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REFRACTIVE ERROR Gauri S. Shrestha, M.Optom, FIACLE
Refraction and its components during the growth of the eye ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Refraction and its components during the growth of the eye ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Emmetropia ,[object Object]
The component that maintains the emmetropia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ametropia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MYOPIA
Classification of Myopia According to origin ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classification of Myopia   According to amount ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classification of myopia Rate of progression – Donders 1864 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classification of myopia Pathology – Duke Elder 1946 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Myopia symptom ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Myopia sign ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Significance of myopia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The disc is often tilted and may be surrounded by chorioretinal atrophy
[object Object]
Optics of myopia
Treatment of myopia
Methods of correction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hypermetropia ,[object Object]
Components of hypermetropia Due to inherent tone of ciliary  muscle Not corrected by ciliary tone within range of patients accommodation can’t overcome by accommodation Total Latent Manifest Facultative Absolute
Classification: Simple ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classification: Degree ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classification: pathological ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Symptom ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sign ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Associated problems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Optics of Hypermetropia
Treatment of Hypermetropia
Mode of correction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Laser Thermal Keratoplasty
Astigmatism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classification: meridian ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Classification; component Total astigmatism = Corneal astigmatism + Internal astigmatism Corneal astigmatism = anterior cornea Internal astigmatism = Posterior corneal, Lens, Retinal   = -0.50DC X 090
Classification: regularity ,[object Object],[object Object],90º ≠ 90º Either the two principle axes  are/aren’t  right angle to each other  or The curvature of any one meridian  is/ isn’t  uniform
Causes of irregular astigmatism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Sturm's Conoid CIRCLE OF LEAST CONFUSION F 1 F 2 INTERVAL OF STURM Rays of light entering cannot converge to a point focus but forms a focal lines
Clinical classification: Sturm’s conoid ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Symptom and sign ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Correction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Assessment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Assessment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
 
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Anomalies of refraction

Notas do Editor

  1. This represents a decrease in ocular refraction of approximately 3 D for the whole period between 3 and 14 years, when growth appears to be complete.