Personalized medicine aims to provide the right drug to the right patient at the right time and dose based on their genetic profile. It enables more effective and safer medicines by better matching patients to drugs and eliminating adverse reactions. Developments like 3D printing, telepharmacy, and bioelectronic devices can help deliver customized medicine. Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics study how genetic factors affect individual drug responses and are important to personalized medicine.

1. S.GOKULAKRISHNAN
M.Pharm (Pharmaceutics) – I Year,
Department of Pharmaceutics,
College of Pharmacy,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences,
(A Government of Puducherry Institution)
Puducherry.
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE
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2. WHAT IS PERSONALIZED MEDICINE:-
Personalized medicine also referred as
Individualized medicine.
It is the ability to offer – the Right Drug to the
Right patient for Right Disease at Right time with
the Right Dose.
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3. The process of personalized medicine will
enable pharmaceutical company to develop more
effective medicine with fever side effects.
Physician access genetic profile of patient
which allow them to use existing medicine more
effectively and safely, individual will able to better
manage their health based on understanding their
genetic profile.
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4. BENEFITS OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE:-
Better matching patient to drug instead of trial
and error.
Customized pharmaceutical may eliminate life
threatening adverse reaction.
Reduced cost of clinical trials by quickly
identifying their failures
Improved efficiency of drug
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5. FOLLOWING STUDY INVOLVED IN DEVELOPMENT OF
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE.
1.The Human Genome.
2.Chromosome.
3.The Genetic code
4.Gene Expression.
5.DNA Sequence and structure
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6. The process of personalization starts at the Developmental
stage of medicine and based on pharmacogenomics and
pharmacogenetic.
Pharmacogenomics is the study of variation on DNA and
RNA characteristics related to drug response.
Pharmacogenetics is the study of linkage between
individual genotype and individual ability to metabolize a foreign
compound.
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7. PHARMACOGENETIC
PHENOTYPE GENO TYPEG
ENETIC POLYMORPHISM
PHARMACOKINETIC PHARMACODYNAMIC
Absorption Receptors
1.GPCR 2.Tyrosine kinase 3.Inotropic
Distribution Enzyme
1.Cytochrome 2.P450 3.Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Metabolism
Excretion GOKULAKRISHNAN PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 7

8. The Pharmacological effect of a drug depends on
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
Factors like Age, Sex, Disease, Drug Interaction,
pollutants, alcohol affects drug absorption.
Genetic factors such as polymorphism of drug
metabolizing enzyme , drug receptors also affect.
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9. ROLE OF PHARMACOGENTICS IN PHARMACEUTICAL
INDUSTRY
Study of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacological effect.
Predicting Genetically Determined Adverse Reaction.
Drug Discovery and Development and as an aid to planning
Clinical trials.
CUSTOMIZED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM :-
1.3D Printing.
2.Telepharmacy
3.Bioelectronics Devices
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10. 3D PRINTING :-
The process of making three Dimensional solid object
from a Digital file by layer to layer fabrication.
ADVANTAGES OF 3D PRINTING:-
1.High production rate due to fast Operating system.
2.Reduction of material wastage which can save the cost of
production.
3.Ability to achieve accuracy especially for potent drug.
4.3D printing most popular in Solid dosage form because of
pain avoidance and accurate dosing.
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11. TYPES OF 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
Inkjet printing.
Fused Deposition modeling.
Direct write.
Thermal Ink jet printing.
INKJET PRINTING:- different combination of active ingridients and
excipients are precisely sprayed in small droplets which then solidifies
into solid dosage form.
DIRECT WRITE:- It is a computer aided program that moves in a pattern
to achieve layer by layer 3D micro transformation.
FUSED DEPOSITION MODELLING:- multiple dosage form is produced by
applying polymer as apart of framework in this process polymer is
melted and pass through a movable heated nozzle.
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12. TELEPHARMACY
Deliver pharmaceutical care via telecommunication to patient in
location where they may not have direct contact with a pharmacist.
Telepharmacy service includes Drug monitoring therapy, patient
counseling, authorize for prescription drug.
Also used for videoconferencing in pharmacy for providing
education, training to pharmacy staff.
Disadvantage are decreased human interaction between medical
professional and patients.
An increased Risk of error when medical services deliver in the
absence of registered professional.
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13. TYPES OF TELEPHARMACY:-
Inpatient
Remote dispensing
Remote counseling
INPATIENT :- Pharmacist refers to a remote area where they receive
medication order before hospital staff administer the drug to patient,
real time medication review and verification is done by pharmacist.
REMOTE DISPENSING:- Pharmacist supervise technician, review
prescription and perform their duty from a remote location via
technology.
REMOTE COUNSELING:- Pharmacist provide counseling to the patient
via live and interactive video session
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14. BIOELECTRONIC MEDICINE
Bioelectronic is the application of electronic devices to living
organisms for clinical testing diagnosis and therapy.
BIOELECTRONIC DEVICES :-
HEART PACE MAKER :- Small device placed in the chest to control
abnormal heart rhythms ,it is used to treat Arrhythmias
BRAIN PACEMAKERS:- A small device inserted in the affected area of
brain, and is used to treat Parkinson's disease ,
Epilepticsand people who have Tremor's.
Future aspects of Personalized Medicine
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15. REFERENCE:-
Textbook of personalized medicine second edition:-
Kewal K Jain MD,FRACS,FFPM.
Pharmacogenetics:-By Allen D Rose’s (2001) Oxford
university press.
Ursan ID, Chiu L, Pierce A (2013) Threedimensional
drug printing: a structured review. J Am Pharm Assoc 53:
136-144.
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