Kshs2005 web version

ViticultureProgramViticultureProgram
KentuckyStateUniversityKentuckyStateUniversity
ROOTSTOCKROOTSTOCK
CONSIDERATIONS... ...CONSIDERATIONS... ...
Sanjun GuSanjun Gu
Kentucky State UniversityKentucky State University

Phylloxera

Thomas Volney
Munson
•The French government : the
French Legion of Honor Chevalier
du Merite Agricole (1888)
•Foundations of American Grape
Culture (1909), the standard
reference for grape culture in the
United States.

Much of the world’s viticulture involves
rootstocks (Robert 1976).
 ScionsScions are usually aare usually a Vitis viniferaVitis vinifera cultivar.cultivar.
 RootstocksRootstocks are often North American speciesare often North American species
or their hybrids.or their hybrids.

Rootstocks, YES or NO?
 YES if do vinifera!YES if do vinifera!
 PhylloxeraPhylloxera—soil-borne pest. Native to—soil-borne pest. Native to
North AmericaNorth America
 And,And,
 Immune:Immune: Muscadinia rotundifoliaMuscadinia rotundifolia
 Resistant:Resistant: V. riparia, berlandieri, andV. riparia, berlandieri, and
rupestrisrupestris
 Susceptible:Susceptible: V. viniferaV. vinifera

 ROOTSTOCK:ROOTSTOCK: TheThe
plant forming the rootplant forming the root
system of a grapevinesystem of a grapevine
to whichto which a fruitinga fruiting
cultivarcultivar is grafted.is grafted.
 SCION:SCION: The fruitingThe fruiting
cultivar above.cultivar above.
 GRAFTING:GRAFTING: TheThe
process to join theprocess to join the
rootstock and scionrootstock and scion
together.together.
Grafting Union

The Genus Vitis
VitisVitis (from(from vita=vita=life)life)
About 60 species, mostly NorthernAbout 60 species, mostly Northern
Hemisphere, 70% North AmericanHemisphere, 70% North American
V. vinifera:V. vinifera: European grapeEuropean grape
V. aestivalis:V. aestivalis: Summer or Pigeon grape orSummer or Pigeon grape or
bunch grapebunch grape
V. labrusca:V. labrusca: Fox grapeFox grape
V. riparia:V. riparia: River bank grapeRiver bank grape
V. rotundifoliaV. rotundifolia:: Muscadine grapeMuscadine grape
V. amurensis:V. amurensis: Amur grape (ManchuriaAmur grape (Manchuria))
V. rupestrisV. rupestris

Still Rootstocks?
If I do Hybrids or American……
You do NOT have to, but:You do NOT have to, but:
Other pest resistance: root nematodes.Other pest resistance: root nematodes.
Abiotic tolerance: lime, drought, salt, lowAbiotic tolerance: lime, drought, salt, low
temperatures, etc.temperatures, etc.
Vegetative growth.Vegetative growth.
Yield.Yield.
Fruit and Wine Quality.Fruit and Wine Quality.

Criteria for Choosing
Rootstocks (Reynolds &Wardle, 2001)
Phylloxera resistancePhylloxera resistance
Nematodes resistanceNematodes resistance
Adaptability to high pH soilAdaptability to high pH soil
Adaptability to saline soilAdaptability to saline soil
Adaptability to low pH soilAdaptability to low pH soil
Adaptability to wet/poor drainage soilAdaptability to wet/poor drainage soil
Adaptability to droughtAdaptability to drought
***Pest and Soil******Pest and Soil***

Effects on pest and disease resistance
 PhylloxeraPhylloxera (Harmon and Elmer, 1952; Shaulis, 1969; Lider 1993;(Harmon and Elmer, 1952; Shaulis, 1969; Lider 1993;
Mullins 1992.)Mullins 1992.)
V. rotundifoliaV. rotundifolia,, V. riparia, berlandieri,V. riparia, berlandieri, andand rupestris.rupestris.
Riparia Glorie, 1104-14 Mgt, SORiparia Glorie, 1104-14 Mgt, SO44, 5BB, St. George., 5BB, St. George.
 NematodesNematodes (Harmoon, 1952; Cirami, 1984; Mullis 1992.)(Harmoon, 1952; Cirami, 1984; Mullis 1992.)
V. champini, cinerea, longiiV. champini, cinerea, longii..
Ramsey, Dog Ridge, Harmony, 1613 C, SORamsey, Dog Ridge, Harmony, 1613 C, SO44. etc.. etc.
 Pierce’s diseasePierce’s disease (Loomis, 1965.)(Loomis, 1965.)
V. champini, V. rotundifoliaV. champini, V. rotundifolia xx V. bourquinianaV. bourquiniana
Barnes, Dog Ridge, and B-45.Barnes, Dog Ridge, and B-45.

Effects on Abiotic Tolerance
 Lime toleranceLime tolerance
Vitis berlandieriVitis berlandieri andand vinifera.vinifera. 41 B, 333 EM, Fercal.41 B, 333 EM, Fercal.
 Drought toleranceDrought tolerance
Hybrids ofHybrids of Vitis berlandieri/rupesrtisVitis berlandieri/rupesrtis. 110 R, 140 Ru,. 110 R, 140 Ru,
1103 P and 99 R.1103 P and 99 R.
 Salt toleranceSalt tolerance
Vitis champini.Vitis champini. Ramsey.Ramsey.

Rootstock Physiology: what do
rootstocks do? Not so clear!
 Direct effectDirect effect
 The root system: root anatomy andThe root system: root anatomy and
morphology, development andmorphology, development and
distribution—genetics x soil environmentdistribution—genetics x soil environment
 Nutrition: mineral uptakeNutrition: mineral uptake
 HormonesHormones
 Indirect effectIndirect effect

Effects on mineral nutrient and
chloride accumulation
 Use of rootstocks affects mineral ion uptake andUse of rootstocks affects mineral ion uptake and
distribution. Leaf Kdistribution. Leaf K++
level was highest on stockslevel was highest on stocks
53 M and SO4, and lowest on 140 R, 420 A.53 M and SO4, and lowest on 140 R, 420 A.
(Cook et al., 1964; Tanggolar et al., 1989;(Cook et al., 1964; Tanggolar et al., 1989;
Fardossi et al., 1995, Brancadoro et al, 1995)Fardossi et al., 1995, Brancadoro et al, 1995)
 ClCl--
accumulation of grape ‘Cardinal’ andaccumulation of grape ‘Cardinal’ and
‘Thompson Seedless’ scions varied with‘Thompson Seedless’ scions varied with
rootstocks significantly. Vines on 1613-3 and ‘Saltrootstocks significantly. Vines on 1613-3 and ‘Salt
Creek’ roots accumulated extremely low chloride.Creek’ roots accumulated extremely low chloride.
(Bernstein et al. 1969)(Bernstein et al. 1969)

Effect on cold hardiness:
vinifera and hybrid cultivars
 Canes of grafted ‘White Riesling’ andCanes of grafted ‘White Riesling’ and
‘Chardonnay’ are hardier than ungrafted vines.‘Chardonnay’ are hardier than ungrafted vines.
Rootstock 3309 (over 5BB and SO4) is mostRootstock 3309 (over 5BB and SO4) is most
desirable in relation to winter survival.desirable in relation to winter survival. (Miller et(Miller et
al. 1988)al. 1988)
 ‘‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Chardonnay’ showedCabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Chardonnay’ showed
less frost damage when grafted on 5BB and P1103less frost damage when grafted on 5BB and P1103
than on SO4 and 420A.than on SO4 and 420A. (Palliotti et al., 1991)(Palliotti et al., 1991)
 Grafted ‘Seyval’ has better cold hardiness of budsGrafted ‘Seyval’ has better cold hardiness of buds
than ungrafted. 3309 proved to be the hardiestthan ungrafted. 3309 proved to be the hardiest
rootstock.rootstock. (Striegler and Howell, 1991)(Striegler and Howell, 1991)

Effects on vigor
 Pruning weight andPruning weight and growth rategrowth rate have been used to expresshave been used to express
vine vigor.vine vigor.
 Most selected, pest-resistant rootstocks increase vigor.Most selected, pest-resistant rootstocks increase vigor.
(Elmer and Harmon, 1935, 1950, 1956; Vaile, 1937.(Elmer and Harmon, 1935, 1950, 1956; Vaile, 1937.
Hedberg, 1980; Ferree, 1996; Wounderer, 1999; Lovicu,Hedberg, 1980; Ferree, 1996; Wounderer, 1999; Lovicu,
1999)1999)
 In general, vigorous rootstocks produced more wood in theIn general, vigorous rootstocks produced more wood in the
first growing season and increased circumferencefirst growing season and increased circumference
thereafter than those of weak rootstocks.thereafter than those of weak rootstocks. (Elmer and(Elmer and
Harmon, 1948)Harmon, 1948)
 TheThe speciesspecies V. champini, berlandieri, rupestrisV. champini, berlandieri, rupestris and theirand their
hybrids are most vigorous whilehybrids are most vigorous while V. ripariaV. riparia has the leasthas the least
vigor.vigor. St George, 99 R, 110 R, etc. are most vigorous.St George, 99 R, 110 R, etc. are most vigorous.
Riparia Gloire and 101-14 are among the least.Riparia Gloire and 101-14 are among the least. (Roriz,(Roriz,
1999)1999)

Effects on bud break and dormancy
 ‘‘Riesling’ and ‘Chardonnay’ deacclimated earlierRiesling’ and ‘Chardonnay’ deacclimated earlier
when grafted on 5BB than when on 3309.when grafted on 5BB than when on 3309. (Miller(Miller
et al., 1988)et al., 1988)
 Buds of ‘Anab e Shahi’ broke later on their ownBuds of ‘Anab e Shahi’ broke later on their own
roots and Dog Ridge. Rootstock Gulabi sharplyroots and Dog Ridge. Rootstock Gulabi sharply
shortened the bud dormancyshortened the bud dormancy (Prakash, 1990).(Prakash, 1990).
 Tangolar (1989)Tangolar (1989) found that grape buds burstfound that grape buds burst
early on rootstock 420 A andearly on rootstock 420 A and Reddy (1990)Reddy (1990)
stated that rootstocks Gulabi and 1613 increasedstated that rootstocks Gulabi and 1613 increased
bud “fertility”.bud “fertility”.

Results|Cold hardinessCold hardiness
RootstockRootstock
Winter 2000-2001Winter 2000-2001
Number of budsNumber of buds
from canesfrom canes
Number of budsNumber of buds
NOT from canesNOT from canes
Winter survivalWinter survival
(%)(%)
110110
11031103
33093309
420420
St. GeorgeSt. George
Own-rootedOwn-rooted
GloireGloire
2.22.2 abab
1.71.7 aa
4.64.6 cc
3.43.4 bcbc
1.11.1 aa
2.32.3 abab
2.12.1 abab
4.54.5 bb
3.63.6 abab
6.26.2 bb
8.08.0 cc
2.92.9 aa
7.97.9 bcbc
2.82.8 aa
64.664.6 abcabc
54.254.2 abab
37.537.5 aa
72.972.9 bcbc
47.947.9 abab
87.587.5 cc
47.947.9 abab
Nemaha NE

Results|Vine GrowthVine Growth
RootstockRootstock
BudbreakBudbreak
(m/d)(m/d)
PruningPruning
weightweight
(g)(g)
Leaf areaLeaf area
(cm(cm22
))
ShootShoot
lengthlength
(cm)(cm)
110110
11031103
33093309
420420
St. GeorgeSt. George
Own-rootedOwn-rooted
GloireGloire
4/254/25 bb
4/234/23 bb
4/154/15 aa
4/174/17 aa
4/254/25 bb
4/274/27 bb
4/184/18 aa
36.936.9
44.744.7
48.348.3
45.045.0
27.027.0
45.345.3
44.244.2
180.7180.7
77.877.8
91.991.9
107. 7107. 7
81.081.0
89.389.3
93.493.4
42.442.4
35.935.9
43.643.6
59.259.2
40.540.5
38.338.3
45.145.1

Results|Budbreak
4/4
4/9
4/14
4/19
4/24
4/29
5/4
Mounded Not-mounded
110 1103 3309 420 St. George Gloire Own-rooted
abdaba cdbcab

Effects on Endogenous ABA and GA4 (Dormant
buds)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Grafted Chambourcin Chambourcin
ABA (ng/g)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Grafted Chambourcin Chambourcin
GA4 (ng/g)

Effects on photosynthesis, carbohydrates
and dry matter partitioning
 Photosynthetic rate: ‘Muller Thurgau’ had highPhotosynthetic rate: ‘Muller Thurgau’ had high
rate on K5BB and SO4 and low rate on R 140rate on K5BB and SO4 and low rate on R 140
(Candolfi et al. 1997; Koblet, 1997).(Candolfi et al. 1997; Koblet, 1997).
 ‘‘Riesling’ had higher rate when grafted on K5BBRiesling’ had higher rate when grafted on K5BB
than on its own roots though the stomatalthan on its own roots though the stomatal
conductance were similarconductance were similar (During, 1994).(During, 1994).
 Cane Carbohydrate levels and the partitioning ofCane Carbohydrate levels and the partitioning of
dry matter were not affected by rootstocksdry matter were not affected by rootstocks
(Tangolar, 1989; Williams and Smith, 1991).(Tangolar, 1989; Williams and Smith, 1991).

Effects on Berries
 MaturityMaturity
 Berry size, growth rate, weightBerry size, growth rate, weight
 Cluster size, berries/clusterCluster size, berries/cluster
 Sugar contents(glucose and frucose),Sugar contents(glucose and frucose),
organic acid (tartaric acid, malic acid,organic acid (tartaric acid, malic acid,
amino acids) and Kamino acids) and K++
contentcontent
 pHpH
 Anthocyanin in skinAnthocyanin in skin

Effects on Yield
Yield was an important consideration inYield was an important consideration in
selection of rootstockselection of rootstock (Harmon and Elmer, 1948,(Harmon and Elmer, 1948,
1952; Shaulis, 1969.).1952; Shaulis, 1969.).
Most selected rootstocks increase the yieldMost selected rootstocks increase the yield
though the situation relies onthough the situation relies on
scion/rootstock combinations.scion/rootstock combinations. (Hedberg, 1980;(Hedberg, 1980;
Mullins 1992 ; Lider 1993; Kolbert, 1994; Ezzahouani,Mullins 1992 ; Lider 1993; Kolbert, 1994; Ezzahouani,
1995; Ferree, 1996; Lovicu, 1999. )1995; Ferree, 1996; Lovicu, 1999. )
Yields are not always positively correlatedYields are not always positively correlated
to vegetative growthto vegetative growth (Cook and Lloyd ,1964 )(Cook and Lloyd ,1964 )

Effects on Wine Quality
 Lower malic acid and higher tararic acidLower malic acid and higher tararic acid
concentration if grafted; higher anthocyaninconcentration if grafted; higher anthocyanin
content if non-grafted.content if non-grafted. (Walker, 1998)(Walker, 1998)
 ‘‘Chardonnay’ grafted on 5C had desirable wineChardonnay’ grafted on 5C had desirable wine
characteristics– low pH, moderate acidity andcharacteristics– low pH, moderate acidity and
good sugar levelgood sugar level.. (Ewart, 1993)(Ewart, 1993)
 Rootstock SO4 performed better than 5BB, 5C,Rootstock SO4 performed better than 5BB, 5C,
41B, Fercal, EM333 and R 140.41B, Fercal, EM333 and R 140. (Kaserer, 1997)(Kaserer, 1997)

Other things to consider …
Cost for grafting: $2000-5000/ha, dependsCost for grafting: $2000-5000/ha, depends
on do-it-yourself or purchasing;on do-it-yourself or purchasing;
Disease transmitted by grafting: virus;Disease transmitted by grafting: virus;
Incompatibility;Incompatibility;
The ungrafted vines last longer;The ungrafted vines last longer;
Special attention to the grafting union, esp.Special attention to the grafting union, esp.
in cold regions;in cold regions;
Others you can name…Others you can name…

What should I do if my vines are un-
grafted vinifera?
Removing them or replanting them on rootstocks.Removing them or replanting them on rootstocks.
Phylloxera will get them sooner or later (inPhylloxera will get them sooner or later (in
Kentucky!)Kentucky!)
 Plant rootstock rootlings adjacent to the vines;Plant rootstock rootlings adjacent to the vines;
wait, graft the trunkwait, graft the trunk
 Inter-planting with 2-year old grafted vines;Inter-planting with 2-year old grafted vines;
remove the own-rooted vines when the newremove the own-rooted vines when the new
planting starts fruiting.planting starts fruiting.
 If yield loss >10%, think replace the vines withIf yield loss >10%, think replace the vines with
grafted ones immediately.grafted ones immediately.

How to indicate the vines are affected by
phylloxera? Especially when you think your
vineyard is “free” from phylloxera
 Told by stunted growth,Told by stunted growth,
not so easy thoughnot so easy though
 Do 2% of own-rootedDo 2% of own-rooted
vines: every 10vines: every 10thth
vine invine in
every 5every 5thth
row is own-row is own-
rootedrooted
 Plant some un-graftedPlant some un-grafted
rootstocks or Americanrootstocks or American
species as indicators:species as indicators:
watch for the gallswatch for the galls
(Vinifera, roots;(Vinifera, roots;
rootstocks, leaves, forrootstocks, leaves, for
example, “Frantanac”)example, “Frantanac”)

Am I the one to graft?
Yes, you can handle it!Yes, you can handle it!
 Bench graftingBench grafting
 Greenwood graftingGreenwood grafting
 Cleft, notch graftingCleft, notch grafting
 Bark graftingBark grafting
 Side-whip, wedge graftingSide-whip, wedge grafting
 Field budding…Field budding…

Questions and Comments?
CONTACT:CONTACT:
Dr. Sanjun GuDr. Sanjun Gu
128 Atwood Research Facility128 Atwood Research Facility
400 East Main Street400 East Main Street
Kentucky State UniversityKentucky State University
Frankfort, KY 40601Frankfort, KY 40601
E-mail:E-mail: sgu@gwmail.kysu.edusgu@gwmail.kysu.edu
Phone: 502-597-6186Phone: 502-597-6186
Fax: 502-597-6381Fax: 502-597-6381
Coming soon! New KSU Viticulture Web……

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