1. Citation & Referencing
1

2. Introduction
• Citation and referencing are germane when writing
academic reports.
• Sources of your information and data in your
dissertation or thesis need to be duly acknowledged.
• Generally, the following are two main styles of
referencing:
- APA (American Psychological Association) style
- Chicago styles
• APA referencing style is recommended for this class.
2

3. What is Citation?
• Citation is a quotation from or reference to a
book, journal article etc.
• It is a way of informing your readers that
certain passage or information from your work
is from another source.
3

4. What is Bibliography?
• Bibliography consist of a full reference list of
all sources consulted in the process of writing
your report but not cited in your report.
• This includes some background readings.
4

5. What is Referencing?
• Referencing is acknowledging the sources of
information used in your report. It link citation
in the main text to the reference list.
• Reference list contains all sources consulted
and cited in your work.
5

6. Citation in your work
• Citation in your thesis direct readers to the
reference list at the end of your report.
• The following are examples of how citation is
done in your work.
Example 1: One author
Adebiyi (2015, p.20) illustrate the importance of
prayer...
The importance of prayer was illustrated by
(Adebiyi, 2015)
6

7. Citation in your work
Form of citations
1. Adebiyi (2011) for single author
2. Adebiyi and Oladipupo (2011) for two
authors
3. Adebiyi et al., 2011. for more than two
authors
7

8. Citation in your work
• When citing the work of one author found in the work
of another you should acknowledge that you did not
consult the original source.
Example
Supporting evidence appears in a study by Black (cited in
Smith and Jones, 1999, p.64).
• “Cited in“ indicates that the reference to Black‟s study
was found in Smith and Jones. Include only Smith and
Jones (1999) in your reference list.
8

9. Citation in your work
• For articles in edited works, cite under the
name of the author(s) of the paper, not under
the name of the editor.
• (“edited work” means a book which is a
collection of papers by various different
people).
9

10. Citation in your work
• If an author (or a pair or group of authors) have published
more than one work in the same year, and you want to
refer to more than one of them, simply writing the
author‟s name and year will not show which one you
mean.
• So add “a”, “b” etc to the year. Remember to use the date
and the letter when including the reference in your list at
the end of your report, essay etc.
Example
• Smith (1999a, p.23) argued that the HCI approach was
unsound. Subsequently, however, he changed his mind
(Smith 1999b, p.71) and maintained that it was a very
valuable approach.
10

11. Citation in your work
• To cite a website with a known author use
only the name of the author followed by the
year the page was last updated.
Example
• Norton (2007) maintains that many firewalls
are not kept up to date and are therefore
useless.
11

12. Citation in your work
• If you have cited a particular source, and want to refer to it
again, put the word “ibid” in brackets rather than the name
or names and year. The word “ibid” is another Latin term
that means "the source which I just cited". (This only works
if you haven’t put any other citations between the place
where you mention the source first and the place where
you mention it next. If that’s not the case, don’t use ibid,
just repeat the name or names and year).
Example
• An interesting survey of work on the Travelling Salesman
Problem appears in Miller and Pekny (1991, p.21). This
paper describes a number of approximation methods that
have achieved solutions to the “n” city problem where “n”
is in the range of thousands or hundreds of thousands.
They also describe (ibid, p.41) an algorithm that finds exact
solutions for some special case problems of similar size. 12

13. Referencing
APA style
Adebiyi A.A. (2011) “Stock Price Prediction”
Journal of Computer Science Vol.5 No.2 pages
10-29. or
• Adebiyi A.A. (2011) “Stock Price Prediction”
Journal of Computer Science 5(2), 10-29.
• Adebiyi A.A. and Oladipupo O.O.(2011) “Stock
Price Prediction” Journal of Computer Science
Vol.5 No.2 pages 10-29.
13

14. Referencing Cont’d
Books
Adebiyi A.A. (2011) Introduction to ICT, 2nd ed. Durban:
Dominion Press Ltd.
An article from an edited book
Adebayo, D. (2000) “Solution to Cyber Crime” in Oladipupo, O.O
and Adebiyi A.A (eds) Management Information System.
Durban: Dominion press.
Unpublished manuscript cited.
Akinyemi I.A. (2010). Guidelines for playing Ayo Game.
Unpublished manuscripts, Covenant University, Durban.
14

15. Referencing Cont’d
• Chicago Style
Adebiyi A.A. “Stock Price Prediction” Journal of
Computer Science Vol.5 No.2 pages 10-29
2011.
15

16. Question Time
16