medical surgical nursing

1. ANAEMIA
is a condition that is slowly rising in cases across all countries

2. • Anemia is not a specific disease state but an underlying disorder and
the most common hematologic condition.

3. CLASSIFICATION
• A physiologic approach classifies anemia according to whether the
deficiency in erythrocytes is caused by a defect in
i. their production
ii. by their destruction
iii. or by their loss
1.HYPOPROLIFERATIVE ANEMIA
In hypoproliferative anemias, the marrow cannot produce adequate
numbers of erythrocytes.

4. 2. HEMOLYTIC ANEMIAS
• There is premature destruction of erythrocytes that results in the
liberation of hemoglobin from the erythrocytes into the plasma; the
released hemoglobin is then converted into bilirubin, therefore
bilirubin concentration rises.
3. BLEEDING ANEMIAS
• Bleeding anemias are caused by the loss of erythrocytes in the body.

5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ANAEMIA
• is drawn according to the cause of the disease.
HYPOPROLIFERATIVE ANEMIA
Decreased erythrocyte production. There is decreased erythrocyte
production, reflected by an inappropriately normal or low reticulocyte
count.
Marrow damage. As a result of marrow damage, inadequate
production of erythrocyte occurs due to the medications or chemicals
or from a lack of factors

6. HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
I. Premature destruction. Premature destruction of erythrocytes
results in the liberation of hemoglobin from the erythrocytes into
the plasma.
II. Conversion. The released hemoglobin is converted in large part to
bilirubin, resulting in high concentration of bilirubin.
III. Erythropoietin production. The increased erythrocyte destruction
leads to tissue hypoxia which stimulates erythropoietin production.
IV. Increased reticulocytes. This increased production is reflected in an
increased reticulocyte count as the bone marrow responds to the
loss of erythrocytes.

7. v. Hemolysis: can result from an
• abnormality within the erythrocyte itself or within the plasma or
• from direct injury to the erythrocyte within the circulation.

8. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS