TOA2.1.pdf

ARTA 2 Grade components
Exams (2 term exams minimum) 50%
Quizzes 25
Reporting 10
Projects/Research/Recitation 15
100%

Design Elements
Design elements are the basic units of a visual
image. These elements include:
The 3 F's
• Form follows function is known as the 3 F's of
Design. Form refers to what something looks
like, and function refers to how it works.
• Mies van der Rohe
• Louis Sullivan - Form ever follows function

Elements of Art
1. Space
• May have 2 dimensions such as a floor
or it may have 3 dimensions .
• Space includes the background,
foreground and middle ground.
• Space refers to the distances or areas
around, between or within components
of a piece.

Elements of Art
Space
• There are 2 types of space
–positive space refers to the space of a
shape representing the subject matter
–negative space refers to the space
around and between the subject
matter.

Elements of Art
2. Line
• Line is the basic
element that
refers to the
continuous
movement of a
point along a
surface.
• The edges of
shapes and forms
also create lines.

Elements of Art
Colour
• Color is seen either by the way light
reflects off a surface, or in colored light
sources.
• Color and particularly contrasting color is
also used to draw the attention to a
particular part of the image.

Elements of Art
3. Shape
• A shape is defined as an area that stands
out from the space next to or around it due
to a defined or implied boundary, or
because of differences of value, color, or
texture.
• Shapes can also show perspective by
overlapping. They can be geometric or
organic.
• Shapes can be used to add interest, style,
theme to a design like a door.

Elements of Art
4. Texture
• Texture is perceived surface quality.
• There are 2 types of texture:
– Tactile texture is the way the surface of an
object actually feels.
–Implied texture is the way the surface of an
object looks like it feels. The texture may
look rough, fizzy, gritty, but cannot actually
be felt.

Elements of Art
5. Form
• Form is any 3-dimensional object. Form
can be measured, from top to bottom,
side to side, and from back to front.
• Form is also defined by light and dark.
• There are 2 types of form
–geometric (man-made)
– natural (organic form).
• Form may be created by the combining
of two or more shapes. It may be
enhanced by tone, texture and color. It
can be illustrated or constructed.

The Kauffman House (aka The Fallingwater, Frank Lloyd Wright)
Prairie style architecture - organic

Elements of Art
6. Value
• Value is an element of art that refers
to the relationship between light and
dark on a surface or object and also
helps with Form.
• It gives objects depth and
perception. Value is also referred to
as tone.

Architectural Character
Architectural Character of a Building
has 3 basic characters:
• Functional Character
• Associated Character
• Personal Character

Functional Character
• Every building has specific functions and is
made for specific broad purpose. The
internal planning is in co-ordination with
the exterior facade that tells us the
purpose of the building.
• The external appearance plays an
important role in determining the
purpose and the function of the structure.
buildings

Functional Character
• Designing skylights instead of windows can
indicate a museum.
• Designing a long wall having numerous
windows in a particular order can also
indicate a museum.
• Designing tall and wide windows suggest a
library.
• Designing a symmetrical entrance to a
central block having a wide entrance to
express balance and rhythm indicates
public buildings.

Einstein Tower, Berlin, Germany (1908 - 1909 )

Corning Museum of Glass (1951-1978)

Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art

Milwaukee Art Museum, Quadracci Pavilion (2001)

Norwegian Glacier Museum (1991)

San Francisco Modern Art Museum (1991)

The National Museum of Women in the Arts (1987)

Associated Character
• The character of some buildings is
expressed through elements
associated with certain influences.
Such influences often go thousands
of years back in history and culture.

Washington National Cathedral (1990)

Associated Character
• Cultural aspects play an important
role in determining the Associated
Character of a particular structure….
• We recognize a building by its
features, which we associate with a
particular structural style.

National Metropolitan Bank (1907)

Personal Character
Personal Character of a Building
• Characters in architecture is comparable with
the attributes of an individual. If a building is
designed in the proper spirit, personal
characteristics such as grace, dignity and
vitality can be expressed as an integral part
of the structure.
Mannerism = in the manner Michelangelo
column = coconut tree (no tap root) Filipino Architecture
Palladio

Transamerica Pyramid
(1969-1972)

Personal Character
• Every building that is constructed for a
specific purpose has a specific form
which itself depicts its original function.
The inter-connection between the
interiors and the exterior of a building is
essential.
• The true style of a building reflects the
particular period in which it has been
built.

Team Disney Building (1989-1990)

Indian Habitat Centre, New Delhi

• Just like an
individual’s
personality is
made up of unique
qualities resulting
from a
combination of
genetic factors,
environment, and
upbringing, which
distinguishes a
person from
others. BAUHAUS
Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut
Personal Character

• Symbolism has
become a major
principle of
architecture. For
instance, The
structure of the
bank should be
such that it
should look
massive and
represent the
country’s financial
stability.
China Bank Tower (1982-1990)
Building Character

Hongkong and Shanghai Bank (1979-1986)

• All aesthetic
components, such as
unity, composition,
contrast and scale
together make up
the character of a
building. Character
also brings out the
utility and purpose
of a building.
Whether it is a bank
or a church or a
library, it should
possess an
appropriate
character.
Investment Building (1922)
Building Character

• Usually civic
buildings are
designed such
that they
convey the
purpose for
which they are
built.
Tower of Philadelphia City Hall
(1901)
Building Character

Environmental Psychology
• Environmental
psychology is an
interdisciplinary field
focused on the interplay
bet humans
& surroundings.
• The field encompasses
natural environments,
social settings, built
environments, learning
environments, and
informational
environments.
• Public realm

• When solving
problems involving
human-
environment
interactions, one
must have a model
of human nature
that predicts the
environmental
conditions under
which humans will
behave in a decent
and creative
manner.

• human nature while retaining a broad and
inherently multidisciplinary focus.
• dissimilar issues
– property resource mgmt
– Wayfinding
– effect of environmental stress on human performance
– characteristics of restorative environments
– human information processing
– promotion of durable conservation behavior.

• To understand and solve environmental problems,
environmental psychologists believe concepts and
principles should come directly from the physical
settings & problems being looked at. For example,
factors that reduce feelings of crowding within
buildings include:
– Windows - particularly ones that can be opened and ones
that provide a view as well as light
– High ceilings
– Doors to divide spaces (Baum and Davies) and provide
access control
– Room shape - square rooms feel less crowded than
rectangular ones (Dresor)

– Using partitions to create smaller, personalized
spaces within an open plan office or larger work
space.
– Providing increases in cognitive control over
aspects of the internal environment, such as
ventilation, light, privacy, etc.
– Conducting a cognitive appraisal of an environment
and feelings of crowding in different settings. For
example, one might be comfortable with crowding
at a concert but not in school corridors.
– Creating a defensible space (Calhoun)
– Defensible space (Oscar Neumann)

Sociology of Architecture
Describes the
sociological
study of either:
• the built
environment
• the role and
occupation of
architects in
societies

Sociology of Architecture
• Architecture is
basically constituted
of the aesthetic, the
engineering and the
social aspects.
• The built
environment which is
made up of designed
spaces and the
activities of people
are inter-related and
inseparable.

Human Behavior & Interior Envi
• Perception of one's environment is affected
by sociological needs, psychological state, &
individual differences.
• The environment itself also influences human
behavior. Both mental and physical stimuli
affect behavioral responses.

4 Concepts
1. Privacy
2. Personal interaction levels
3. Territoriality
4. Crowding

1. Privacy -- is a central regulatory human
process by which persons make themselves
more or less accessible to others.

2. Interaction levels is one mechanism used in
achieving a desired level of privacy.
• The size of a space determines perceptions,
experiences, and uses of that particular
environment.
• People inherently discern their relationship
with others in terms of distances, or spaces,
between them.
• Edward T. Hall defines 4 distinct distances @
which interpersonal transactions normally
take place. These are categorized as
intimate, personal, social, and public.

Intimate space
Intimate space is that area immediately surrounding the individual’s body. This area is the
most private and involves both physical and emotional interactions.
Personal space
Personal space is that area within which a person allows only select friends, or
fellow workers with whom personal conversation is mandatory.
Social space
Social space is that area within which the individual expects to make purely
social contacts on a temporary basis.
Public space
Public space is that area w/in which the individual does
not expect to have direct contact w/ others. The more
intimate the spatial relationship, the more people resist
intrusion by others. Personal space factors are
important in establishing privacy requirements for
interior design.

3. Territoriality -- is a means of achieving
a desired level of privacy. It involves the
exclusive control of a space by an
individual or group.

4. Crowding occurs when personal space
and territoriality mechanisms are
ineffective, resulting in an excess of
undesired external social contact.
– People respond to crowding in different ways
depending upon the situation.
– Sometimes humans tolerate crowding though
it may be unpleasant, because they know it is
only temporary.
– In some situations crowding may be
considered desirable, it may even be sought
after if it is perceived as "part of the fun" or
the expectation within a social setting.

Psychological Human
Response
Responses to the
environment are
complex and best
understood in terms
of 3 psychological
stages of human
behavior:
perception,
cognition, and
spatial behavior.

Perception of the environment
refers to the process of becoming
aware of a space by the
acquisition of information
through the sensations of sight,
hearing, smell, touch, and taste.

Cognition is the mental processing
of this sensory information. This
may involve the activities of
thinking about, remembering, or
evaluating the information

Spatial behavior refers to responses &
reactions to the environmental
information acquired thru perception
and cognition.
The designer creates environmental
stimuli to direct these psychological
stages as well as the secondary
processes of motivation, effect and
development.

Human Response to Interior Envi
Each person responds uniquely
when confronted w/ a specific
situation or experience. These
responses fall into 3 categories:
sociological, psychological and
physiological—all of which are
influenced by factors w/in the
interior environment.

Human Response to Interior Envi
Psychological determinants
Sociological determinants
Physiological determinants

MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE
3 Pritzker Prize
3 National Artists
3 Famous Women Architects
5-7 minutes
PPT or
Bio, sample of works - concept

TOA2.1.pdf

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