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Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in Perimenopausal Women
1. Management of
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
in Perimenopausal Women
Dr.Fariha Farooq
Assoc.Prof.Obs & Gynae
Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College
2.
3. Perimenopause
• Perimenopause (around menopause) is a
transition phase, begins several years
before menopause.
• Estrogen levels gradually decline.
• Irregular menstrual periods, hot flashes,
vaginal dryness, sleep disturbances, and
mood swings are common, normal signs of
perimenopause.
6. Anovulatory Bleeding
• Corpus luteum is not produced
– Ovary fails to secrete progesterone
– Continuous, unopposed E stimulation of
endometrium:
• Endometrial proliferation without P-induced
differentiation / stabilization
– Endometrium becomes excessively
vascular without stromal support
fragility and irregular endometrial
bleeding
9. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
New Terminology by FIGO
Term HMB (Heavy mentrual bleeding)
has replaced the term Menorrhagia:
Bleeding that occurs at regular intervals,
loss of ≥ 80 mL blood per
DUB has been replaced by
BEO(Bleeding of Endometrial origin)
26. Anovulatory Bleeding:
Later Reproductive Age (40-Menopause)
• Incidence of anovulatory bleeding
increases due to declining ovarian
function.
• Incidence of endometrial CA in women
40-49 years: 36.2/100,000
• All women >40 yrs who present with
suspected anovulatory bleeding merit
endometrial bipsy.
29. Diagnosis of Abnormal uterine
bleeding
• Medical history
• Physical examination
• Laboratory tests
• Imaging tests
30. • Age of onset of menses
• Frequency/duration of menses
• Quantity of flow,number of pads,passage of
clots and flooding
• Intermenstrual bleeding
• Postcoital bleeding
• Dyspyerunia
• Use of contraceptives/medication
• Family history of menarche,
menopause,malignancy
AUB-History
31. AUB-History
• Pelvic Pain
• Postcoital pain
• Vaginal Discharge
• Excessive bruising/bleeding from other
sites
• History of post partum haemorrhage
• Family history of bleeding problems
• Urinary symptoms
• Weight change ,heat or cold intolerance
• Stress
33. Examination
• GPE
Assess for obesity, hirsutism, stigmata of
thyroid disease (hypothyroidism associated
with anovulation), signs of
hyperprolactinemia (visual field testing,
galactorrhea)
• ABDOMINAL EXAMINATION
Abdominal masses
34. • CBC,Coagulation screen
– Assays for thyroid hormone
• HVS,endocervical swab,Pap smear
• Pelvic ultrasound
– Abdominal/Transvaginal Ultrasonography (TVS)
– Sonohysterography,saline infusion
• Endometrial biopsy
– Endometrial sampling by Pipelle
– Hysteroscopy
– Dilation and Curettage (D&C)
Biopsy should be performed as first line test(ACOG)
• Aged >45 years
• Irregular or intermenstrual bleeding
CT scan and MRI(special circumstances))
Laboratory and Imaging Tests
43. Composition
•Composed of estradiol-17 valerate and cyproterone
acetate
* Presented in calendar packs of 21 tablets each
* First 11 tablets contain estrogen only; the other 10
contain
both hormones
Climen
44. Contraindications of HRT
• PREVIOUS THROMBOEMBOLIC
DISEASE
• IMPAIRED LFT/ LIVER DISEASE
• CARCINOMA BREAST
• CARCINOMA ENDOMETRIUM
• FIBROIDS &ENDOMETRIOSIS(relative)
HYPERTENTION,DIABETES,CARDIO
-VASCULAR DISEASE ARE NOT C/I
47. What is Mirena®
used for?
Indications:
–Contraception
–Treatment of heavy menstrual
bleeding (idiopathic menorrhagia)
–Protection from endometrial
hyperplasia during oestrogen
replacement therapy
48. Endometrial effects with Mirena®
Before Mirena®
Endometrial changes
Ovulation
Menstruation
Reduced
menstruation
After Mirena®
Ovulation
52. • Defintion:
Post menopausual bleeding is defined as:
vaginal bleeding after the menopause in
women who are not taking HRT.
• Aetiology:
• Atrophic vaginitis
• Endometerial polyp
• Endometerial hyperplasia
• Endometerial carcinoma
• Cervical carcinoma
Post menopausal bleeding
53. MANAGEMENT OF PMB
Diagnosis Management
Atrophic vaginitis Topical oestrogen cream, oestrogen pessaries or
estringTM
oestrogen ring pessary.
Cervical polyp Remove via speculum examination using polyp forceps
Endometrial polyp Remove under direct visualization at hysteroscopy
Simple
hyperplasia
Progestogens: oral preparation or LNG-IUS (Mirena)
Complex
hyperplasia
Progestogens: oral preparation or LNG-IUS (Mirena)
Atypical
hyperplasia
Total abdominal hysterectomy as significant risk of
progression to malignancy.
Endometrial
cancer
Total abdominal hysterectomy + BSO + Washings ±
adjuvant therapy.
There are three indications for Mirena®:
Contraception
Treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding (idiopathic menorrhagia)
Endometrial protection during oestrogen replacement therapy.
This presentation will focus on the use of Mirena® for the treatment of
heavy menstrual bleeding.
Currently, Mirena® is marketed in 113 countries and has market authorisation in a further 15 countries. As of December 2012, there have been 28.4 million cumulative Mirena® placements since launch, corresponding to 83.4 million cumulative women-years of experience.
This figure shows the endometrial changes that occur with Mirena use, compared with the ‘normal’ cyclical changes observed without Mirena® use.
Mirena® induces profound morphological and biochemical changes in the endometrium, mainly as a result of the high endometrial levonorgestrel concentration. This downregulates endometrial oestrogen and progesterone receptors, making the endometrium insensitive to circulating oestradiol (thereby suppressing endometrial growth).1,2
After only a couple of months of Mirena® use, the glands of the endometrium atrophy, the stroma becomes swollen and decidual, the mucosa thins and the epithelium becomes inactive. Vascular changes include a thickening of arterial walls, suppression of the spiral arterioles and capillary thrombosis.3 An inflammatory reaction characterised by an increase in neutrophils, lymphocytes,
plasma cells and macrophages is described3,4 and focal stromal necrosis may also occur.2,4
The endometrium becomes uniformly atrophic and suppressed within 3 menstrual cycles after Mirena® placement,3 and persists in this thin, inactive state with no further histological development taking place over the long-term.2
The initial changes in the endometrium caused by Mirena® may be associated with irregular bleeding or spotting, particularly in the first few months of treatment. With Mirena® use, once the endometrial effects are established, bleeding becomes less in quantity than usual, or may cease altogether.
Following Mirena® removal, the morphological changes in the endometrium revert to ‘normal’, and menstruation has been reported from as early as the first month afterwards.5
References
Pakarinen PI, et al. Hum Reprod 1998; 13: 1846–53.
Silverberg SG, et al. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1986; 5: 235–41.
Zhu PD, et al. Contraception 1989; 40: 425–38.
Phillips V, et al. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56: 305–7.
Nilsson CG & Lahteenmaki P. Contraception 1977; 15: 389–400.