Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms, primarily the African oil palm Elaeis guineensis, and to a lesser extent from the American oil palm Elaeis oleifera and the maripa palm Attalea maripa.
Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because of a high beta-carotene content. It is not to be confused with palm kernel oil derived from the kernel of the same fruit.
2. Group Members
Malik Ghulam Asghar AG-A-13-71
Muhammad Shahzaib Haider AG-A-13-74
Muhammad Kashif AG-B-13-63
7th Semester
Session: 2013-2017
Department of Agronomy
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology
Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan
3. 1) Introduction
2) Economic Importance
3) Plant description
4) History
5) Production Technology
6) Products
7) Uses
8) Health benefits
9) Future Prospective
Outline
4. ▪ Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived
from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the
fruit of the oil palms.
▪ Oil palm belongs to the Genus,
Elaeis (from Greek, meaning "oil")
▪ Elaeis is a genus of palms containing two
species, called oil palms.
Family Arecaceae
Genus Elaeis
Species Elaeis guineensis
Elaeis oleifera
Introduction
(Poster A, et al., 2006)
8. 33.4m
53.3%
19.9m 32%
1.8m 3%
1.2m 2%
0.94m 1.5%
0.53m 0.8%
0.52m 0.8%
0.5m 0.8%
3.6m 5.8%
Global Palm Oil Production
Indonesia
Malaysia
Thailand
Colombia
Nigeria
Ecuador
Guatemala
Papua/NGuinea
Other
Palm Oil Production
(Source: Oil World 2013)
9. ▪ The high photosynthetic rate of the oil palm enables it to
produce between eight to ten times more oil per hectare
per year (ha/yr) than other oil seeds such as rapeseed or
soybean.
▪ It has an output-to-input energy ratio of 9:1, compared to
3:1 for other oilseed crops.
▪ It emits eight to ten times more oxygen (O2) and absorbs
up to ten times more CO2 ha/yr than other annual crops
grown in temperate countries.
▪ Palm oil also requires less fertilizer per unit of output than
any other crop.
(Basiron et al., 2007)
Why Oil Palm
10. Tree
Mature palms are single-stemmed,
and can grow well over 20 m (66 ft)
tall.
Leaves
The leaves are pinnate, and reach
between 3–5 m (10–16 ft.) long.
Flowers
The flowers are produced in dense
clusters; each individual flower is
small, with three sepals and three
petals.
Plant Description
(Haron S. et al., 2009)
11. Palm Fruit
The palm fruit is reddish, about the
size of a large plum, and grows in
large bunches.
Each fruit is made up of an oily,
fleshy outer layer (the mesocarp),
and endocarp, with a
single seed (the palm kernel), also
rich in oil.
Plant Description
(Haron S. et al., 2009)
12. No. of Bunches/plant/year 19
Single bunch weight 10-15 kg
Fruitlets per bunch 1000/3000
No. of palms per hectare 148
Nursery Period 18-24 months
Palm height up to 2.3 meter
Plant Description
(MPOC 2011, accessed Dec, 2016)
13. • Oil palm originated from West Africa, where evidence of
its use as a staple food crop dates as far back as 5,000
years.
• In the late 1800s, archaeologists discovered a substance
that they concluded was originally palm oil in a tomb
at Abydos(Egypt) dating back to 3,000 BC.
• It is believed that Arab traders brought the oil palm to
Egypt.
• Palm oil has long been recognized in West and Central
African countries.
• Palm oil became a highly sought-after commodity
by British traders, for use as an industrial lubricant for
machinery during Britain's Industrial Revolution.
History
(Wikipedia accessed Dec, 2016)
14. ▪ Oil palm is a humid tropical crop and thrives best in the
areas where temperature ranges from:
22°C to 24°C (minimum)
28°C to 33°C (maximum)
▪ Oil palms require at least 5 to 6 hours of bright sunshine
per day and 80% of humidity for optimum growth.
▪ This crop requires annual evenly distributed rainfall of
2500 to 4000 mm or 150 to 150 mm monthly.
▪ As Pakistan’s climate is not suitable for evenly
distribution of the rain, farmers are advised to go for
assured irrigated conditions for oil palm cultivation.
Climate
(DORP accessed Dec, 2016)
15. • Well- drained deep loamy moist and
alluvial soils rich in organic matter.
• These trees require at least 1 meter
soil depth.
• Avoid highly saline, highly alkaline,
coastal sandy and water stagnation
soils.
• High yields are obtained in soils
which are rich in humus and have a
crumby structure.
• Optimum soil reaction is from
pH 6.5 to 7.5
Soil
(DORP accessed Dec, 2016)
16. • The Propagation in oil palm
cultivation is mainly by seeds.
• Seeds are extracted from fruits
using depericarper.
• Pre-heating of seeds is required for
75 days at 40°C temperature due to
their high dormancy.
• Thereafter, seeds should be soaked
in running water and make them to
cool down for 4 to 5 days.
• 10 to 12 days after germination,
sprouts should be transplanted to
poly bags
Propagation
(DORP accessed Dec, 2016)
17. • In nursery raising, the single stage
poly bag system is a very popular
propagation method.
• In this process, a poly bag should be
filled with top soil, sand and well
rotten manure.
• Then sprouts should be placed at a
depth of 2.5 cm in the center of the
poly bag.
• The seedlings will be ready for
transplanting in 12-14 months.
Propagation
(DORP accessed Dec, 2016)
18. Land Preparation
• Land should be made weed free.
• Two ploughings should be given to get the soil fine tilth
stage.
• Supplement the field with good organic matter to make
the soil rich field.
Sowing time
• The best season for oil palm planting is from June to
December.
• However, crops grown during summer should be
provided with sufficient irrigation and mulching
• Growing cover crops in the tree basin is preferred to
avoid hot winds in summer season.
Transplanting
(MPOC 2011, accessed Dec, 2016)
19. ▪ Healthy Seedling of 12 to 15 months
age old with at least 1 meter height
and 12 to 13 functional leaves are
recommended in the oil palm tree
cultivation.
▪ Mix the soil with 400 grams of single
super phosphate and apply at base of
the pit as soon as planting is done.
▪ 143 to 145 oil palm plants can be
accommodated in 1 hectare land.
Transplanting
Ready to Transplanting
(MPOC 2011, accessed Dec, 2016)
20. ▪ In triangular planting method, with a spacing of 9 m x 9 m
x 9 m
▪ Planting should be done in the pits with size of 60 cm x
60 cm x 60 cm.
Planting Geometry
(Schuster et al., 2007)
21. • Oil palms are a wide spaced perennial trees and inter
space can be utilized for intercropping during initial 3
year period.
• The most suitable inter-crops during initial 3 year period
are any vegetables, chilies, banana, tobacco, ginger,
pineapple.
Intercropping
(DORP accessed Dec, 2016)
22. Never do the following Practices:
1. Leave the palm basin while
growing intercrop
2. Do not plant the intercrops
within the palm basin
3. Do not cut the oil palm
leaves while growing
intercrops
4. Do not tie the leaves
5. Do not grow oil palm in ill
drained soils/low lands
Avoid these Practices
(DORP accessed Dec, 2016)
23. • Oil palm crop requires sufficient irrigation as its growth
rate is faster and produces high yield and biomass.
• Each growing plant requires about 20 liters of water per
day.
Drip irrigation
• This system can be adopted in the undulated terrain land,
if the water is a main constraint.
• In case of drip irrigation method, each palm requires 4
dippers at the base.
• With 4 dippers ejecting 5 liters of water for five hours per
day is enough to cover the 20 liter requirement per
day/palm
Irrigation
(DORP accessed Dec, 2016)
24. • It Is necessary in order to ensure fertilization of all
females flowers in the bunch especially during rainy
season.
• The oil palm is a highly cross-pollinated crop in which the
insects and wind assist pollination.
• When wind pollination is not sufficient, assisted
pollination should be done.
• Collect pollen from male inflorescence and dry in Sun for
about 5 hours and store in a moisture free containers.
• It remains viable for over 30 days.
• Mix this pollen with chalk powder (1:4) and use for
pollination
• The stigma remains receptive for 3 days, after they have
opened.
Assisted Pollination
(DORP accessed Dec, 2016)
25. ▪ Regular manual weeding or chemical weeding can be
carried out in oil palm cultivation.
▪ However, chemical weeding should be done only with
recommended herbicides.
▪ For effective control of weeds, Glyphosate of 700-750
ml/ha/year or 17 ml/palm should be applied.
Weed Control
(DORP accessed Dec, 2016)
26. ▪ As part of the basin management practice in the oil palm
cultivation:
– basins of 1 meter radius
– second year 2 meter radius
– Third year 3 meter radius
▪ Should be made by removing the soil inside so that soil
accumulation can be prevented in the collar region of the
palm.
▪ For healthy roots, basins should be weed free and clean.
Basin Management
(DORP accessed Dec, 2016)
27. ▪ Oil palm trees start flowering in 14 to 18 months after
planting the crop.
▪ Oil palm tree produces both male and female flowers
separately on the same palm tree.
▪ The process of removing male and female flowers in
early stages of oil palm plantation is called “ablation”.
▪ Ablation is required in oil palm cultivation for
development of stem girth, vigour and string root system.
▪ This process can be extended up to 2 to 3 years
depending on the tree vigour and growth.
Flowering and Ablation
(DORP accessed Dec, 2016)
30. ▪ The oil palms will be ready for harvesting in 2.5 to 3 years after
the plantation in the main field.
▪ Harvesting can be done when the fruits on palm turn into
yellowish – orange colour and 5 to 8 fruits drop on their own.
Harvesting
(Malaysian Palm Oil Council)
31. ▪ Determining harvesting time is very important in oil palm
cultivation as it greatly impacts the quality and quantity of
oil.
▪ Harvesting can be done when the fruits on palm turn into
yellowish – orange colour and 5 to 8 fruits drop on their
own.
▪ The final check would be when pressing the fruits hard with
finger, orange coloured oil should extrude from the palm
fruits.
▪ Harvesting takes place throughout the year and generally
done in 10 to 14 days interval with the help of sharp knife or
sickle.
▪ A stalk length of 5 cm should be left while harvesting the
fruit bunches.
Harvesting
(MPOC 2011, accessed Dec, 2016)
32. Oil Palm Age Yield
24th- 36th month 03-05 tons / ha
37th-48th month 06-08 tons / ha
49th-60th month 08-10 tons / ha
61st-72nd month 18-20 tons / ha
Yield
(Poster A, et al 2006)
35. 1. Cosmetics (mainly palm kernel oil)
2. Biofuel and energy
3. Animal feed (palm kernel expeller)
4. Pharmaceutical
5. Industrial Organic Chemical
6. Food Industry
▪ Used as a cooking oil
▪ Shortening of Salads
▪ Manufacture of margarine
▪ Non-dairy creamers
▪ Ice cream
Uses
(Malaysian Palm Oil Council)
36. • Palm oil plays a role in promoting cardiovascular health.
• The tocotrienols found in palm oil also help support the
heart against stress
• Improved blood circulation
• Regulated cholesterol levels
• Reduced free radical damage and inflammation
• Reduced blood pressure
Health Benefits
(MPOC 2011, accessed Dec, 2016)
37. ▪ Studies suggest that palm oil’s antioxidant properties
help prevent various types of cancers.
▪ According to findings, tocotrienols exhibit their potent
antioxidant properties and aid in inhibiting the
development of skin, stomach, pancreas, lung, liver,
breast, prostate, colon, and other cancers. Regular
vitamin E cannot perform this.
▪ ncreases your protection against diseases like dementia,
Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and other mental conditions.
▪ palm oil can help strengthen immune function and
promote bone, eye, oral, lung, skin, and liver health.
▪ As a fat-rich oil, palm oil helps provide energy and
enhance the absorption of fat-soluble nutrients such as
vitamins A, D, and E.
Health Benefits
(Malaysian Palm Oil Council)
38. Calories and Vitamins
▪ Palm oil, like all other oils and fats, provides 9 kcal g-1
compared with 4 kcal each for protein and carbohydrates.
▪ Fats are also a source of vitamin A, D and E and act as
carriers of these and of vitamin K in the human body.
▪ Palm oil is a rich source of pro-vitamin A, in the form of
carotenoids (500-700 mg kg-1).
Nutrition
(Poster A, et al 2006)
39. • A highly versatile vegetable oil
• Rapidly growing market share
• World’s top selling vegetable oil
• In Pakistan, very low area under cultivation of oil palm
• All of palm oil requirement is fulfilled by import
• There is need to plant oil palm for self requirement as
well as for export.
• Sub-humid areas of Pakistan are suitable for oil palm
cultivation
Future Prospective
40. Wikipedia. Available online at /http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_palmS
(accessed December 2016).
Malaysian Palm Oil Council. Available online at /
http://www.mpoc.org.my/S (accessed December 2016).
United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Special Unit for
South–South Cooperation, Oil palm research and
development: Malaysia, ‘Sharing innovative experiences’, vol. 5.
UNDP project book year 2001. Available online at
http://tcdc.undp.org/sie/experiences/vol5/content5new.aspS
(accessed December 2016).
World Oil. Com. The oilfield information source. Available online at
/www.worldoil.comS (accessed December 2016).
Tim S. The roundtable on sustainable palm oil, purpose and progress,
symposium on sustainable development. London, UK:
Aarhuskarlhamn (accessed December 2016).
References
41. Haron S. The world oils and fats scenario: future position of palm oil. In:
4th global oils and fats business forum 2004, ‘‘quest for healthy oil
blends in food applications’’. San Diego, CA, September 8–9,
2005.
Soyatech growing opportunities TM. Available online at
/http://www.soyatech.com/Palm_Oil_Facts. htmlS. (accessed
December 2016).
Oil World. The revised oil world 2020. Available online at
/http://www.oilworld.biz/S (accessed December 2016).
References
