry
forests, tropical and subtropical
moist deciduous forests, mangroves,
subtropical and temperate upland
forests, and alluvial grasslands.
•The tigers in the Sundarbans in India
and Bangladesh are the only ones in the
world inhabiting mangrove forests. The
population in the Indian Sundarbans is
estimated as 70 tigers in total.
• India, nepal, bhutan, bangladesh.

14. Ganges River Dolphin
• DISTRIBUTION : The South Asian river dolphins are native to the freshwater
river systems located in Nepal, India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.
• The Ganges subspecies (P. g. gangetica) can be found along the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli-Sangu river systems of Bangladesh and India,
although its range formerly extended to Nepal.
• CHARACTERISTICS : body with large
flippers and a low triangular dorsal fin. It
weighs upto 150kg. The calves are chocolate
brown at birth and become grayish brown in
adulthood with a smooth and hairless skin.
• THREATS : Poisoning of the water
supply from industrial and agricultural
chemicals

15. Kashmir stag
• DISTRIBUTION : This deer lives in groups
of two to 18 individuals in dense riverine
forests, high valleys, and mountains of
the Kashmir valley and northern Chamba
in Himachal Pradesh. In Kashmir, it's found
in the Dachigam National Park,Rajparian
Wildlife Sanctuary, Overa Aru, Sind Valley,
and in the forests of Kishtwar & Bhaderwah.
• CHARACTERISTICS : This deer has a light rump patch without including the tail.
Its coat color is brown with a speckling to the hairs. The inner sides of the buttocks are
greyish white, followed by a line on the inner sides of the thighs and black on the
upper side of the tail. Each antler consists of five tines.
• THREATS : They were threatened, due to habitat destruction, over-grazing by
domestic livestock, and poaching.
Sstagofkasmir.in

16. Musk deer
• DISTRIBUTION : Musk deer live mainly
in forested and alpine scrub habitats in
the mountains of southern Asia, notably
the Himalayas.
• CHARACTERISTICS : Musk deer
resemble small deer with a stocky
build, and hind legs longer than their
front legs.
• The feet of musk deer are adapted for
climbing in rough terrain. Like
the Chinese water deer, a cervid.
• They have no antlers, but the males do
have enlarged upper canines, forming
sabre-like tusks.
The musk gland is found only in adult males. It lies in a sac located between
the genitals and the umbilicus, and its secretions are most likely used to attract
mates.
Indianmusk.deerby.deny

17. • THREATS :
Musk deer have
been hunted for
their scent
glands, which
are commonly
used in
perfumes. The
glands can fetch
up to $45,000/kg
on the black
market. It is
rumored that
ancient royalty
wore the scent
of the musk
deer and that it
is an
aphrodisiac.

18. Wild Ass
 DISTRIBUTION : Today, its last refuge lies
in the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little
Rann of Kutch and its surrounding areas of
the Great Rann of Kutch in
the Gujarat province of India. The animal,
however, is also seen in the districts
of Surendranagar, Banaskantha, Mehsana,
and other Kutch districts. Saline deserts
(rann), arid grasslands and shrublands are
its preferred environments.
 also extending into the neighboring
Indian State of Rajasthan in the bordering
villages in Jalore district bordering the Rann
of Kutch of Gujarat and Khejariali and its
neighbourhood where a 60 km2 area was
transferred to the Rajasthan Forest.
• THREATS : From 1958-1960, the wild ass became a victim of a disease known as surra,
caused by Trypanosoma evansi and transmitted by flies, which caused a dramatic decline
of its population in India. In November and December 1961, the wild ass population was
reduced to just 870 after to the outbreak of South African Horse Sickness.
Clickbymecial

19.  CHARACTERISTICS : The coat is usually sandy, but varies from
reddish grey, fawn, to pale chestnut. The animal possesses an
erect, dark mane which runs from the back of the head and along
the neck. The mane is then followed by a dark brown stripe
running along the back, to the root of the tail.

20. Lion Tailed Macaque
 CHARACTERISTICS : The hair of the
lion-tailed macaque is black. Its
outstanding characteristic is the silver-
white mane which surrounds the head
from the cheeks down to its chin
 The tail is medium in length at about
25 cm, and has a black tuft at the end
that is similar to a lion's tail, although
this tuft is more pronounced in males
than in females.
• THREATS : Their range has become increasingly isolated and
fragmented by the spread of agriculture and tea, coffee, teak and
cinchona, construction of water reservoirs for irrigation and power
generation, and human settlements to support such activities.

21.  DISTRIBUTION : A recent
assessment
for IUCN reports 3000-3500
of these animals live
scattered over several areas
in Kerala, KarnatakaThe
lion-tailed macaque ranks
among the rarest and most
threatened primates.
 Theni District of Tamil
Nadu,
Dics.ind.in

22. The leopard cat
 DISTRIBUTION : It lives in tropical
evergreen rainforests and plantations at
sea level, in subtropical deciduous
and coniferous forests in the foothills of
the Himalayas.
 CHARACTERISTICS : A leopard cat is
about the size of a domestic cat, but more
slender, with longer legs and well-defined
webs between its toes.
 small head is marked with two prominent
dark stripes
 Body and limbs are marked with black
spots of varying size and color, and along
its back are two to four rows of elongated
spots.
• THREATS : leopard cats are hunted mainly for their fur.
• Major fur traders revealed
• Hunted throughout most of its range for fur, for food, and as pets.
Lep.cat.in

23. Indian rhinoceros
 DISTRIBUTION : The one-
horned rhinoceros once ranged
across the entire northern part of
the Indian Subcontinent, along
the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaput
ra River basins,
 it only survived in
the Terai grasslands of
southern Nepal, northern Uttar
Pradesh, northern Bihar,
northern West Bengal, and in
the Brahmaputra Valley of Assam.
 Kaziranga National Park
Indian rhinoceros range.com

24.  CHARACTERISTICS : The Indian rhinoceros has a thick grey-brown skin with
pinkish skin folds and a black horn.
 In captive animals, the horn is frequently worn down to a thick knob.
 The black horn is pure keratin, like human fingernails
 Among terrestrial land mammals native to Asia, the Indian rhinoceros is second
in size only to the Asian elephant.

25.  THREATS : Poaching, mainly for the use of the horn in traditional Chinese
medicine
 Apart from this, serious declines in quality of habitat have occurred in some
areas
 Severe invasion by alien plants into grasslands affecting some populations;
• Demonstrated reductions in the extent of grasslands and wetland habitats
due to woodland encroachment and silting up of beels;
• Grazing by domestic livestock

26. References
 Threatenedmammals.ind.in
 datazone.mammalslife.org
 Threatened Mammals of India - 1 Dec 2008
by Gousram K. Saha (Author), Mazumdar Suhendu
(Author)
Guided by :
HARSH PATEL