Downtown Laramie parking is a limited commodity and the demand for on-street parking is a function of land use. This study examined land use in 3-D space and its demand on individual parking spaces using a demand bubble. Three different types of geo-referenced data were collected: land use on every floor of every building in the Downtown Laramie district; the location and type of parking spaces in the Downtown Laramie district; and, a random survey questionnaire of parking use and destinations. Thirty-six different land uses were recorded in the 506 activity spaces in Downtown Laramie. Overall, there are 829 on-street parking spaces varying from 15 minute to unlimited parking times. From survey data parking patrons average 37.5m to their first destination after parking and a 2.1hr average parking time. A parking catchment bubble can be created using the average distance as the bubble radii. By combining the three data sets, the total demand for each parking space can be calculated based on parking space position, adjacent land uses and the parking patron profile. Using a demand model, an index of parking demand was calculated for each parking space using GIS. The patterns created provide a different perspective then the traditional land use parking demand without taking into consideration adjacent land uses and their demands for parking. Parking policy options were created based on the new parking demand index.

1. 3D LAND USE AND DOWNTOWN PARKING:
CREATING A DEMAND INDEX
William J. Gribb
Department of Geography
University of Wyoming

2. DOWNTOWN REVITALIZATION
Downtowns have the highest employment
density
 Downtowns create the highest sales tax per
acre
 Downtowns are the “sense of place” for a
community


3. DOWNTOWN DEVELOPMENT
The Laramie Downtown is composed of:
 40 blocks, approximately 71 acres
 616 parcels
 383 businesses and residential units
 1,767 On-Street Parking Spaces
 1,945 Off-Street Parking Spaces
 Average Parking Time-1.1 hrs
 Average Walking Distance to 1st Destination-34m


4. PROJECT OBJECTIVES
Inventory and Create On-Street Database
 Inventory and Create Off-Street Database
 Inventory and Create 3D Land Use Database
 Create Spatial Model to Determine Parking
Demand by Parking Space
 Establish Parking Policy for Downtown Laramie
to Maximize Parking Efficiency


5. ON-STREET DATABASE
Geo-reference each on-street parking space
 List:

 Parking
Dimension: 20’ x 9’
 Location, Block, Block-Face, Address
 Orientation: Parallel, Diagonal
 Parking Restriction: No Parking, Handicapped,
Loading Zone, 15 min., 1hr, 2hr, All Day

7. 41.312500
41.312000
41.311500
41.311000
41.310500
-105.596500
-105.596000
-105.595500
-105.595000
-105.594500
-105.594000
41.310000
-105.593500
-105.593000

8. OFF-STREET DATABASE
Geo-referenced each off-street parking space
 Variables:

 Parking
Dimension: 20’ x 9’
 Location, Block, Block Face, Street Address
 Type: Private, Public
 Parking Restrictions: Permit, Customer, 1hr, 2hr, All
Day

10. LAND USE DATABASE
Parcel ID
 Parcel Ownership
 Address
 Business Name
 Modified NAICS Code, included residential,
parks, parking lot, churches, vacant
 Stories
 Geo-referenced land use activity center


12. PARKING INVENTORY
Geo-referenced all parking spaces, on- and offstreet
 Data collection for databases
 Conducted vacancy rate inventory
 Survey Questionnaire

 Random
Days and Times
 279 responses

13. TRADITIONAL PARKING DEMAND
Based on Zoning
 Parking Assigned to Each Land Use
 Residential by Dwelling Units or Bedrooms
 Commercial Based on Square Footage or
Number of Employees
 Restaurants Based on Number of Tables, etc.
 Parking Generator, ITE, Standard

 Retail,
1 per 200 sq.ft GFA

14. TABLE 15.14.040-3: OFF STREET PARKING STANDARDS
DU – Dwelling Unit Sq. Ft. – Square Feet GFA – Gross Floor Area
Use Category Use Type Required Spaces
RESIDENTIAL USES
Household Living Dwelling, Single-Family Detached 1 per DU
Dwelling, Single-Family Attached 1 per DU
Dwelling, IBC/IRC Modular Home 1 per DU
Dwelling, HUD Modular Home 1 per DU
Dwelling, Mobile Home 1 per DU
Dwelling, Two-Family 1 for each efficiency or 1 bedroom unit, 1.5 for each
two bedroom unit, and 2 for each unit in excess of 2 bedrooms. In addition, 1 visitor
parking space per structure.
Dwelling, Multi-Family 1 for each efficiency or 1 bedroom unit, 1.5 for each
two bedroom unit, and 2 for each unit in excess of 2 bedrooms. In addition, 1 space
for every 5 units for visitor parking.
Dwelling, Townhouse 1 per DU
Dwelling, Live/Work 1 per DU
Dwelling, Commercial 1 per DU
HUD Modular Home 1 per DU

15. Retail
12.4/1000s.f.

16. 12.4
3.5
5.5
1.2
12.4
35.0

17. PARKING DEMAND MODEL
Parking Space Location
 3D Land Use Parking Demand
 Parking Characteristics

 Parking
Time
 Walking Distance-34m – 68m
 1st Destination, 2nd Destination
 Probability of Parking Space Occupation Time of
Day

18. PARKING DEMAND MODEL
On Street
Database
Off Street
Database
Land Use
Inventory
Parking
Survey
Parking
Demand
Model
Parking
Demand

20. 30
25
20
15
10
5
-5
0
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30

21. CONCLUSION
Mixed Land Use Influences Parking Demand
 Residential Creates Problems for Off-Street
Parking
 Time Limits Can Control High Demand Parking
Spaces
 Parking Meters Can Be Adjusted for Demand,
Either Time or Cost
