Foundations of Forgetting and Remembering (WP2 - ForgetIT 1st year review)

Concise Preservation by combining Managed
Forgetting and Contextualized Remembering

Professor Robert H Logie
University of Edinburgh
WP 2 Presentation
Foundations of Forgetting and
Remembering
ForgetIT 1st Review Meeting, April 29-30, 2014
Kaiserslautern, Germany

ForgetIT Project GA600826, 1st Review Meeting, Kaiserslautern, April 2014
Role in ForgetIT
Interdisciplinary role
– use conceptual foundations of human
memory to inspire design of digital
managed preservation and forgetting.

WP Objectives
• Conceptual foundations of remembering and forgetting:
individuals and organizations
• User expectations
• User evaluation
Focus of Year 1
• Human memory to inspire design of managed forgetting.
• Initial review of conceptual foundations
• Develop methods for user model, user expectations and evaluation
Objectives of WP and Year 1 Focus

PUBLIC EVENTS
PERSONAL EVENTS
Working Memory

Overloading Memory
Getting information off the internet is like
taking a drink from a fire hydrant

Information overload and accidental deletion
We might also
accidentally delete
emails that we need

If the balloon popped, the sound would not carry since
everything would be far away. A closed window would
prevent the sound from carrying. Since the whole
operation depends on the flow of electricity, a break in
the wire would also cause problems. The fellow could
shout, but the human voice is not loud enough to carry
that far. A string could break on the instrument, then
there would be no accompaniment to the message. The
best situation would involve less distance. Then there
would be fewer potential problems.
Reducing memory load with context

Reducing memory load with context

Preservation and Forgetting
Information no
longer needed
A B C
Forgetting
irrelevant detail
Forgetting without
context

Information no
longer needed
Digital Storage
Fire Hydrant Problem
A B C
Forgetting
irrelevant detail
Forgetting without
context

Information no
longer needed
Digital Storage
A B C
Forgetting
irrelevant detail
Preservation with context support

Information no
longer needed
Digital Storage
A B C
Forgetting
irrelevant detail
Managed digital preservation and forgetting
Archive or
Delete

A B C
Preservation with Relearning
Relearn Relearn Relearn

Porco=Pig
Porco?
Oca=Goose
Oca?
Porco?
Oca?
Giorno=Day
Giorno?
Porco?
Oca?
Sedia=Chair
Sedia?
Giorno?
Oca?
Porco?
Sedia?
Try this rapid re-learning technique for Italian

Porco=Pig
Porco?
Oca=Goose
Oca?
Porco?
Oca?
Giorno=Day
Giorno?
Porco?
Oca?
Sedia=Chair
Sedia?
Giorno?
Oca?
Porco?
Sedia?
Quickly re-learn before you forget
Learning is easier

WorkingMemory
KnowledgeBase
PERCEPTION
Episodic Memory Semantic Memory
(Events) (Knowledge)
Perception
Currently activated episodic and semantic memory
Working Memory
A conceptual model of human memory
Rapid and
substantial
forgetting
Preservation for
context
Updated <1 sec
Knowledge Base
Episodic
Memory
Semantic
Memory

Role in Preserve-or-Forget architecture
ForgetIT Architecture
WorkingMemory
KnowledgeBase
PERCEPTION
Episodic Memory Semantic Memory
(Events) (Knowledge)
Currently activated episodic and
semantic memory
Working Memory
Human Memory
Semantic
Desktop
TYPO 3
Middleware Archive
Knowledge Base
Episodic
Memory
Semantic
Memory
Perception

WP 2 Highlights from year 1
Use case – Digital photographs
• Surveys of digital photo use and user expectations
• Behavioural study of keep/delete photo decisions
• Link photos with recall of details

Aim of Surveys
Get data from large number of people on
How they categorize and manage photos
How they store and preserve/delete photos
Expectations for a ForgetIT system
Inform user requirements (WP9 and WP10)
Feature extraction and contextualisation (WP4 and WP6)
Build online and offline user pool for further evaluation

Surveys
Pilot Survey
Wide range of questions, getting qualitative data to help
frame questions
Test for shorter version during Photograph Study
Online Main Survey
Launched Dec 2013: English, German, Swedish, Italian,
Turkish, Greek, Czech and Chinese in preparation
http://tinyurl.com/forgetit-personal-preservation

Overview of Main Survey
Taking Photos:
how often, with what, of what
Searching and Managing Photos:
common solutions, common problems
Storing and Preserving Photos:
importance of preservation; how people store photos; which
precautions do they take
Free Comment:
about survey and ideas for preservation
About Yourself:
includes native language and country because we expect diversity
Keeping in Touch:
The Recruitment Vehicle

Highlight 2- Survey of photo use and organisation
Online Pilot Survey (D9.1): long;
qualitative data that shaped later multiple
choice questions
Paper and Pen During Festival Study:
pilot of shorter version,
Observation of particpants
Final Survey (D2.2): ~ 10
minutes, multiple
languages
N=146
N=74
N=386
and counting

Main Findings from Pilot Survey
Worry about losing digital photos, regardless of age
Most respondents ‘tech-savvy‘ - early adopters?
Care a great deal about privacy
Most use file managers to manage photos.
User has to remember:
where to put what
what has been put where
Particular problem with retrieving older photographs
Expectation of digital help with preservation

Keeping and Deleting Photos:
The Edinburgh Festival Photograph Use Case

Keeping and Deleting Photos in the Festival Study
DELETE
Aesthetics/
Random
DELETE
Not Typical
DELETE
Surplus
KEEP
Typical,
Subject
Matter,
Personal
KEEP
Reaction,
Personal,
Aesthetics
KEEP
Aesthetics,
Sharing



 
  



OVERALL FOLDER CATEGORY USE:
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
PERFORMANCE
BUILDINGS & DETAILS
VIEWS AND SCENES
FRINGE CONTEXT
LOCATION CONTEXT
RANDOM/PERSONAL
OTHER
TIME 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
TIME 2
TOTAL NUMBER OF TIMES CATEGORY USED AS FOLDER LABEL

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
T1 KEEP T2 KEEP
MEANPROPORTIONOFUSEABLEPHOTOSKEPT
PROPORTION OF USEABLE PHOTOS 'KEPT', BY GROUP
DAY
WEEK
MONTH
Proportion of useable photos kept by group

People consistent when deciding
what to keep, even a month later.
On average, participants deleted one
additional photo at time 2.
Why do People Keep Photos?

Analysing Human Recall – To Link with Photos
Time 1 (after 1 hour)
“ Erm…I can remember…the er…somebody who I
gather was a guy in kinda a warrior’s costume / he had
his helmet taken off / and just sitting down / having a
smoke / which was pretty good. / Erm. And then a
real building. / Erm, just up from…just kinda between
the… Castle and where we started off. / Which I’d
never actually seen before, / even though it’s obviously
been there 500 years, / it was pretty cool. / Umm, I
saw a motorbike / I really liked. / Er, and there was
whisky shops / and um…there was also…there was
some girl with / a massive/ sign / saying “The End is
Nigh”. / Which was pretty good. / Um. Yeah. A lot of
that kind of stuff, / just a lot of street performers / I got
a lot of leaflets as well. /”
Time 2 (after 1 week)
“There was…I remember one guy who was like
dressed up as some sort of monster, / sitting down /
just having a smoke / which was kinda cool. ….. /
and then there was erm… / there were some people
half doing a show, / I don’t exactly know what it was /
but it was girl with / a big / placard on… /
And it said “The end is nigh”. / Which was pretty funny.
/ Erm…I remember…that…and then… /
so that and then, / I kind of wandered around / and
looked in a few whisky shops. / I saw a motorbike / I
quite liked.…. / ”

Edinburgh Festival Study- 72 volunteers taking photographs. Keep-
delete decisions and interaction with human memory (D2.1).
Internet surveys of photograph use and user expectations. Pilot
(D9.1) and final version (launch Dec 2013) in multiple languages.
http://tinyurl.com/forgetit-personal-preservation
Literature review on personal and organizational memory and
forgetting (D2.2). Identified key features for digital preservation.
Identified cognitive perspective, behavioural perspective, social
perspective of organizational memory
Common threads: dynamic and reconstructive nature of personal
and organizational memory to reflect in the conceptual models.
Highlights in Year 1

January 2014: Robert Logie: Invited keynote " Working
Memory: Theory, Application and Technology" Taiwan
Society for Cognitive Neuroscience.
February 2014: Robert Logie: Invited keynote “Working
memory, cognitive training and managed digital
forgetting”. Invited keynote for Kyoto Programme on
Psychology and Education
Maria Wolters, Elaine Niven and Robert Logie (2014):
The Art of Deleting Snapshots. In: Proceedings of the
ACM SIGCHI Conference on Computer-Human
Interaction 2014, Toronto.
Publications

A Message to ForgetIT from Sherlock Holmes
“I consider that a person’s brain originally is like a little
empty attic, and you have to stock it with such furniture as
you choose. A fool takes in all of the lumber of every sort,
so that knowledge which might be useful gets crowded
out, or at best is jumbled up with a lot of other things. Now
the skillful person is very careful as to what is taken into
the brain-attic. There will be nothing but the tools which
may help to do work, but of these there is a large
assortment, and all in the most perfect order…… It is of
the highest importance not to have useless facts elbowing
out the useful ones.”
Arthur Conan Doyle (1887)
– Sherlock Holmes in ‘A Study in Scarlet’

Develop personal conceptual framework - T2.2
Photograph use and user expectations, multiple countries - T2.2
Analysis and follow up of personal recollections - T2.4
Evaluate PIMO in real life settings – T2.4
– conference and Edinburgh Festival
Use-Case studies – Spielwarenmesse and AKO Holding – T2.2
Operationalize, evaluate and fine-tune organizational conceptual
framework... - T2.5
...utilizing three case settings (Oxford, British Library, Centropa NGO)
WP 2 Plans for year 2

Foundations of Forgetting and Remembering (WP2 - ForgetIT 1st year review)

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