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Evidence for elimination: taking aim at child marriage and FGM/C
1. February 10, 2021
Evidence for elimination: taking aim at
child marriage and FGM/C
Adolescents from girlsâ club in secondary school Š Nathalie Bertrams / GAGE 2020
2. Outline of Presentation
1
⢠Objectives and learning
2
⢠Key survey themes
3
â˘Proposed methodology
4
â˘Proposed classification system
5
â˘Proposed logistics and time investments
6
â˘Critical questions to discuss
4. Objectives of the research
â˘Tools have been developed and piloted by GAGE.
Tools build on previous evidence from MOWCY and MoH.
Tools triangulate perspectives from different stakeholders at different levels.
Tools are engaging for participants.
Verify woredasâ and kebelesâ readiness to eliminate child marriage and FGM/C.
5. GAGE Ethiopia research sites
ď§ GAGE Main research sites â
3 regions:
⢠South Gondar - Amhara,
⢠East Haraghe - Oromia,
⢠Zone 5 â Afar
⢠and Dire Dawa City
Administration
ď§ HTP Pilot sites:
⢠South Gondar and ZONE 5- Afar
6. Stakeholders
1
⢠Woreda and regional officials â BOWCY, Justice, Education, Health
2
⢠Kebele officials â kebele manager/chairperson, security, womenâs affairs, youth
3
⢠School principals, teachers, and girlsâ club coordinators
4
⢠Health extension workers
5
⢠Community and Religious leaders (woreda and kebele levels)
6
⢠Adolescents girls (married and unmarried) and boys
7
⢠Parents (fathers and mothers)
7. Reflections from our pilot
Regional Woreda
ď§ Tools should focus on regional
policies, action plans and
budget resourcing in order to
provide context.
ď§ Regional experts can also
support with providing reports
on education completion and
dropout per grade, reporting on
child marriage, resource
allocation.
ď§ Tools should be revised to focus on
progress of sectors in implementing
regional action plans and remaining gaps.
ď§ Woreda experts can reflect on awareness-
raising efforts per kebele and on response
to reported cases.
ď§ Woreda overview can help contextualise
how to understand focal kebeles â e.g.
typical, outlier etc..
ď§ Knowledge about and progress on child
marriage is better than FGM/C.
8. Reflections from our pilot - kebeles
⢠Kebeles are very different from one anotherâeven in the same woreda.
⢠Progress is overall slow, with practices open in some areas, hidden in others.
⢠Changes in the age at marriage and the type of FGM/C are more notable than movement
towards eradication.
⢠Education statics per grade per gender highlight adolescentsâ optionsâgiven that marriage and
schooling are usually two ends of the spectrum-- and should be collected first.
⢠Educators often face stiff resistance but are the major change agents in most communities.
⢠HEWs raise awareness of the health risks of child marriage and FGM/C.
⢠Militia/security officers provide insights on what actions are taken in terms of prevention and
punishment.
⢠Mothers are often vested in child marriage and FGM/Câbut fathers are the main deciders
regarding arranged marriage.
⢠Triangulating views of parents and teens helps find the âtruthâ as well as captures change vs
stasis.
⢠Community and religious leaders can help explain the power and influences that community
level institutions play to bring/halt expected changes.
10. Who? When? Where?
ď§ What is your role?
ď§ How old are you?
ď§ Are you male or
female?
ď§ What is your
education?
ď§ When do you think girls
should marry? Whatâs too
early? Whatâs too late?
ď§ When do you think boys
should marry? Whatâs too
early? Whatâs too late?
ď§ Do you think girls should be
cut?
ď§ Have your beliefs changed?
ď§ How accessible are schools?
ď§ Who goes to school? For how
long?
ď§ How laborious/ time intensive is
water collection?
ď§ Is the community electrified?
ď§ How accessible in the nearest
town?
ď§ What is the dominant religion?
ď§ How common is food insecurity?
11. Knowledge Practice Beliefs
ď§ How common is it for
local adults and
adolescents to know
the law regarding
marriage age?
ď§ Regarding FGM/C?
ď§ How fast is knowledge
changing?
ď§ How often do girls here marry
before 18? Before 15?
ď§ Which girls are the most at risk of
marriage by 15? 18?
ď§ What advantages do adults and
teens see to early marriage?
ď§ How do child marriages take
place?
ď§ What about boys? How at risk are
they?
ď§ How common is FGM/C?
ď§ What type is practiced? When? By
whom?
ď§ Can girls marry if they are not cut?
ď§ How has incidence and practice
changed in the last five years?
ď§ When do people believe
girls should marry?
ď§ What age girls do they
believe are left
unmarried?
ď§ What about boys?
ď§ How common is it for
people to believe that
girls should be cut?
ď§ How fast are beliefs
changing?
COVID
How has the pandemic
shifted practices in the
last year?
12. Existent efforts towards eradication
â˘Is there a way
to report plans
for marriage or
FGM/C?
Anonymously?
Is anyone
working to
create change?
Who? How
hard?
Are practices
going
âundergroundâ
and becoming
hidden?
What messages
and venues are
already being
used to create
change?
Are violators
sanctioned?
How?
Is anyone
working to
prevent change?
Who?
How âstrongâ is
local capacity?
What records
are kept?
13. Needed efforts for eradication
An adolescent mother, Ethiopia Š Nathalie Bertrams /
GAGE 2020
ď§ What messages and
interventions would help
this community end child
marriage?
ď§ What messages and
interventions would help
this community end
FGM/C?
14. Readiness to eradicate
1
⢠Are you aware of the Roadmap? How could you contribute to
implementation?
2
⢠How ready is this community to end child marriage for girls under 15? For
girls under 18?
3
⢠How ready is this community to end FGM/C?
16. Sample
3 kebeles each
10 special woreda (2 in specials)
(6 in specific locations)
Total = 260 kebeles
72 zones
Woreda level:
WCYA Education Justice Health Religious Council
Kebele level:
administrators educators HEWs Womenâs Association militia/security
religious leaders youth leaders parents adolescents
Regional level:
WCYA Education Health Justice
17. Tablet-based surveysâŚ.
ď§ Surveys will be completed on tablets or phones.
ď§ Interviewers will read questions to respondents in
the local language.
ď§ Respondents will choose their answers based on
picture cards.
ď§ Interviewers will enter respondentsâ answers into
the survey.
ď§ Interviewers will collect administrative data
related to child marriage, FGM/C, and school
enrolment from kebele administrators, HEWs, and
school officials.
19. Gaging capacity
We are interested in gaging local capacity to create changeâin a careful way.
Road Map:
The drivers of child marriage and FGM/C are multi dimensional,
and the National Roadmap therefore requires multi-sectoral
interventions, underpinned by well-coordinated responses from
various actors.
The National Roadmap identifies five pillar strategies around
which to coordinate efforts, in order to achieve the goals of
eliminating child marriage and FGM/C:
1. Empowering adolescent girls and their families;
2. Community engagement (including faith and traditional
leaders);
3. Enhancing systems, accountability and services across sectors;
4. Creating and strengthening an enabling environment;
5. Increasing data and evidence generation, and use.
Read aloud
Answer
Given your role, what
are the top three ways
you can contribute to
ending child marriage
and FGM/C?
Tap
20. Health worker, Ethiopia Š Nathalie Bertrams / GAGE 2020
4
â˘Proposed classification
system
21. Ready set go!
Health worker, Amhara Š Nathalie Bertrams /GAGE 2020
Entrenchedâwill take significant
effort to begin making progress
First signs of changeâbut from a
low base and slow
Gradual progress over time
Significant progress thus farâ
need to maintain trajectory
Eradicated/abandoned
22. ENTRENCHED VS. GOOD PROGRESS
ď§ Knowledge of the law is nil or rare
ď§ Child marriage is very common
ď§ Recent progress is nil or backwards
ď§ The ideal age of marriage is under 18
ď§ It is very common for adults & adolescents to
believe that girls should marry by 18
ď§ No actor is working to end child marriage
ď§ Any actor is working against ending child marriage
ď§ Community discussions about child marriage are
non-existent
ď§ No reporting/ age assessments/sanctions
ď§ Self-rated unlikely/ not possible to eradicate soon
ď§ No full cycle primary school
ď§ Town/secondary school distant
ď§ Limited local capacity/ no records kept
ď§ Knowledge of the law is common/ very common
ď§ Child marriage is unusual/rare
ď§ Recent progress is fast
ď§ The ideal age of marriage is over 18
ď§ It is rare/unusual for adults & adolescents to
believe that girls should marry by 18
ď§ Several actors working to end child marriage
ď§ No actor working against ending child marriage
ď§ Community discussions about child marriage are
common
ď§ Reporting/ age assessments/ sanctions in place
ď§ Self-rated almost certain to eradicate soon
ď§ Town/secondary school easily accessible
ď§ Good local capacity/ records kept
24. Kebele selection
ď§ This âmapâ shows how we
propose to select kebeles for
inclusion.
ď§ As noted previously, we
anticipate that each zone will
have at least one kebele that has
declared itself free of child
marriage and FGM/C.
ď§ If under 50 zones meet the
inclusion criteria, we can sample
more kebeles to compensate, if
desired.
25. Teams and timing
ď§ Interviewers will be officers at zonal level Offices of WCY (or Education and
Health as necessary).
⢠Interviewers will work in their own region, to account for differences in language and
culture.
⢠Interviewers will not work in their own zone, to promote objectivity.
ď§ Teams will be 3 peopleâeach with its own leader.
ď§ Teams will be mixed gender, so that women can interview females and men can
interview males.
A 3-person mixed-gender team could complete
each kebele in 2 days, each zone in four days.
ď§ 16-18 interviews per kebele
ď§ 2 hours per interview
ď§ 3 interviews per day/person
Team leads will be responsible
for collecting/copying
administrative data/records.
26. Training
Regional training by GAGEâone day/ region to train zonal team
leads to prepare them to train their colleagues.
Care will be taken to establish appropriate vocabulary to elicit
good data:
⢠Is it better to call FGM/C âcircumcisionâ versus âcuttingâ?
⢠Is it better to use âchild marriageâ or âearly marriageâ?
⢠What actors are available where and what are they called? (e.g.
Womenâs Development Army, HTP committee, social court, etc.)
Zonal trainingâone day/ zone for zonal team leads to train their
3-person teams
28. About GAGE
WEBSITE: www.gage.odi.org
TWITTER: @GAGE_programme
FACEBOOK: GenderandAdolescence
ď§ Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence
(GAGE) is a nine-year (2015-2024) mixed-
methods longitudinal research programme
focused on what works to support
adolescent girlsâ and boysâ capabilities in
the second decade of life and beyond.
ď§ We are following the lives of 20,000
adolescents in six focal countries in Africa,
Asia and the Middle East.
GAGE publications:
www.gage.odi.org/publications/
Notas do Editor
Tools were developed following the August 2019 launch of the National Road Map to End Child Marriage and Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) by the Ministry of Women, Children and Youth (MOWCY) of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
Tools are aimed at verifying kebelesâ and woredasâ readiness to eliminate child marriage and FGM/C during the Road Mapâs implementation phase (2019-2025), in order to set a baseline for progress.
The tool was developed, piloted and validated by professional researchers from the Gender and Adolescence: Global Evidence (GAGE) research programme, with guidance from Alliance members.
Tools were piloted in South Gondar and Afarâwhich enabled us to see how they work in the field and what needed to be updated and altered.
Many of you may have already taken the pilot survey, when we tested it last year.
(https://GAGE-Ethiopia.formstack.com/forms/test_survey)
THIS IS THE CURRENT LINK WORKNEHâJUST IN CASE YOU NEED IT.
In case you have not had time, however, we would like to briefly highlight survey themes.
Surveys begin with WHO and WHERE.
Understanding responses depends on first understanding WHO is answering questions and WHERE they live.
Different stakeholders have different perspectives and even different villages in the same kebele can be quite different from one another.
The survey then moves into an exploration of knowledge, practice and beliefs.
That is, what people know about the laws surrounding child marriage and FGM/C, what people actually do in terms of child marriage and FGM/C, and what people believe is desirable in terms of child marriage and FGM/C.
We have added new questions since the pilot to ask how COVID has changed child marriage and FGM/C practices over the last year.
Surveys then ask what efforts are already underway to end child marriage and FGM/C.
Who is working to end? How hard are they working? What messages are they using?
We have found that different communities require different messages and interventions. Where fistula is not common, for example, messages about health risks do not resonate.
It is also important to know if anyone is working to maintain child marriage and FGM/C. Where traditional and religious leaders are working to prevent eradication, kebele authorities are unlikely to gain traction.
Understanding local capacity is also critical. Where officials are not aware of the Roadmap, are not able to think through their role in implementation, and are not keeping careful records to track change, progress will be difficult to make and impossible to see.
We then explore what messages and interventions respondents think will help end child marriage and FGM/C in their locale.
In some communities it may be public water taps, so that girls can go to school rather than spend their days collecting water.
In other communities, providing children with school uniforms may keep them in school.âand unmarried.
Finally, we how ready the kebele is for eradication.
We ask whether kebele officials, educators, and HEWs know about the road map and how they might, given their role, contribute towards it.
We then ask respondents to rate how likely they believe how ready their kebele is for eradication.
We propose collecting data at the regional, woreda and kebele levels.
At the regional level we will interview officials at the Bureau of Women, Children and Youth, the Bureau of Education, and the Bureau of Justice.
We will choose three kebeles per zoneâand at least 2 in special woredas.
This gives us, for example, 50 kebeles in SNNPR and 63 in Oromia..
We will also do six kebeles in Harari, Sidama, Addis, Dire Dawa.
In total, we anticipate collecting data from 263 kebeles.
At the woreda level, we will interview officials from the Bureaus of WCYA, Justice, Health and Education. We will also interview members of the religious council.
At the kebeble level, we will interview administrators, educators, HEWs, members of militia/security, Womenâs Association leaders, youth leaders, and religious leaders. We will also interview mothers and fathers and married and unmarried adolescents.
At the regional level, we will use semi-structured interviews to understand how officials are planning, budgeting, supervising and monitoring community and district level action.
At the woreda and kebele levels, our survey will be completed on tablets and smartphones.
The survey does not require an active data connection. Data can be collected while offline and surveys will then upload when a data connection becomes available.
Surveys will be in English, which the interviewer will translate into the language of the respondent.
Because we know that many rural respondents will not be familiar with tablets or smart phones, and may not be literate, interviewers will enter respondentsâ responses into the survey software.
While core questions about child marriage and FGM/C are the same across respondents, different groups of respondents also have some specific questions of their own. Educators, for example, are asked more detailed questions about schooling and HEWS are asked about contraceptive uptake.
To keep respondents engaged, the tablet-based survey is paired with card sets that will be laid out for the respondent to look atâand choose responses from.
Each card set has been carefully designed to be âreadableâ by even those with limited literacy skills.
Card sets will also, however, be translated into major languagesâso that literate respondents can either read their optionsâor look at pictures.
We want to understand the capacity of local officials to work towards ending child marriage and FGM/Câbut do so in a careful way that does not leave them feeling judged and inadequate.
We will ask officials to read a short section of the National Road Map aloud and then ask them to identify, given their role in the kebele, what they see as the top three ways they can contribute to meeting objectives.
If the official cannot read the passage outload, the interviewer will tap the square.
If the official can read the passage, but not identify way they can usefully contribute, the interviewer will tap the triangle.
If the official can both read and think through ways to contribute, the interviewer will tap the circle.
We propose sorting kebeles into one of five categories depending on current practice, trajectory over the last five years, and a variety of other factors such as the accessibility of various levels of education and local officialsâ record keeping (which demonstrates their capacity as well as their commitment to ending child marriage and FGM/C).
This example shows how we might classify a kebele as either âentrenchedâ or âsignificant progress, need to maintain trajectoryâ in regard to child marriage.
The rubric has been simplified hereâto make it fit on the slide. Thinking through the rubric in more detail is one thing we need to do later.
We propose giving each kebele a âscoreâ for three different results:
Ending child marriage under 15 Ending child marriage under 18 And ending FGM/C
We believe it is important, given GAGE data, to disaggregate between younger and middle-adolescents. The drivers and the risks of child marriage are quite different for younger versus older girls.
In East Hararghe, for example, we are finding that even 10 and 11 year old girls are marrying due to peer pressure and fear of being left on the shelf.
Younger girls are clearly more at risk of serious health complications from pregnancy.