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CURSOS DE VERANO COMPLUTENSE
1-2 de Julio de 2014
La transición energética en Europa y el cambio climático
Nuevas tendencias en el mercado de gas europeo:
organización y fuentes de suministro
Rafael Fernández
Grupo de Investigación sobre Economía Política de la Mundialización (EPM)
Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Instituto Complutense de Estudios Internacionales
Factores de cambio
(1990-2005)
EVOLUCIÓN
MODELO
GAS UE
SIGLO XX
(MGUEXX)
MODELO
GAS UE
SIGLO XXI
(MGUEXXI)
Factores de Fractura
(2008-2009)
Gas Target
Model
(EUGTM)
Cambios ¿radicales? en el modelo gasífero de la UE
Continuidad
y
Cambio
GNL
Gasoducto
Países productores de
GNL
Mercados principales
Producción doméstica Importaciones gasoducto Importaciones GNL
Tres mercados: Tres formas de organización
Gas licuado y mundialización del mercado de gas
1997
2012
Comercio de gas licuado, 1980-2010
JUGADORES
(Empresas y gobiernos)
ESPACIOS
Upstream
(Oferta)
exportadora
Downstream
(Demanda)
importadora
MECANISMOS de
INTERCAMBIO
Formas de contratación
Sistema de precios
Flujos de gas
Pautas para el análisis de un modelo gasífero
JUGADORES, ESPACIOS Y MECANISMOS DE INTERCAMBIO
JUGADORES
ESPACIOS
OFERTA
Extra UE:
Rusia
Noruega
Argelia
DEMANDA
Cuatro
grandes
importadores
MECANISMOS de
INTERCAMBIO
Flujos
de gas
BILATE
RALES
MGUEXX: Mercados regulados y fragmentados
Intra UE:
Holanda
R. Unido
Dos
grandes
productores
Pequeños
consumidores
Gazprom
Statoil
Sonatrach
GOBIERNOS
Gasunie
British Gas
(Exxon, Shell)
GCN
Ruhrgas
Gas de France
ENI
Gas Natural
GOBIERNOS
Gasunie
British Gas
PCN
Contratos de largo plazo
Indexados a los precios del petróleo
Mercados Nacionales
Regulados
JUGADORES
ESPACIOS
OFERTA
Diversificación
geográfica
Exportación
líquida (LNG)
DEMANDA
Gran
expansión de
Gasificación
de la UE
MECANISMOS de
INTERCAMBIO
Flujos
MULTI
DIRECCIO
NALES
Múltiples
compañías sin
poder de
mercado:
productoras y
traders
Retirada de
GOBIERNOS
Múltiples
compañías sin
poder de
mercado en
wholesale y retail
markets
Retirada de
GOBIERNOS
Gas to gas competition:
Infraestructuras
Mercados líquidos (hubs)
Contratos spot
Benchmark (precios hub)
Paper gas (forward and futures)
Precios nacionales
desregulados
GAS TARGET MODEL (EUGTM): Mercados integrados y liberalizados
JUGADORES
ESPACIOS
OFERTA
Extra UE:
Rusia
Noruega
Argelia
Qatar
DEMANDA
Cinco
grandes
importadores
MECANISMOS de
INTERCAMBIO
Flujos
de gas
BILATE
RALES
Intra UE:
Holanda
Grandes
incertidumbres
Gazprom
Statoil
Sonatrach
GOBIERNOS
Gasunie
British Gas
(Exxon, Shell)
GCUE
EON
GDF
ENI
….
RWE
Wingas
Gas Natural
Gobiernos
Mercados
Nacionales
Irregularmente
Desregulados
Cambios hacia target (con
elementos de continuidad):
Oil linked LTC contracts
Plus: Conectores / LNG / Hubs /
spot-forward / Benchmarks
MGUEXXI: Cambios según target, cambios no previstos, y continuidades
MECANISMOS DE INTERCAMBIO: Red de Hubs y Bolsas del gas en la UE
M.I: Gas comercializado (TWh) en mercados OTC de hubs UE
M.I: Gas comercializado (TWh) en mercados de valores de hubs UE
MECANISMOS DE INTERCAMBIO:
Índice de “Tradability” de principales hubs de la UE
MECANISMOS DE INTERCAMBIO:
Evolución y “Desacoplamiento” de los precios del gas
MECANISMOS DE INTERCAMBIO:
Oil linked LTC y spot markets
Table 3: Purchases and sales among major export and import gas companies, 2010 (bcm)
Origin /
Destination GASTERRA
[Netherlands]
United
Kingdom
STATOIL
[Norway]
GAZPROM
[Russia]
SONATRACH
[Algeria]
QATARGAS
[Qatar]
Egypt Libya Nigeria
Trinidad
and
Tobago
Others and
Not specified
Gas imported
UE-27 (countries)1
48.2 13.4 100.8 108.5 50 35.1 3.8 10.1 14.3 5.2 50.7 440.1
UE-27 (companies)2
50.1 85.9 124 50 35.1 345.1
E.ON 10.1 3.7 15.7 17 --- --- --- --- --- --- 5.1 52.0
RWE 4.8 --- 9.2 7.9 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 22.0
WINGAS --- --- --- 15 --- --- --- --- --- --- 13.6 28.6
GDF 7.1 1.3 13.5 9 8.4 --- 3.9 1.9 --- 3.2 12.2 64.2
ENI 10.1 4.1 12.7 14.3 16.2 2.9 9.3 6 75.2
GNF --- --- --- --- 6.3 5.4 4.2 6.3 2.75 5 30.0
United Kingdom3
9.7 --- 254
10.7 1 14.6 --- --- --- --- --- 61.0
Netherlands3
--- 7 10.1 5.1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 22.2
Top 6 32.1 9.1 51.1 63.2 30.9 8.3 8.1 11.2 6.3 5.95 41.9 272.0
Top 6/Sales (%), by
companies
64.1 --- 59.5 51.0 61.8 23.6 --- --- --- --- --- 78.8
Top 6/Sales (%), by
countries
66.6 67.9 50.7 58.2 61.8 23.6 213.25
110.9 44.1 114.4 82.6 61.8
1) The first line shows the amount of gas exported to the EU-27 by each of the countries on the table.
2) The first line shows the amount of gas sold by the five main exporting companies. Centrica, the largest British company, does not offer data. There are no company data for Egypt, Libya, Nigeria and Trinidad and
Tobago. Gazprom’s sales data to EU-27 are higher than Russia’s gas exports to EU-27.
3) Centrica and GasTerra are the two main gas companies from the United Kingdom and Netherlands, but they do not offer precise data about their provisioning sources. Still, we include these countries’ data as they
are two significant destinations for gas exports to EU.
4) Figures in italics are not companies’ data but national gas statistics. Only GasTerra and Gazprom offer data about their sales to the United Kingdom and Netherlands.
5) Percentages in Egypt, Libya, and Trinidad are higher than 100, as European companies declare purchases from these countries higher than national statistics on gas exports to EU.
Source: Own, made from IEA (2011) and Companies’ Annual Reports.
JUGADORES:
Concentración de flujos entre Grandes Exportadoras-Importadoras
Table4:SalesbythemainEUgascompanies,2010(bcm)
Gas
imported
Own
Production
Primary
Supply1
(totalEU)
SuppliedGasin:
Gassupplied
outsideEU
TotalSales2
Germany Italy France Spain
United
Kingdom
BeNeLux
Other
destinations
Totalbycountry 440.1 --- 545 97.3 83.0 49.8 35.8 98.0 76.7 104.4 --- ---
E.ON 52 8.5 60.5 42.5 1.2 0.6 --- 6.9 1.0 8.3 --- 124.8
RWE 22 7.5 29.5 7.7 --- --- --- 5.0 10.9 6.0 --- 36.8
WINGAS 15 --- 28.6 15.0 --- --- --- --- --- 13.6 --- 38.6
GDF 64.2 6 70.2 2.3 5.5 36.4 --- 3.1 15.0 7.8 6 111.6
ENI 75.2 12.9 88.8 5.6 34.3 6.0 7.1 5.2 14.9 15.7 8.2 102.8
GNF 30 --- 30.0 --- --- --- 28.5 --- --- 1.5 4.0 34
GasTerra 10.1 81.4 91.5 22.2 5.9 6.6 --- 9.7 46.5 0.6 --- ---
Top6 258.4 34.9 307.6 73.1 41 43 35.6 20.2 41.8 52.9 18.2 438.6
Top6/Total(%)3
58.7 --- 56.4 75.1 49.4 86.3 99.4 20.6 54.5 50.7 --- ---
Top7 268.5 116.3 399.1 95.3 46.9 49.6 35.6 29.9 88.3 53.5 18.2 438.6
Top7/Total(%) 61.0 --- 73.2 97.9 56.5 99.6 99.4 30.5 115.1 51.2 --- ---
1) PrimarySupplymeanseithergasimported orself-produced.
2) Totalsalesincludegaspreviouslypurchased fromhubsorwholesalemarkets.
3) Top 6doesnotincludeGasTerra. Top 7includesGasTerra.
Source:Own, madefrom IEA(2011)andCompanies’AnnualReports.
JUGADORES:
Dominio de oferta primaria de Grandes Importadoras PanUE
ESPACIOS: Suministradores
ESPACIOS: Suministradores
ESPACIOS: Suministradores
Germany Italy France Spain UK EU-27 EU-27 (%)
2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2010
Netherland 18,9 22,4 6,1 8,6 5,4 6,5 --- --- --- 9,5 35,8 52,4 13,1 13,8
UK --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 12 9 4,4 2,4
Other EU --- --- --- 5,3 --- --- --- 0,2 1,4 2 6,3 21,3 2,3 5,6
Norway 18,4 33,5 --- 1,1 11,7 15,8 2,4 3,8 1 30 45,4 102,7 16,6 27,0
Russia 34,7 39,8 21 24,9 12 8,1 --- --- --- --- 119,7 126,2 43,8 33,2
Algeria --- --- 28,1 11,4 9,4 11,7 10,8 14,6 --- 0,4 44,8 31,8 16,4 8,4
Qatar --- --- --- 5,2 --- 1,8 0,3 3,5 --- 8,6 --- 22,2 --- 5,8
Lybia --- --- --- 5,2 --- --- 0,8 0,6 --- --- --- 5,8 --- 1,5
Egipt --- --- --- --- --- 0 --- 0 --- 0,1 --- 0,1 --- 0,0
Nigeria --- --- 2,2 --- --- 1,2 2 3,1 --- 0,3 2,4 4,3 0,9 1,1
Trinidad --- --- --- --- --- 0,2 0,9 2 --- 1 --- 2,1 --- 0,6
No esp 3,9 3,9 --- 5,5 2,4 6,1 0,6 0 --- --- 6,8 2,3 2,5 0,6
TOTAL 75,8 95,8 57,4 57,1 41 39,2 17,9 30,2 2,4 51,2 273,3
380,2
100 100
% EU-27 27,7 25,2 21,0 15,0 15,0 10,3 6,5 7,9 0,9 13,5 100.0 100.0 --- ---
ESPACIOS: Consumidores
ESPACIOS: Consumidores
ESPACIOS: Consumidores
Balance energético mundial

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  • 2. Factores de cambio (1990-2005) EVOLUCIÓN MODELO GAS UE SIGLO XX (MGUEXX) MODELO GAS UE SIGLO XXI (MGUEXXI) Factores de Fractura (2008-2009) Gas Target Model (EUGTM) Cambios ¿radicales? en el modelo gasífero de la UE Continuidad y Cambio
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  • 6. JUGADORES (Empresas y gobiernos) ESPACIOS Upstream (Oferta) exportadora Downstream (Demanda) importadora MECANISMOS de INTERCAMBIO Formas de contratación Sistema de precios Flujos de gas Pautas para el análisis de un modelo gasífero JUGADORES, ESPACIOS Y MECANISMOS DE INTERCAMBIO
  • 7. JUGADORES ESPACIOS OFERTA Extra UE: Rusia Noruega Argelia DEMANDA Cuatro grandes importadores MECANISMOS de INTERCAMBIO Flujos de gas BILATE RALES MGUEXX: Mercados regulados y fragmentados Intra UE: Holanda R. Unido Dos grandes productores Pequeños consumidores Gazprom Statoil Sonatrach GOBIERNOS Gasunie British Gas (Exxon, Shell) GCN Ruhrgas Gas de France ENI Gas Natural GOBIERNOS Gasunie British Gas PCN Contratos de largo plazo Indexados a los precios del petróleo Mercados Nacionales Regulados
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  • 9. JUGADORES ESPACIOS OFERTA Extra UE: Rusia Noruega Argelia Qatar DEMANDA Cinco grandes importadores MECANISMOS de INTERCAMBIO Flujos de gas BILATE RALES Intra UE: Holanda Grandes incertidumbres Gazprom Statoil Sonatrach GOBIERNOS Gasunie British Gas (Exxon, Shell) GCUE EON GDF ENI …. RWE Wingas Gas Natural Gobiernos Mercados Nacionales Irregularmente Desregulados Cambios hacia target (con elementos de continuidad): Oil linked LTC contracts Plus: Conectores / LNG / Hubs / spot-forward / Benchmarks MGUEXXI: Cambios según target, cambios no previstos, y continuidades
  • 10. MECANISMOS DE INTERCAMBIO: Red de Hubs y Bolsas del gas en la UE
  • 11. M.I: Gas comercializado (TWh) en mercados OTC de hubs UE M.I: Gas comercializado (TWh) en mercados de valores de hubs UE
  • 12. MECANISMOS DE INTERCAMBIO: Índice de “Tradability” de principales hubs de la UE
  • 13. MECANISMOS DE INTERCAMBIO: Evolución y “Desacoplamiento” de los precios del gas
  • 14. MECANISMOS DE INTERCAMBIO: Oil linked LTC y spot markets
  • 15. Table 3: Purchases and sales among major export and import gas companies, 2010 (bcm) Origin / Destination GASTERRA [Netherlands] United Kingdom STATOIL [Norway] GAZPROM [Russia] SONATRACH [Algeria] QATARGAS [Qatar] Egypt Libya Nigeria Trinidad and Tobago Others and Not specified Gas imported UE-27 (countries)1 48.2 13.4 100.8 108.5 50 35.1 3.8 10.1 14.3 5.2 50.7 440.1 UE-27 (companies)2 50.1 85.9 124 50 35.1 345.1 E.ON 10.1 3.7 15.7 17 --- --- --- --- --- --- 5.1 52.0 RWE 4.8 --- 9.2 7.9 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 22.0 WINGAS --- --- --- 15 --- --- --- --- --- --- 13.6 28.6 GDF 7.1 1.3 13.5 9 8.4 --- 3.9 1.9 --- 3.2 12.2 64.2 ENI 10.1 4.1 12.7 14.3 16.2 2.9 9.3 6 75.2 GNF --- --- --- --- 6.3 5.4 4.2 6.3 2.75 5 30.0 United Kingdom3 9.7 --- 254 10.7 1 14.6 --- --- --- --- --- 61.0 Netherlands3 --- 7 10.1 5.1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 22.2 Top 6 32.1 9.1 51.1 63.2 30.9 8.3 8.1 11.2 6.3 5.95 41.9 272.0 Top 6/Sales (%), by companies 64.1 --- 59.5 51.0 61.8 23.6 --- --- --- --- --- 78.8 Top 6/Sales (%), by countries 66.6 67.9 50.7 58.2 61.8 23.6 213.25 110.9 44.1 114.4 82.6 61.8 1) The first line shows the amount of gas exported to the EU-27 by each of the countries on the table. 2) The first line shows the amount of gas sold by the five main exporting companies. Centrica, the largest British company, does not offer data. There are no company data for Egypt, Libya, Nigeria and Trinidad and Tobago. Gazprom’s sales data to EU-27 are higher than Russia’s gas exports to EU-27. 3) Centrica and GasTerra are the two main gas companies from the United Kingdom and Netherlands, but they do not offer precise data about their provisioning sources. Still, we include these countries’ data as they are two significant destinations for gas exports to EU. 4) Figures in italics are not companies’ data but national gas statistics. Only GasTerra and Gazprom offer data about their sales to the United Kingdom and Netherlands. 5) Percentages in Egypt, Libya, and Trinidad are higher than 100, as European companies declare purchases from these countries higher than national statistics on gas exports to EU. Source: Own, made from IEA (2011) and Companies’ Annual Reports. JUGADORES: Concentración de flujos entre Grandes Exportadoras-Importadoras
  • 16. Table4:SalesbythemainEUgascompanies,2010(bcm) Gas imported Own Production Primary Supply1 (totalEU) SuppliedGasin: Gassupplied outsideEU TotalSales2 Germany Italy France Spain United Kingdom BeNeLux Other destinations Totalbycountry 440.1 --- 545 97.3 83.0 49.8 35.8 98.0 76.7 104.4 --- --- E.ON 52 8.5 60.5 42.5 1.2 0.6 --- 6.9 1.0 8.3 --- 124.8 RWE 22 7.5 29.5 7.7 --- --- --- 5.0 10.9 6.0 --- 36.8 WINGAS 15 --- 28.6 15.0 --- --- --- --- --- 13.6 --- 38.6 GDF 64.2 6 70.2 2.3 5.5 36.4 --- 3.1 15.0 7.8 6 111.6 ENI 75.2 12.9 88.8 5.6 34.3 6.0 7.1 5.2 14.9 15.7 8.2 102.8 GNF 30 --- 30.0 --- --- --- 28.5 --- --- 1.5 4.0 34 GasTerra 10.1 81.4 91.5 22.2 5.9 6.6 --- 9.7 46.5 0.6 --- --- Top6 258.4 34.9 307.6 73.1 41 43 35.6 20.2 41.8 52.9 18.2 438.6 Top6/Total(%)3 58.7 --- 56.4 75.1 49.4 86.3 99.4 20.6 54.5 50.7 --- --- Top7 268.5 116.3 399.1 95.3 46.9 49.6 35.6 29.9 88.3 53.5 18.2 438.6 Top7/Total(%) 61.0 --- 73.2 97.9 56.5 99.6 99.4 30.5 115.1 51.2 --- --- 1) PrimarySupplymeanseithergasimported orself-produced. 2) Totalsalesincludegaspreviouslypurchased fromhubsorwholesalemarkets. 3) Top 6doesnotincludeGasTerra. Top 7includesGasTerra. Source:Own, madefrom IEA(2011)andCompanies’AnnualReports. JUGADORES: Dominio de oferta primaria de Grandes Importadoras PanUE
  • 19. ESPACIOS: Suministradores Germany Italy France Spain UK EU-27 EU-27 (%) 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2013 2000 2010 Netherland 18,9 22,4 6,1 8,6 5,4 6,5 --- --- --- 9,5 35,8 52,4 13,1 13,8 UK --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 12 9 4,4 2,4 Other EU --- --- --- 5,3 --- --- --- 0,2 1,4 2 6,3 21,3 2,3 5,6 Norway 18,4 33,5 --- 1,1 11,7 15,8 2,4 3,8 1 30 45,4 102,7 16,6 27,0 Russia 34,7 39,8 21 24,9 12 8,1 --- --- --- --- 119,7 126,2 43,8 33,2 Algeria --- --- 28,1 11,4 9,4 11,7 10,8 14,6 --- 0,4 44,8 31,8 16,4 8,4 Qatar --- --- --- 5,2 --- 1,8 0,3 3,5 --- 8,6 --- 22,2 --- 5,8 Lybia --- --- --- 5,2 --- --- 0,8 0,6 --- --- --- 5,8 --- 1,5 Egipt --- --- --- --- --- 0 --- 0 --- 0,1 --- 0,1 --- 0,0 Nigeria --- --- 2,2 --- --- 1,2 2 3,1 --- 0,3 2,4 4,3 0,9 1,1 Trinidad --- --- --- --- --- 0,2 0,9 2 --- 1 --- 2,1 --- 0,6 No esp 3,9 3,9 --- 5,5 2,4 6,1 0,6 0 --- --- 6,8 2,3 2,5 0,6 TOTAL 75,8 95,8 57,4 57,1 41 39,2 17,9 30,2 2,4 51,2 273,3 380,2 100 100 % EU-27 27,7 25,2 21,0 15,0 15,0 10,3 6,5 7,9 0,9 13,5 100.0 100.0 --- ---