Rotary sanitation-rijsberman-11-09-12

Reinventing the Toilet:
creating aspirational sanitation solutions
that everybody can afford

Frank Rijsberman
Former Director Water, Sanitation & Hygiene
Global Development Program

Reinventing The Toilet

November 9, 2012 © 2012 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 2

1775: Cummings invents the flush toilet, i.e. patents
the S-bend waterseal that stops the smell and allows
people to move toilets indoors

© 2010 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |


More people today use dry latrines…

Photo: Frank Rijsberman


What happens when pits are full?
Waste returned to the environment – spreading
disease

Manual emptying

Mechanical emptying


The Sanitation Crisis and Opportunity
• Sanitation delivers huge impact: no innovation
in the past 200 years has done more to save Shared toilet in Kenyan slum
lives and improve health.
• ~2.6 billion people around the world do not have
access to ‘improved’ sanitation.
• ~1.1 billion people still defecate in the open.
• Diarrheal disease is the second largest killer of
children under 5, with more than 1 million
children dying of it every year.
• Conventional sanitation—a flush toilet
connected to a centralized sewer system—is
affordable only to a small fraction of
developing country inhabitants.
• Sanitation for low-income consumers is ‘onsite
sanitation’—pit latrines and septic tanks.
To meet the needs of 2.6 billion people
without safe sanitation, we must reinvent
the toilet and identify new ways to capture,
treat, and recycle human waste into
energy, fertilizer, and even clean water.
Source: WSTF, Kenya


Impacts beyond health:

Sanitation as a human right

 Restricted toilet access increases urinary tract
infections and causes psychological stress for
women.
 Women face security risks when going to
defecate at night or early morning (often the
only times it is allowed for them to do so).
 Sanitation is linked to menstrual management;
managing menstruation with rags that must be
cleaned and dried in secret restricts movement
and engagement with public sphere (e.g.,
schools).
 These costs are hard to quantify, but real.


BMGF Grant Making Initiatives
1. Sanitation Science and Technology: Reinvent the toilet
We are funding the development of new tools and technologies, such as latrine
design, pit emptying, sludge treatment and disposal or reuse of waste. We aim to
develop scalable business models and technologies across the sanitation value
chain.

2. Delivery models at scale: Ending Open Defecation (CLTS++)
We are supporting efforts to stimulate demand for improved sanitation within
communities; encourage local entrepreneurs to offer a range of affordable,
desirable products; strengthen the policy and regulatory environment; build the
capacity of local government; and, use effective monitoring and evaluation
mechanisms.

3. Policy and Advocacy: Sanitation policies that work for the poor
We are investing in advocacy to disseminate successful approaches to sanitation
and encourage changes in policy and funding priorities necessary to accelerate
access to sustainable sanitation.

Although we are now focusing on sanitation, we will continue to support our grantees working in
water and hygiene. Going forward, we will provide limited new funding to effective, sustainable
approaches to clean water and safe hygiene with a high potential for scale-up, primarily following
up on existing grants.


Sustainable Sanitation Services
• Whole Value Chain Approach: containment, emptying, transport,
processing, reuse
• Opportunities to improve sanitation service delivery along the entire
sanitation value chain.
• Life cycle costing approach – not only initial investment.
• Sanitation service ladder


Moving sanitation products and services to scale

Reinvent the Toilet: a waterless, hygienic toilet
Overall Specifications:
 Affordable: less than $0.05/person/day now, moving
towards $0.01/person/day (endgoal).
 Safe: remove all pathogens from the environment.
 Appealing: sustained use > 5 years.
 User-centered: users create demand.
 Sustainable: service providers (public or private) can
recoup complete lifecycle costs (make a business
work).


REINVENT THE TOILET CHALLENGE
 Challenge issued to top-20 universities early 2011

 8 grants awarded of $400K each for first year effort
 Plus 50 more grants of $100K each

 Reinvent the Toilet Fair at BMGF August 2012
 Prototypes displayed at Foundation courtyard
 Bill Gates personally inspected them and handed out
Reinvent the Toilet Awards

 First Prize $200K: California Institute of Technology
 A solar-powered toilet that generates hydrogen and
electricity


CALTECH:
1st Prize

 A self-contained,
solar-powered toilet
and wastewater
treatment system.

 A solar panel will produce enough power for an
electrochemical reactor designed to break down
water and human waste into hydrogen gas.

 The gas can then be stored for use in hydrogen fuel
cells to provide a backup energy source for nighttime
operation or use under low-sunlight conditions.

Solar-Powered Toilet & Treatment System

Caltech RTTC Project: Development of a Self-Contained, PV-Powered
Domestic Toilet and Wastewater Treatment System
November 9, 2012 17
|

Prof Michael Hoffmann
CalTech
Fellow, Academy of Science
Winner Toilet Challenge

2nd Prize, Loughborough University, UK
 A toilet that transforms feces into a biocharcoal
(biochar) through hydrothermal carbonization
(decomposition at high temperatures without oxygen
and in water) of fecal sludge.

 The proposed system will be powered from heat
generated by combusting the produced biochar and
will be designed to recover water and salts from
feces and urine.


Treatment of solids and liquids
Components
Partial separation
Hydrothermal reactor
Decompression
Final separation

Liquids
Salt removal
as appropriate

Water Recycle
From Ion Exchange
From flash drum
Cl2 generated on demand


3rd Prize: University of Toronto, Canada
 A technology for treating solid waste streams
through mechanical dehydration and smoldering
(low temperature, flameless combustion) that will
sanitize feces within 24 hours.

 Urine will be passed through a sand filter and
disinfected with ultra-violet light.


Process Overview

urine, wash water fecal solids
diarrheal water
+ some solids
diarrheal solids

Sand Filter
sand sand
Belt Drying

filtered liquid
with small particles sterilized
Smoldering
sand
UV
Disinfection
disinfected <15 W ignition ash
water
23 © 2012 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation |

RTTC: Upgrading Human Waste CTO Fuel Gas with
Plasma-Driven Gasification—TU Delft, Netherlands

Innovative nature and advantages of
plasma-driven gasification
• Plasma gasification has not yet been
applied to upgrade human waste.
• Cleaner product gas and less char,
tars, and soot.
• Efficient conversion of syngas to
electricity in solid oxide fuel cells.
• In comparison to other plasma
methods, the microwave plasma
source has potential for multifold
higher energetic mass yield (g. H2 /
kWh-1 total electric energy used)1.
• Modular equipment, highly compact,
and portable.

1 Jasiński M., “Application of atmospheric pressure
microwave plasma source for production of hydrogen
via methane reforming”, The European Physics
Journal D 54, 179-183 (2009).


RTTC : Data and design–mineralization of sanitation wastes
from community ablution blocks—University of KwaZulu-Natal

A three-way-split pedestal will
provide the starting material for
separation and combustion
processes to make water, ash,
and carbon dioxide gas. Data
will be gathered or determined
in order to develop a process
flow diagram and material
and energy balances with
go/no-go criteria to guide
further development.

Processes and Technologies:
Sludge extrusion, drying,
combustion, urine separation,
distillation, reverse osmosis
membrane, micro-/nano -
University of KwaZulu-Natal reinvented toilet proposed process filtration, and deodorization.
flow diagram

November 9, 2012 © 20112Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation | 26

RTTC : Advanced Toilet With On-Site Water Recovery—
EAWAG, Switzerland

Overall concept is based on a
shared toilet for four families,
which separates bodily waste at
the source (Fig. 1, left) and
incorporates a logistical concept
for transporting diluted urine and
dry feces (Fig. 1, center) to a
resource recovery plant (RRP)
(Fig. 1, right). Filter residuals from
the toilet (fig. 2) are then
transported to the RRP.”
Fig.1. Community resource recovery
plant for urine diverting toilet

Fig. 2.On-site water recovery by
gravity separation and filtration


RTTC : Novel Pneumatic Toilet—National Univ. of Singapore

Novel pneumatic toilet system
• A decentralized modified pneumatic
urine-diversion dehydration toilet for
small communities (5-6 households).
• Separate collection and treatment of
urine and feces.
• Urine shall be concentrated by advance
adsorption desalination leading to a
fertilizer suitable for reuse in agriculture
and subsequent production of clean
fresh water.
• Feces shall be transferred by
pneumatic system to a nearby central
collection system, dried and
combusted, with the final ashes to be
reused in agriculture.
• The heat generated by combustion
shall be used to provide hot water for
the advance absorption desalination
system resulting in clean potable water.


Think differently: technologies to process
human waste & recover resources
 Plasma-driven gasification to fuel gas
 Pyrolysis to bio-char
 Hydrothermal carbonization and burn
 Smoldering & combustion to ash
 Solar-powered electrochemical cell
 Accelerated dry aerobic digestion
 Fermentation to bio-diesel
 Struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate)
precipitation from urine

 Many more projects ongoing
 Some already at stage of implementation for millions
(footnote: composting toilet; biogas toilets)

Sanitation services: Improved
emptying of septic tanks and latrines

Containment A “retrofit” solution for the “installed capacity”
of latrines and septic tanks

Fecal Sludge Solid Waste
Emptying/Transport Collection/Transport

2A: Reinvented FS 2C: Reinvented Solid
Truck Waste Cart?
Storage/
Processing 2B: Neighborhood Waste
Processing Plant and
1. Reinvented Toilet Carbon Finance
Household Scale
Integration


Community Led Total Sanitation ++
It’s Not About Giving Away Toilets

Enabling Environment
• Policy, strategy, and direction • Program methodology
• Partnerships • Monitoring and evaluation
• Financing • Implementation capacity
• Institutional arrangements

Sanitation Sanitation
Supply Demand
Technical training Research-based interventions
Financing products Marketing of products
and services
Product development
Stimulating community
Marketing training
and HH demand
Small business
Incentive schemes
training


Difficult to get people to give up
their “nice” outdoor toilet


Top 3 Investment Opportunities
 CLTS++, a behavior change program to create demand for sanitation in rural areas:
could serve 50% of the rural population currently without basic service. Demonstrated
to be effective at scale of tens of millions of people. Targeted subsidies for the poor
likely critical .
 Sanitation as a Business, latrine emptying and fecal sludge processing services at
an annual cost of US$10 per household: could serve 200 million low-income urban
people, 20% of the latrines currently emptied manually. Product and development
innovation package, key elements have already demonstrated as feasible.
 Reinvented Toilet, off-the-grid toilet that processes/recycles human waste at
household scale affordably: could serve a billion low income urban people, 100% of
the latrines currently emptied manually (and potentially many more people).
Research, product development and market development for a product currently at
the proof-of-concept / prototype stage.

Source: Rijsberman and Zwane, 2012, Water and Sanitation, Copenhagen Consensus 2012
– released 2 May 2012


Economic returns to investment – in
terms of public health

Intervention Investment Benefit People Risk
(US$ M) Cost served
Ratio (M)
CLTS++ 3,000 4-7 600 low

Sanitation as 320 23-47 200 medium
a Business
Reinvented 125 40 1000 high
Toilet

Source: Rijsberman and Zwane, 2012, Water and Sanitation, Copenhagen Consensus 2012
– released 2 May 2012


Recapping
• Yes, we think the Toilet should be Reinvented
• Longer term we are looking for “the cell phone of sanitation”
– an aspirational product you and I would want to use
• In the short term we will invest in improved sanitation
services serving existing on-site solutions: emptying and
processing of fecal sludge
• Not only technology development – but sustainable
sanitation services / business models
• We also continue CLTS++ work at scale of millions: We are
funding programs that aim to move 30 million people into
Open Defecation Free Communities, primarily in rural areas
• Sanitation: An opportunity to engage for Rotary.

Rotary sanitation-rijsberman-11-09-12

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