Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon that are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They can be classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides depending on their size. Monosaccharides like glucose are the basic units that cannot be broken down further, while polysaccharides consist of over 10 monosaccharide units bonded together. Important carbohydrates include starch, a homopolysaccharide of glucose found in plants; and sucrose, a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. Hyaluronic acid is a heteropolysaccharide found in connective tissues.

2. CARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATES
 Carbohydrates are hydrates of carbon.They are
primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.
 Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are present in the
ratio 1:2:1 and are represented bya general
formula CnH2nOn.
 They are polyhydroxyaldehydes or the ketones
which are held together by a glycosidic bond
 They are very important because they supply
energy and serve as a structural constituents in
metabolic activities.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATESCLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES
CARBOHYDRATES
SUGARS NON-SUGARS
POLYSACCHARIDE
MONOSACCHARIDE OLIGOSACCHARIDE
ALDOSES
KETOSES
HOMOPOLY
SACCHARIDE
HETEROPOL
Y
SACCHARIDE
DISACCHARIDE TRISACCHARIDE TETRA AND
SO ON

4. MONOSACCHARIDEMONOSACCHARIDE
• Monosaccharides AreThe Most Basic CarbohydratesWhich
Cannot Be Further Hydrolysed Into Simple Form.
• They Are Colourless Soluble InWater And Crystalline In
Nature.
• They AreThe Building Blocks OfThe Dissacharides And
The Polysaccharides.
• Based On Number Of Carbons (3, 4, 5, 6), A
Monosaccharide Is ATriose,Tetrose, Pentose Or Hexose
• Depending OnThe Functional GroupThey Are Classified
Either As Aldoses Or Ketoses.

5. GlucoseGlucose
 Glucose IsThe Simplest Carbohydrate And
Cannot Be Further Hydrolysed.
 The Molecular Formula Of Glucose
Is C6h12o6.
 In Greek Glucose Actually Means “Sweet
Wine” .
 Glucose Is Present InThe Blood Of Animals
And Hence Is Also Called As “Blood Sugar”.
 It IsVery Important Source Of Power
InThe Cellular Respiration.
STRUCTURE
OF GLUCOSE

6. OLIGOSACCHARIDE
In Greek Oligo Means Few And Saccharidde Means
Sugar.
They Can Be Further Hydrolysed IntoTwoToTen
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides Can Have Many Functions
Including Cell Recognition And Cell Binding.
Depending UponThe MonosaccharidesTheyYield
After HydrolysisThey Are Classified As:
Disaccharides,Trisaccharides,and So On.

7. SUCROSESUCROSE
 Sucrose is made up of α-D-glucose & β-D-fructose.They
are held together by a glycosidic bond.
 It is also called as cane sugar and is mostly produced by
the sugar cane and sugar beets.
 Sucrose is an important source
of dietary carbohydrate.
 It is more sweeter than other
common sugars and so it is
employed as a sweetening agent
in food industries

8. POLYSACCHARIDESPOLYSACCHARIDES
oPolysaccharides consists of more than 10 units of
monosaccharides which are held together by glycosidic
bonds.
oPolysaccharides are linear as well as branched polymers in
contrast to the proteins and the nucleic acids which have
only linear structure.
oThey bond by the glycosidic linkage due to the presence of
the hydroxyl group on the monosaccharides.;
oPolysaccharides are of two types:
1.HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES
2.HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES

9. HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDESHOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES
This are the polysaccharides which yield only
a single type of monosaccharide on
hydrolysis.In greek, homo means same,poly
means many and saccharides means sugar
and therefore it is named as the
Homopolysaccharides
So they are named after the monosaccharide
units they yield.
Thus we can say that the glucans are the
polymers of the glucose while fructosans are
the polymers of the fructose.

10. STARCHSTARCH
Starch is the most important dietary source for
higher animals including man.
It is the carbohydrates reserve in the plants
High content of the starch is found in the
cereals,roots tubers,vegetables, etc….
Starch is a homopolymer
formed by the
α-glycosidic linkage of the
D-glucose units.
It is also known as the
glucosan.

11. HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDESHETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES
When the polysaccahrides are composed of the different
types of the sugar of their derivatives,they are referred to as
heteropolysaccharides or heteroglycans.
Mucopolysaccharides:
They are heteroglycans made up of repeating units of
sugar derivatives,namely amino sugars and uronic acids.
These are commonly known as glycosaminoglycans (GAG).
Some of the mucopolysaccharides are found in
combination with proteins to form mucoproteins or
mucoids or proteoglycans.
They may contain upto 95% of carbohydrates and 5%
proteins

12. HYALURONIC ACIDHYALURONIC ACID
 Hyaluronic acid is an important GAG found in the ground
substance of synovial fluids of joints and vitreous humour
of eyes.
 It is also present in connective tissues,and forms a gel
around the ovum

13. PRODUCED BY:PRODUCED BY:
FREEDOM TO LEARN.FREEDOM TO LEARN.
AN EASY WAY TO LEARN FROM HOME.AN EASY WAY TO LEARN FROM HOME.
LECTURE BY:LECTURE BY:
SYED FAIZAN KHANSYED FAIZAN KHAN
PLEASE SUBSCRIBE,LIKE AND SHARE….PLEASE SUBSCRIBE,LIKE AND SHARE….
TO DOWNLOAD THIS PPT GO TO THE LINK
GIVEN IN DESCRIPTION.
THANK YOU.THANK YOU.
KEEP WATCHING KEEP LEARNING.KEEP WATCHING KEEP LEARNING.