Presentation1

Hazard Exposure & Safety Measures
HAZARD EXPOSURE AND SAFETY
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MEASURES
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What is meant by Safety?
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Safety Starts with you
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HAZARD & OPERABILITY
 HAZARD
Any Operation that could possibly cause a catastrophic
release of toxic, flammable or explosive chemicals or any action
that could result in injury to personnel.
 OPERABILITY
Any operation inside the design envelope that would cause a
shutdown that could possibly lead to a violation of
environmental, health or safety regulations or negatively impact
profitability
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The HAZOP Process
Hazop study concentrate on identifying both hazards as well as operability
problems
The Hazop team focuses on specific portions of the process called “nodes”.
Generally these are identified from the P&ID of the process before study begins
A process parameter is identified, say flow, and an intention is created for the node
under consideration. Then a series of guidewords is combined with the parameter
“flow "to create a deviation.
For example, the guide word “no” is combined with the parameter flow to give the
deviation “no flow”.
The team then focuses on listing all the credible causes of a “no flow” deviation
The team lists the consequences, safeguards and any recommendations.
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MAJOR PLANT HAZARDS
 Fire
 Explosion
 Thermal Radiation
 Toxic Release
 Noise level exceeding threshold level
Major causes of hazards are:
 Overstressed Lines & Inadequate supported lines
 Line freeze up & Water hammering in lines
 Excessive corrosion/erosion
 Thermal expansion or high temperature
 Vessel/tank/line Overpressure
 Lack of maintenance
 Stress corrosion cracking
 Thermal expansion
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Hazard Identification
 Reported by any employee
 Pre job assessments
 Through incident reports
 Inspections and audits
 Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)
 Material Safety Data Sheets
Typical release points are:
• Gasket failure on flanges
• Pipe/vessel/tank cracks and ruptures
• Pump/compressor seal leaks/failures
• Valve seal failure
• Releases from vents, drains, safety valves, loading arms
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RISK ASSESSMENT & EVALUATION
o RISK
Risk is the probability, the hazard will translate to harm (damage)
Risk = Probability of event X Severity
o Once the hazard has been identified, a risk assessment process will
determine the likely hood of injury or illness being caused by the hazard.
Risks are evaluated in terms of:
 The severity of harm that could result &
 The likelihood that such harm could occur
o Risk is the combination of severity and likelihood and will be evaluated by
using following formula:
RISK = SEVERITY X LIKELIHOOD
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JHA (JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS)
JHA is multi step processes designed to study and analyze routine or specific
jobs, then break down that task into steps, which helps to reduce / eliminate
associated hazards.
JOB SELECTION
First step is to select a job for analysis. To determine priorities, a comprehensive
job list is developed, which contain all jobs within P. Plant. Priority of Jobs is
based on (but not limited to the following):
 Potential for serious injury or a fatality.
 Consistently produced injuries, illnesses and ergonomics problems.
 Involve new machines or processes.
 Incidents such as fire, property damage, environmental incidents etc.
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JHA ACTIVITY
• JHA will be performed for routine jobs involved in the different process. JHA
form
• Each activity of job will be listed in the exact order as it occurs, in the
“Sequence of Work” column.
• Potential hazard related to that specific activity will be recorded. Associated
potential hazards are carefully examined.
• Potential hazards will be expressed by using code letters such as SB (struck by),
CO (caught on), etc. If the job step contains no hazard, simply write “No hazard
or N / A”.
• Workers directly exposed or involved in performing jobs are made part of
assessment process.
• Preventive measure column identifies steps which are necessary to protect the
worker from the hazard envisaged, by using Personnel Protective Equipment
(PPEs) or other methods.
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TYPES OF HAZARDS
• Primary Hazard
 Presence of hazardous materials, e.g. NH3,H2,Natural gas etc.
 Possibility of runaway reactions.
 Extreme conditions (Very High T and P) and (Very low T and P)
 Ignition sources
 Possibility of human error
 Possibility of Mechanical error
 Large inventory-storage tanks, large vessels and extensive piping system.
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TYPES OF HAZARDS
• Secondary Hazard
 Fire
 Explosion
 Release of toxic material
 Toxic products of combustion
 Asphyxiation
(Unconsciousness resulting from lack of oxygen and excess carbon dioxide
in blood and body tissues)
 Impacts blows from un-controlled combustion
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Tertiary Hazard
Result of secondary hazards-”domino” effect,e.g.
• Fire spread
• Secondary explosion
• Loss of control
Domino potential is influenced by:
1. Plant size
2. Plant layout
3. Plant spacing
4. Inventories
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ACCIDENT & INCIDENT
ACCIDENT
An accident can be defined as ‘an unwanted, unplanned event which
results in a loss of some kind’, e.g. a person tripping over an uneven surface
and breaking their leg.
INCIDENT
Work-related event(s) in which an injury or ill health (regardless of severity)
or fatality occurred, or could have occurred
Near Miss
An incident where no injury, ill health, or fatality occurs may also be referred
to as a “near-miss”, “near-hit”, “close call” or “dangerous occurrence”.
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TYPES OF INJURIES
Medical Treatment Injury (MTI)
A Medical Treatment Injury (MTI) is a work-related injury resulting in the
Management and care of a patient to combat disease or disorder, including any loss
of consciousness, which does not result in lost time or restricted work.
First Aid Injury
Any single treatment and subsequent observation of minor scratches, cuts, burns,
splinters etc. which does not ordinarily require medical care.
Loss Time Case (LTC)
Lost Time Case (LTC) or it is also called Lost Time Injury (LTI) is a work-related Case
or injury resulting in the Employee/Contractor being unable to attend work on the
next calendar day after the day of the injury
Total Recordable Injuries (TRIs)
Any work related injury or illness that requires more than first aid treatment and/or
results in loss of consciousness, restriction of work motion or transfer to another job
TRI = Number of (Fatalities + Lost Time Injuries+ Restricted Work Injuries + Medical
Treatment Injuries)
Restricted Work Injury (RWI)
A Restricted Work Injury (RWI) is a work-related injury which results in the
Employee/Contractor being unable to perform one or more of their routine
Functions for a full working day, from the day after the injury occurred. An RWI
should be certified or advice from a qualified health care provider.
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SAFETY MEASURES
 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTS(PPE)
 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
 EYE WASHER OR EMERGENCY SHOWERS
 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
 Fire Detection System
 Fire Warning System
 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION SYSTEM
 Online Breathing System
 SCABA
 Respirators/Gas masks
 WORK PERMIT SYSTEMS
 EQUIPMENT SAFETY
 ASSEMBLY POINT
 WINDSOCKS
 LOCKOUT TAGS
 MSDS
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EXPLOSION LIMITS
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EXPLOSION LIMITS
 Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)
Also known as Lower Flammable Limit (LFL).
Minimum concentration of gas or vapor mixed with air that will cause the
propagation of flame when it comes in contact with a source of ignition (spark or
flame).
Concentrations of gas below the LEL are too lean to ignite.
 Explosive Range
Explosive range is different depending on the gas or vapor. As the fuel increases,
oxygen decreases to the point where there is no longer a potential for explosion thus
reaching the UEL.
 Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)
Maximum concentration of gas or vapor in the air will cause the propagation of flame
when exposed to a source of ignition (flame or spark).
Mixtures are considered too RICH to support combustion if they are above the UEL.
 Threshold Limit
Concentration limit of material believed to be safe for human even with an exposure
of 8 hrs./day,5 weeks/over a period of many years
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EXPLOSION LIMITS
Flammable Gases LEL
Volume %
UEL
Volume %
Explosive Range
Volume %
V.D
Air=1
Methane 5 15 10 0.544
Acetylene 2.5 81 78.5 0.907
Hydrogen 4 74 70 0.0699
Carbon monoxide 12.5 74 61.5 0.967
Ammonia 16 25 9 0.6
Hydrazine 2.9 98 95.1 1.1034
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EXPLOSIVEMETER
o An explosimeter is a device which
is used to measure the amount of
combustible gases present in a
sample.
o When a percentage of the lower
explosive limit (LEL) of an
atmosphere is exceeded, an alarm
signal on the instrument is
activated.
o The device, also called a
combustible gas detector, operates
on the principle of resistance
proportional to heat—a wire is
heated, and a sample of the gas is
introduced to the hot wire.
Combustible gases burn in the
presence of the hot wire, thus
increasing the resistance and
disturbing a Wheatstone bridge,
which gives the reading.
o Most explosimeters are calibrated
to methane or hydrogen.
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FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES AT AGL
• The Fire protection facilities at AGL are generally divided into
two categories.
 Fire Fighting System This system is provided for fire extinguishing, fire
intensity control, and fire exposure protection. This system consists of fire
water supply system, water fire fighting system, foam fire fighting system
 Fire Alarm System This system is provided to detect fire at incipient
stage and to warn the fire hazard to personal concerns. The system consists
of fire detection system, fire warning system, and fire alarm panels
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FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
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FIRE WATER SOURCE
o The fire water is raw water fed from tube wells at Banian Tree and stored in the
Raw/Fire Water Storage Tank (R-FB3101) having nominal capacity of 4,100 M3 and
about 1,100 M3 is dedicated for Fire water to meet any emergent situation .
o A status of low water level in the tank is annunciated at the main fire alarm panel.
o Fire water is provided to ammonia plant by utility department through 4 pumps
o The primary jockey pump is used to maintain the pressure of fire water main around 7.0
kg/cm2 and The primary fire water pump is primarily started in case of fire and
therefore designed for automatic start at the pressure of the fire water main around 6.0
kg/cm2.
o The secondary fire water pump is for standby use and is designed for automatic start
when there is a failure of electric power supply to the primary fire water pump on
demand of reduction in Fire Water net work pressure to 6.0kg/cm2
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FIRE WATER SOURCE
o Table B-1: Specifications of Fire water Pumps
Item No. Service Qty Type Rated
Capacity
(m3/hr)
Rated Head
(Kg/cm2)
Driver
F-GA3501 A Primary fire
water pump
1 Centrifugal
Horizontal
510 10 Electric
motor
F-GA3501 B Secondary
fire water
pump
1 Centrifugal
Horizontal
510 10 Diesel Engine
F- GA3502 A Primary
Jockey Pump
1 Centrifugal
Horizontal
23 7 Electric
motor
F-GA 3502 B Secondary
Jockey Pump
1 Centrifugal
Horizontal
23 7 Diesel Engine
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FIRE HYDRANTS
Outdoor water Hydrants are
provided for protection of all
the equipment.
9 Fire Hydrants located at AGL
Ammonia Plant and 5 at NH3
storage, each containing hose-
box in which there is 25 m long
hose pipe is placed.
75 m maximum distance
between hydrants
Discharge Capacity:450
liters/min @ 3.5 kg/cm2
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FIRE WATER MONITORS
 Water monitors are provided for Ammonia Plant and
Ammonia Storage Unit for the purpose of fire exposure
protection of process vessel(s) containing appreciable
volume of flammable gas, or for organizing water curtain by
applying large quantity of water stream to fire scene by less
manpower. It is not applied to equipment operating at high
temperature
 8 waters monitors at Ammonia plant at the safety distance
of 15 m from the equipment to be protected.
 Discharge Capacity:1900 liters/min @7kg/cm2
 Moving range
Vertical(-10°-75°)
Horizontal(360°)
 Coverage: minimum 40 m horizontal range in still air
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EYE WASH STATIONS OR EMERGENCY SHOWERS
o Emergency showers and
eyewash stations provide on-
the-spot decontamination. They
allow workers to flush away
hazardous substances that can
cause injury.
o Emergency showers can also be
used effectively in extinguishing
clothing fires or for flushing
contaminants off clothing.
– Safety shower / eyewash
stations are to be supplied
potable water < 120°F.
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FIRE EXTINGUISNERS
FIRE EXTINGUISHERS BEING USED AT AMMONIA PLANT ARE:
 Dry Chemical Powder Extinguisher
 Carbon Dioxide Extinguisher
 Foam Extinguisher
o The fire extinguisher is so distributed that the traveling
distance from any object to an extinguisher does not
exceed the maximum distance of 22 m.
o The fire extinguisher is, in general, located clearly visible
place such as along road or across way, near entrance or at
corridors.
o Mobile foam, Dry Powder, CO2 & Halotron trolley unit is
provided in addition to tank foam installation. The mobile
foam, Dry Powder, CO2 & Halotron trolley unit consists of a
tank mounted on a chassis with dual wheels, a pick up
inductor, a nozzle and fire hoses. These trolleys are placed
in compressor hall and Ammonia synthesis area.
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How to use a Fire Extinguisher
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SAND BUCKETSSand Buckets on racks at different areas of the
plant are provided for removal of oil spillage hazard
and fire.
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FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
FIRE ALARMS ARE LOCATED
ON DIFFERENT LOCATION IN
AMMONIA PLANT.
 In front of A-190 C
 In front of A-101-B
 At the back of INHERT GAS
GENERATION UNIT(IGG)
 In front of High
temperature shift reactor
(HTS)
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FIRE DETECTION SYSTEM
 Smoke detector
 Heat Detector
Automatic fire detectors are provided for Control room
for Process Plant and Spot type photoelectric light
scattering smoke detector or heat detector use, in
general, applied in consideration of the nature of the
hazard.
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FIRE WARNING SYSTEM
 The local alarm bells are provided within the building to give an
evacuation alarm to building occupants.
 All the bells in the fired building are automatically activated as the
result of a detection of automatic fire detector or an operation of
indoor manual fire call point.
 The bells are distributed so that the distance from any portion of
the building to a bell does not exceed 25 m.
 Fire alarm is installed on the roof of the Control Room for Process
Plant so that fire hazard could be warned throughout the plant.
 The siren is manually actuated by operating a switch on the main
fire alarm panel.
MEASURES
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FIRE ALARM PANNEL
The main fire alarm panel is installed in the Central Control Room for Process
Plant
so that the plant operators there in could know a fire hazard and take an action
required.
The main fire alarm panel is designed to:
Give visual indication and audible alarm on the panel for:
 Fire detected signals grouped on fire zone basis, of the automatic fire
detectors
and the indoor manual fire call points.
 Fire detected signals of the individual outdoor manual fire call points.
 Status signals of the fire pump system.
MEASURES
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FIRE ALARM PANNEL
The repeat fire alarm panel is installed in the Fire Station so that the fire brigade
personnel there in could know a fire hazard and take an action required. The
repeat fire alarm panel is designed so:
 Give visual indication and audible alarm on the panel for the fire detected and
status signals from the main fire alarm panel.
 Monitor an integrity or installation conductors (occurrence or a single open or
a single ground trouble condition in the conductors and their restoration to
normal).
 Have a back-up battery with the minimum capacity of 24 hours continuous
monitoring integrity of conductors plus 5 minutes operation of detectors and
bells in the largest building.
 Have switches required for the system test, inspection and maintenance
purpose.
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FIRE SUITS
Ammonia Plant has two fire suits
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SAFETY DEPARTMENT
o Emergency No: 2222/27
o Walk talky frequency :16
o No of fire fighting trucks:2
 Hino Model 1997
(Water holding capacity 1400
gallon)
 Bedford Model 1980
(Water holding capacity 1200
gallon)
o Ambulance number 2012/2022
o 4 men in general shift and 3 men in
each shift present.
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MEASURES
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BREATHING APPARATUS
o Breathing Apparatus (BA) or Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA), is a
device worn by rescue workers, firefighters, and others to provide
breathable air in a hostile environment. The term "self-contained" means
that the breathing set is not dependent on a remote supply (e.g., through a
long hose). A SCBA set typically has three main components: a high-pressure
tank (e.g., 2200 psi to 4500 psi), a pressure regulator, and an inhalation
connection (mouthpiece, mouth mask or face mask), connected together
and mounted to a carrying frame.
o Ammonia plant has also online breathing air system for which plant air is
used.
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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
o Definition: Devices used to
protect an employees from
injury or illness resulting from
contact with chemical ,
radiological, physical, electrical,
mechanical, or other workplace
hazards (OSHA)
o The need for PPE and the type of
PPE used is based on hazard
present; each situation must be
evaluated independently
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Examples of PPE
Protective Gears
• Eye Protection- safety glasses, goggles
• Face Protection- face shields
• Head Protection- hard hats
• Feet Protection- safety shoes
• Hands and arms Protection- gloves
• Hearing Protection- earplugs, earmuffs
Protective Clothing
• Bodies Protection- vests, coveralls
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PROTECTION GEARS
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HEARING PROTECTION
o Noise induced hearing loss can occur with
exposures >90 dB i.e., Tinnitus (Ringing in the
ear)
o EAR PLUG can reduce 8-10dB and EAR Muff can
reduce noise 15-25dB
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EYE PROTECTION
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EYE PROTECTION
A variety of eye protectors are available, each designed to provide protection against specific
hazards, e.g.:
Impact
Chemical splashes
Molten metal splashes
Liquid droplets (mist / sprays)
Dust
welding arcs
Non-ionizing radiation (lasers, etc.); and
Gas or vapor under pressure.
Types of Eye Protection Include
• Safety spectacle
• Safety Goggles
• Full face shield
• Welding face shield
MEASURES
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HAND,ARM & FOOT PROTECTION
Gloves are available to provide protection from a wide range of hazards. When providing hand
protection, the risk of dermatitis caused by latex allergy from wearing rubber gloves should be
considered.
 Types of Gloves:
 Chemical Gloves
 Heat-resistant Gloves
 Cotton Gloves
 Welding Gloves
Safety footwear may provide protection from:
 Falling objects, e.g. steel toe cap boots or shoes;
 Sharp objects (nails, etc.), e.g. anti-pierce soled boots and shoes;
 Flammable atmospheres, e.g. anti-static boots / shoes;
 Chemicals, e.g. chemical resistant soles;
 Many types of footwear offer protection from more than one of the above
 hazards.
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BODY PROTECTION
Overalls, trousers and coats are available to give protection from chemicals,
hot, cold or wet conditions. Other special PPEs include high visibility clothing
and buoyancy aids, etc. Aprons are available for protection from oils, greases
and low risk chemicals. Chemical suits are used for higher risk situations, e.g.
cleaning chemical reaction vessels where whole body exposure is likely.
Ammonia Plant has following suits.
 Rain coat
 Dangri
 Chemical suit
 Ammonia suit 2 Nos.
 Fire suit 2 Nos.
MEASURES
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Body Protection
COVERALLS
FULL BODY SUIT
 Ammonia Plant has two ammonia suits
HAZARD EXPOSURE
AND SAFETY 53

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE) is designed to protect
people from the effects of airborne contaminants such as
hazardous dust, fumes and gases and in the case of breathing
apparatus, to provide a supply of breathable air where there
may be lack of oxygen.
RPE falls into the following categories:
 Respirators.
 Breathing apparatus.
The choice of RPE will depend upon:
 The oxygen contents in the atmosphere.
 The toxicity of the hazardous substance.
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RESPIRATOR
Respirators filter the surrounding air. Any breakthrough of the contaminant
should be detectable by taste or smell and be such that the exposure is not
immediately harmful to health, allowing the wearer time to withdraw.
Cartridge type gas respirators are
designed as a half mask (mouth and nose) or full face mask fitted with
separable filter cartridges. A range of different cartridges containing
absorbent or adsorbent material to protect against specific gases vapors
and dusts are available
 Half-face cartridge respirators only provide protection to levels 10 times
above the chemical or dust permissible limit.
 Full-face respirators can provide protection to levels 50 times above the
permissible limit. Full-face respirators also provide eye protection for
irritating chemicals.
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MEASURES
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GAS MASKS
Ammonia plant has following
colored masks for different gases
 Ammonia gas: Green Mask
 Carbon mono oxide: Black Mask
 Chlorine gas: Grey Mask
 Hydro carbons e.g.; petrol, diesel
vapors
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MEASURES
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FLARE STACK
Flare stack is installed at Ammonia storage section;
primarily used for burning off ammonia excess
vapors released by pressure relief valves during
unplanned over-pressuring of plant equipment
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ASSEMBLY POINT
• Assembly point, a meeting
point is a designated (safe)
place where people can
gather or must report to
during an emergency or a
fire drill etc.
• Ammonia assembly point is
located near Main office
garden
MEASURES
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WINDSOCK
Windsock are located within the facility to assist
employees in evacuating properly to an upwind
area in a release incident. Wind direction is the
opposite of the direction in which the windsock is
pointing
MEASURES
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EQUIPMENT SAFETY
• Pressure systems or vessels are equipped with:
 Safety valves
 Relief valves
 Safety relieve valves
 Rupture discs
• Relief valve (RV): an automatic system that is actuated by the static pressure in a liquid-filled
vessel. It specifically opens proportionally with increasing pressure.
• Safety valve (SV): Used in gas service. Most SVs are full lift or snap acting, in that they pop
completely open.
• Safety relief valve (SRV): A relief valve that can be used for gas or liquid service. However, the
set pressure will usually only be accurate for one type of fluid at a time
• Rupture Disc: A rupture disc, also known as a bursting disc or burst diaphragm, is a non-
reclosing pressure relief device that, in most uses, protects a pressure vessel, equipment or
system from over pressurization or potentially damaging vacuum conditions.
MEASURES
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EQUIPMENT SAFETY
Safety Valve Rupture Disc
HAZARD EXPOSURE
AND SAFETY 63

WORK PERMIT SYSTEM
The purpose of a work permit system is to ensure
that:
Jobs are safely planned / Work is safely executed.
Equipment is properly prepared.
Employees are adequately informed.
The responsibility of safety is shared by all involved
covered by the work permit system.
MEASURES
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OPERATION OF PWT
An effective PTW system will require:
 Issue of the permit by a competent authorized person (e.g Shift
Engineer).
 Receipt of the permit by a competent executor (maintenance
person).
 Clearance of the permit by the authorized person (both issuance &
receiving authorities).
 Closing of the permit by the competent authorized person (e.g.
plant Shift Engineer).
 Extensions of the permit by a competent authorized person(e.g.
plant Shift Engineer)
MEASURES
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TYPES OF WORK PERMITS
Ammonia plant use
following types of work
permits to execute jobs
safely.
Hot Work Permit
Cold Work Permit
Confined Space work
permit
Working at Height
Permit
 Excavations/break-ins
(walls/ceilings)
Electrical Isolation.
DCS Permit.
MEASURES
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HOT WORK PERMIT
 To be issued for all temporary hot work.
 Hot work is any process that can be a source of ignition when
flammable material is present or can be a fire hazard
regardless of the presence of flammable material in the
workplace.
 Common hot work processes are welding, soldering, cutting
and brazing. When flammable materials are present processes
such as grinding and drilling become hot work processes.
MEASURES
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COLD WORK PERMIT
This permit is required for carrying out any activity of maintenance/
cleaning / testing inside plant that non critical nature and does not produce
sufficient heat to ignite a flammable or a flammable substance.
Note:
1- <25% of its lower explosive limit: Inspection work can be performed.
2- < 10% of its lower explosive limit: Cold work can be performed.
3- < 5% of its lower explosive: Hot work can be performed.
NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) Rating Scale:
4=extreme 3=high
2=moderate 1=slight 0=insignificant
MEASURES
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CONFINED SPACE WORK PERMIT
A confined space:
Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit Is large enough for an employee
to enter and perform assigned work, and Is not designed for continuous
occupancy by the employee.
These spaces may include, but are not limited to, underground vaults, tanks,
storage bins, pits and diked areas, vessels, sewers, and silos.
A permit-required confined space is one that meets the definition of a confined
space and has one or more of these characteristics:
Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere,
Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing the entrant,
Has an internal configuration that might cause an entrant to be trapped or
asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward and
tapers to a smaller cross section, and/or
Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazards."
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MEASURES
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WORKING AT HEIGHT PERMIT
For all working at height (of 2M or above) a
permit for “Working at Height” is required.
Scaffolding is erected for working at height
Scaffolding Tag Colors
It should always be remembered to watch out
scaffolding tags.
a) If it is Red : Not ready, Scaffolding erection
under process.
b) If it is Yellow : Fall protection required.
c) If it is Green : Ready to use.
MEASURES
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Life Saving Rules…
MEASURES
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LOCKOUT-TAGOUT
 Lockout-tagout (LOTO) or lock and tag is a safety procedure
which is used in industry and research settings to ensure that
dangerous machines are properly shut off and not started up
again prior to the completion of maintenance or servicing
work.
 It requires that hazardous power sources be "isolated and
rendered inoperative" before any repair procedure is started.
 The procedure requires that a tag be affixed to the locked
device indicating that it should not be turned on.
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MEASURES
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Material Safety Data Sheet
A material safety data sheet (MSDS), safety data sheet (SDS) or
product safety data sheet (PSDS) is an important component of
product stewardship and occupational safety and health. It is
intended to provide workers and emergency personnel with
procedures for handling or working with that substance in a safe
manner, and includes information such as physical data (melting
point, boiling point, flash point, etc.), toxicity, health effects, first
aid, reactivity, storage, disposal, protective equipment, and spill-
handling procedures.
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Material Safety Data Sheet
MEASURES
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MEASURES
77

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SUGGESTIONS
• Process & Operational safety training to Staff (workers and executives).
• Discussions on awareness of plant hazards.
• Compulsory use of PPE.
• More striking sign boards and emblems(logo) regarding safety
consideration and hazard identification.
MEASURES
79

Prepared BY
Gulfam Khalid
Zaheer Abbas
AMMONIA PLANT
MEASURES
80

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