6. Parts of Speech - Uses
Nouns – Subject / Direct Object / Indirect Object / Subject or
Object Complement / Object of Preposition
Pronouns – Subject / Direct Object / Indirect Object / Subject or
Object Complement / Object of Preposition
Adjectives – Modifying Noun or Pronoun/ Subject Complement /
Object Complement
Verbs – Predicate
Adverbs – Modifying Verb/ Modifying Adjective / Modifying
Adverb / Modifying Passages
Prepositions – Introducing Prepositional Phrases
Conjunctions – Coordinating: Joining Words, Phrases or
Clauses of Equal Rank / Subordinating: Joining Clauses
Interjections – Showing Emotion
7. Phrases, Clauses and Sentences
• A phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a
single word) that form a constituent and so
function as a single unit in the syntax of a
sentence.
• A clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can
express a complete proposition.
• A sentence is a grammatical unit expressing an
independent statement , question, request, etc,
often preceded and followed in speech by pauses.
8. Phrases
• A phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a
single word) that form a constituent and so
function as a single unit in the syntax of a
sentence.
Noun The title of the course that
Verb the beautiful young girl was
Adjective looking for at school
Adverb yesterday morning was
Preposition Woodland Ecology.
9. Clauses
• A clause is the smallest grammatical unit that
can express a complete proposition.
INDEPENDENT x DEPENDENT
Noun: I don’t know who wrote it.
Adjective: She’s the girl who sent him
that weird e-mail.
Adverb: The package arrived before
Mark had the chance to leave.
10. Sentences
• A sentence is a grammatical unit expressing an
independent statement , question, request, etc,
often preceded and followed in speech by pauses.
4
_____ Washington died before Lincoln
1. Simple was born, so these two famous
2. Compound citizens never met each other.
3. Complex 2
_____ Washington died in 1799, and
4. Compound- Lincoln was born in 1809.
complex 3
_____ Washington died before Lincoln
was born.
1
_____ Washington was the first U.S.
president.
11. Sentences
1) A simple sentence...
... has one independent clause.
2) A compound sentence...
... contains two independent clauses.
3) A complex sentence...
... has one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause.
4) A compound-complex sentence...
... contains two independent clauses and at
least one dependent clause.
12. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Subject
Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.
Pronouns Uses
3
1. who _____ used for both people and things
1
_____ used for people
2. which
2
_____ used for things
3. that
13. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Subject
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) We helped the man.
2) He was lost in the woods.
We helped the man who / that was lost in the woods.
1) The new computer is fast.
2) It is in my office
The new computer which / that is in my office is fast.
14. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Object
Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.
Pronouns Uses
2
1. who(m) _____ used for things
3
_____ used for both people and things
2. which
1
_____ used for people
3. that
15. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Object
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) The man was Mr. Jones.
2) I saw the man yesterday.
The man who(m) / that I saw yesterday was Mr. Jones.
1) The movie wasn’t very good.
2) We saw the movies yesterday.
The movie which / that we saw yesterday wasn’t very
good.
16. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns – Object of the
Preposition
Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.
Pronouns Uses
1
_____ used for people
1. who(m)
2
_____ used for both things
2. which
3
_____ used for both people and things
3. that
17. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns – Object of the
Preposition
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) She is the woman.
2) I told you about her.
She is the woman who(m) / that I told you about.
Is there any other possibility?
She is the woman about whom I told you.
18. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns – Object of the
Preposition
1) The music was good.
2) We listened to the music last night.
The music which / that we listened to last night was good.
Is there any other possibility?
The music to which we listened last night was good.
19. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns - Omition
In which of the sentences below is it possible to omit the
relative pronoun?
We helped the man who was lost in the woods. (Not Possible)
The man whom I Isaw yesterday was Mr. Jones.
______ saw yesterday was Mr. Jones.
The music that we we listened lastlast night was good.
______ listened to to night was good.
The music to which we listened last night was good.
(Not Possible)
20. Adjective Clauses
Restrictive X Non-restrictive
Observe the sentences below and discuss why one of
them have a punctuated adjective clause.
That is the man who sent us the invitation to the party.
The noun ‘man’ is not definite. We need the information
in the adjective clause ‘who sent us...’ to identify which
man is meant.
That is John, who sent us the invitation to the party.
Here, we already know which man is being referred to. He
has a name. The adjective clause simply gives additional
information.
21. Adjective Clauses
Adjective Pronouns – whose / where / when
Match the pronouns and their corresponding uses.
Pronouns Uses
3
_____ used to modify a noun of time
1. whose
1
_____ used to show possession
2. where
2
_____ used to modify a noun of place
3. when
22. Adjective Clauses
whose
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) The student writes well.
2) I read her composition.
The student whose composition I read writes well.
Can whose ever be ommited?
The student _____ NEVER I read writes well.
composition
23. Adjective Clauses
where
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) The building is very old.
2) He lives in the building.
The building where he lives is very old.
Is there any other possibility?
The building ___ / that / which he lives in is very old.
The building in which he lives is very old.
24. Adjective Clauses
when
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) I’ll never forget the day.
2) I met you on this day.
I’ll never forget the day when I met you.
Is there any other possibility?
I’ll never forget the day ___ / that / which I met you on.
I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.
25. Adjective Clauses
why
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) Do you know the reason?
2) I did it for this reason.
Do you know the reason why I did it?
Is there any other possibility?
Do you know the reason ___ / that / which I did it for?
Do you know the reason for which I did it?
26. Adjective Clauses
Modifiers before Relative Pronouns (I)
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) Rembrand’s “Windmill” is my favorite painting.
2) The original of Rembrand’s “Windmill” is at the
Metropolitan Museum.
Rembrand’s “Windmill,” the original of which is at the
Metropolitan Museum, is my favorite painting.
1) The students were called back by the professor.
2) Some of the students had already started to leave the
classroom.
The students, some of whom had already started to leave
the classroom, were called back by the professor.
27. Adjective Clauses
Modifiers before Relative Pronouns (II)
Join the sentences, using the second of them as an
adjective clause.
1) She owns several diamond rings.
2) The least expensive of them is worth a fortune.
She owns several diamond rings, the least expensive of
which is worth a fortune.
1) The agency sent us several applicants.
2) The most qualified of them was the first one.
The agency sent us several applicants, the most qualified
of whom was the first one.
28. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause) – The girl who is sitting next to me is Mai.
2. (Phrase) – The girl sitting next to me is Mai.
3. (Clause) – Thegirl who(m) I saw is Mai.
4. (Phrase) – NOT POSSIBLE
What can we conclude?
Only adjective clauses that have a subject
pronoun – who, which or that – are possible to be
reduced into adjective phrases.
29. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause - Phrase) –
The girl who is sitting next to me is Mai.
2. (Clause - Phrase) –
The man that was responsible for the error is here.
What can we conclude?
If the adjective clause contains the be form of a
verb, omit the relative pronoun – who, which or
that – and the be form.
30. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause - Phrase) –
Anyone who wanted to come with us was
wanting
welcome.
2. (Clause - Phrase) –
English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
consisting
What can we conclude?
If there is no be form of a verb in the adjective
clause, omit the relative pronoun and change the
verb to its present participle form.
31. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. (Clause - Phrase) –
The English alphabet, which consists of 26 letters,
consiting
is really easy for ELLs to learn.
2. (Clause - Phrase) –
Paris, which is the capital of France, is an
exciting city.
What can we conclude?
If the adjective clause requires commas, the
adjective phrase also requires commas.
Which one is called an appositive?
The one which is a noun phrase.
32. Adjective Clauses - Reduction
1. Do you know the man who is coming toward us?
2. We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern
Spain.
3. The photographs which were published in the
newspaper were extraordinary.
4. A myth is a story that expresses traditional beliefs.
5. Johnson’s ideas, which refuted the principle we are
studying, were presented in his first book.
