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JSMS-VOL.9-NO.1-3 (2).pdf

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FaizahAlmutiri

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‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎد‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) 9 ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 1 ، ‫ص‬ JSMS.2019.0103 10.33168 / DOI: 48-68 1816-6075 ISSN ، (‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﺎﻋ‬ ‫)ﻃ‬ 1818-0523 ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫)ﻋ‬ (‫ﺖ‬‫ﺘﺮﻧ‬ ‫اﻹﻧ‬ .‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮرﻗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ُﻌﺰى‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﻓﻊ‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺪا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺤﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫اﻧ‬ ‫أﺷﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ 2015-2016 ، ‫وﺧﻼف‬ ‫أﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻚ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ‬ ، ‫ﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫ﺘﺮاع‬ ‫واﺧ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫أﻣﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ .‫إﻟﺦ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺂﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺮادا‬ ‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺰي‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ 2015 ‫إﱃ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫"ﻧﻤﻮذج‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺎﺟﻴ‬ ‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻗ‬ "‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎدر‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ 1) ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ 2) ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺎﺟﻴ‬ ‫إﻧ‬ ‫ﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ 3) ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 4) ‫ﺘﺮاع‬ ‫اﺧ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﻇﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 2030. ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺰي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 4 ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫دوﻻر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎرا‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ، ‫ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ُﺰﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ McKinsey ‫ﺴﻠﻂ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻤ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‬ :‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺮوﻛﻴﻤﺎو‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺘﺎج‬ ‫واﻹﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺰ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺠﻤﻠ‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺘﺮﺣﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫واﻟﺮﻋﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻮ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫رواﻓﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫إﺟﻤﺎﻟ‬ .‫ﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 2030. ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺰي‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺆوﻟﻴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺆوﻟﻴ‬‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﺮ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﺪاف‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫"ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻮﻗ‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺎﻟ‬ "‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺪ‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫إﻋﺪاده‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻷدوار‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻌ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬ " ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪ‬ ."‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫وﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻲء‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻮك‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺪوﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ًا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟﻴ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻴ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻃﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وﻣﺤﺪدا‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ .‫واﻟﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪف‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرا‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻲء‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﺷﺎﻣﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﻢ‬‫ﻗ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ، ‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎ‬ faisal22_uhsa@gmail.com 48 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ 2030: ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ Machine Translated by Google
1 ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣ‬ 49 / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﺪأ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ، ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻟ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺋﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮا‬ ‫ﻳﺮة‬ ‫ﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻷﻛﺎد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺪﻋﺎء‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ 200 ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ، ‫ب‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻮا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫زال‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤ‬ ‫وﻣﺮاﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﺤﺎء‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﻷﺣﺪا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺆوﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﻮد‬ ‫ﻷﻣﻴﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺛﻴ‬ ‫)اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻴﺪي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫وآﺧﺮون‬ 2018). ‫ت‬ ‫وﺷﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷزﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫)رؤ‬ 2018). ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إﺧﻔﺎﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺿﺮر‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻢ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻗ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫أﻣﻮر‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺜﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻔﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ .‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫واﻟﻤ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺎر‬ ‫وﻗﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻄﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ 100 ‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎر‬ ‫دوﻻر‬ ‫ﻲء‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫"أ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدا‬ ‫اﻗ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫وأوﺟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪد‬ ‫ﺘﻼس‬ ‫اﻻﺧ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻣﺪى‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮد‬ ". ‫ﺖ‬‫وﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻤﻠ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ء‬‫ﺟﺰ‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺿﺮور‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺮار‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟ‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺛﻼ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮا‬ ، ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﻼﺷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺜﻘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫وأورو‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻ‬ ‫اﻹﻓﻼس‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺘﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻤﻠ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻌ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫إﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪف‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﺟ‬ ‫ﺬوره‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎم‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﺰا‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷزﻣﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺮداد‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻷﻣﻮال‬ ‫ا‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺘﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 1998 ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫وآ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺒﺮاز‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬ :‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺎﺣﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030 ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻃﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺿﻮء‬ ‫اﻹﻃﺎر‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺼﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ 2030. ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺪﻣ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮرﻗ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫وﺻﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺣﺼﺎء‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ووزارة‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺘﻜﻤﻠ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫وﻗﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺘﻄﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫درا‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫إﺿﺎﻓﻴ‬ Machine Translated by Google
2. ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﺣﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرا‬ / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 50 ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻵن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدا‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻧﻜﻮن؛‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺠ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﺆ‬ .‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫رﺻﺪ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاح‬ ، ‫ﺜﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺰز‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬ 2018). Majid and (Krane ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺰا‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ودور‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﺆ‬ ‫ﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴ‬ (IFC) ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ، ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮص‬ .‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ .‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻋﻮاﻗ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أﻋﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ، ‫ث‬ ‫ﻷﺣﺪا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﻳﻮن‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﺎﻣﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺰا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺸﺪ‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎرا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷزﻣﺎ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ﻳﺪرك‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫وﺻﻨﺎع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﺤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﻮز‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻠ‬ ‫وﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮة‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫إزاﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺒﺤ‬ ‫أﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻳﻀ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻔ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺎرا‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻮاق‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إﺻﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫أﻧﻈﻤ‬ .‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻊ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷزﻣﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮء‬ .‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺎءﻟ‬‫وﻣ‬ ‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﺤﻬﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷدوا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻳﺎدة‬ ‫وز‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻛﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺒﺤ‬ ‫أﺻ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮد‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎوف‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أﺻﺤﺎ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻳﻀ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ز‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺠﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎرا‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ، ‫ﻳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺰز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴ‬ ‫ورﻓﺎ‬ .‫ﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺴﻮق‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮض‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻮى‬ .‫ﺴﻮق‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺟﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﻄﻮرا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ Machine Translated by Google
3. ‫اﻟﻬﺪف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرا‬ / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 51 • ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫﻮر‬ ‫ﺘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷزﻣ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ 2008-2009 ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻣﺎ‬‫اﻻﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﺷﺮط‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ • ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫واﻹﻃﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺑﻐﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴ‬ ‫واﻹﻓﺼﺎح‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫واﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻼزﻣ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻮازي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻄﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ .‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺛﻴﻘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ • ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫أد‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬ .‫ﺒﺎري‬ ‫إﺟ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜ‬ ‫ﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺆﺧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫أﺻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻲء‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاق‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﺮؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻴﺠﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺮا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030: ‫اﻟﻘﺎدة‬ ‫واﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫رﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮأة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدا‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺠ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺆول‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻠ‬ ‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ﺷﺮق‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫وأﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻴﻨﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ورو‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺌ‬ .‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ • ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫دور‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴ‬ ‫رﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺎن‬‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ • ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030 ‫ﺳﻮاق‬ ‫أ‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫وﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮص‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﺌ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ Machine Translated by Google
/ ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 52 H1: ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وأزﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ CG. ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻹﻃﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎرن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺮ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻨ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺜﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪوﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺛﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ • ‫ﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺮاﺣﺎ‬ ‫اﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺟﻬﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ 2030 ‫إﻃﺎر‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻒ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫واﻟﺪرا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫وﺻﻔ‬ ، ‫ﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﺑﻄ‬ ، ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎول‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرا‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺎر‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺼﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺮوﻧﻴ‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎون‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺪان‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺠﻼ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ذا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻤﻌ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻴ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﻀﻴ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ، ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮي‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫واﻹﺣﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ، ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﺮوري‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺪأ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ازداد‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺄداة‬ H2: ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030 ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺣﺪد‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺄداة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ 2015 McKinsey ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺮاح‬ ‫واﻗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻗﺮارا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺘﻐﻠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ 4. ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﺮرا‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺒﺤ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫ﻓ‬ 5. ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺒﺤ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ 6. ‫دور‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ Machine Translated by Google
/ ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 53 ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺑﻤﻮﺟ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻌﻜ‬ ‫ﻵن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺛﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﺨﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻌﻠﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻦ‬‫ﻳﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫رأس‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺪاﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ - ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺮز‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺎره‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺮوﻛﻴﻤﺎو‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪا‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻄ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺮﻛ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸ‬ ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺨ‬ .‫ﺒﻠﺪان‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺳﺎءة‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻠﻄ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫ﺴﻮ‬‫واﻟﻤﺤ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺪا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻗﻮ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻬﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮزﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻼ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫ﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺪاﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﺤﺎء‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺎذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮارا‬ .‫وﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻮة‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻏﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻨ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜ‬ ‫ﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ (FCPA) ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻮة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻮ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻄﺎء‬ .‫واﻹﺧﻔﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻘﺮار‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮاﻛ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ .‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم‬ ‫رﺷﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ، ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ .‫ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻮك‬‫اﻟ‬ :‫ﺘﺠﺎري‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎون‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻮة‬ ‫ﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ (UN) ‫ﺳﻄﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻮ‬ (WASTA) ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻌ‬ ‫ﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ .‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﺴﺎواة‬‫واﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺳﻰ‬ ‫أر‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺴﺎن‬‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫إﺟﻤﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻮﺻﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ .‫ﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫أﻣﻮر‬ .‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎر‬ ‫ﺘﺰاز‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫واﻟﺮﺷﻮة‬ ‫ﺒﺪأ‬ ‫واﻟﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎق‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻣﻢ‬ ، ‫ﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺰف‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺛﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﺷﺮﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺎص‬ ، ‫ا‬ً‫ﺮ‬‫أﺧﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨ‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫ﺬور‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وأﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺬرة‬ ‫ﺘﺠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺒﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻟـ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺎءﻟ‬‫واﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺑﺤﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺆوﻟﻴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ Machine Translated by Google
/ ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 54 ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻢ‬‫ﺗﻘ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ :‫ﺴﺆال‬‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺆ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻳﻀ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌ‬ • ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺳﻮق‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ (SCMA): 2004 ‫ﻷول‬ ‫ا‬ ً‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ (2006) ، ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟ‬ ‫"ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﺋﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻠ‬ ‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎء‬ ". ‫ﺳﻮ‬ ‫رو‬ .‫ﺴﻮن‬‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻨ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎ‬ (FCPA) ‫وﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻮة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ (UKBA) ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺤﺎوﻟ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻣ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ • ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ 1965: ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻳﻌ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺪا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻷول‬ ‫ا‬ (2006) ، ‫"ﻛﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺤﺎﺟ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫أﺷﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ CG ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬ .‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻼ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻷﻛﺎد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ 2030 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ .‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺘﻄ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ CG ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ SCC ‫و‬ SMCI ‫و‬ SOCPA ‫و‬ SHEC. ‫وﻣﻊ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺰال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎون‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻔﻴﻀ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺨ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫وأوراق‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷﻃﺮوﺣﺎ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 2006. ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ر‬‫أدوا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺧﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﺮؤ‬ 2030 ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺠ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ت؟‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ " ، ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫واﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻄﻮرة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻄ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻷول‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺴﻮق‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼ‬ ‫أﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻋ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺤﺎوﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻮا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻷواﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫وﻗ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 7. ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫وأﻧﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 8. ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻷد‬ ‫ا‬ Machine Translated by Google
55 / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮاﻧ‬ ‫)اﻟﺰ‬ 2013). ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﺴﻮق‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻷول‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻧ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣ‬ 2006 ‫و‬ 2008 ، ‫ﻻ‬ ، ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫دي‬ ، ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻼﻧﻴ‬ ، ‫ﺷﻠﻴﻔﺮ‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫وﻓﻴﺸﻨ‬ (2002) ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫أﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺤﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ، ‫إذن‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻂ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻹﻃﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫إﺻﺪار‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺪا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 2006 ، ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﺴﻮق‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻷول‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 2006 ، ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﺮة‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ GC ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﺤﺎء‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪ‬ .‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻀ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎء‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫اﻹﻓﺼﺎح‬ .‫ﺷﻔﺎف‬ ‫وﻣﻊ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﻧ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أﺻﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ .‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫إﻃﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ 2011). (Koldertsova ، ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫")اﻟﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮاﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﺰ‬ 2013). ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺟﺎء‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﺮاح‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺧﺪﻣ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻨﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫إﺣﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺠ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻮا‬ ‫ﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬ .‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟ‬ ، ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﺆوﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ .‫ﻗﻮي‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻃﻮﻋﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫إﻟﺰاﻣﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻤﻠﻮﻛ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺟﺎدﻟ‬ (2011) ، Koldertsova ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ 1965] .‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻴﺠ‬ ‫وﻧ‬ ، ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻰ‬ ‫"ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻘ‬‫وﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ SCL ‫ﺔ‬‫]اﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴ‬ ‫واﻹﻓﺼﺎح‬ ‫ﺘﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫وﻣﻊ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺰال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺒﻂء‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓﺎدﺣ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮوض‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷوﻟﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣ‬ 2006 ‫و‬ 2008 ، ‫و‬ CG Saudi ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫أﺻ‬ ‫ﺘﺰام‬ ‫اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﺑﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫إﻟﺰاﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 2010 ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮاﻧ‬ ‫)اﻟﺰ‬ 2013). ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮز‬ ‫ﺑﺎح‬ ‫ﻷر‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻷﻋﲆ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫واﻻﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺰال‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺰام‬ ‫اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮا‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺳﺎس‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫"اﻻﻣ‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮاﻧ‬ ‫)اﻟﺰ‬ "‫ﺴﻴﺮ‬‫ﺘﻔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ 2013). ‫وﻗﺪ‬ ‫دل‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺟﻬﻬﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺮو‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻘﺎرﻧ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﺤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ Machine Translated by Google
/ ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 56 ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ :‫ﺑﻌﺎ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫وﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ،‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮن‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺪول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وﺟﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫أﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ Means. and Berle ‫)ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮر‬ ، ‫وآﺧﺮون‬ 2002). ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎون‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ (OECD) .‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮن‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫)ﻛﻮﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫أوﻟﺌﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ (‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ، ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪي‬ ‫ﺘﺮاض‬ ‫اﻓ‬ (1932) Means and Berle's ‫ﺳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮز‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎق‬ ‫ﺳﻊ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪى‬ ‫ﻳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻴﺠ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻸﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺪي‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ :‫واﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ 75٪ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ .‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪدا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ّ ‫ﻛ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﺛﺎﻧ‬ ‫وﺟﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻫﺆﻻء‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻔﺮﻃ‬ ‫وﺟﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺠﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰز‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ً‫ﻻ‬‫أو‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺒﻠﺪان‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺪا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔ‬ ، ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫واﻹﻓﺼﺎح‬ ‫ﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ٍ‫ﻋﺎل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ .‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻠﻄ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ (1932). Means and Berle ، ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ 27 ، ‫ﺔ‬‫دوﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ "(1999). ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ CG ‫ﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ .‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫درا‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪف‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﻀﻠ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إﺻﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫)ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮر‬ ، ‫وآﺧﺮون‬ 2002). ، ً‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺧﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮر‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ، ‫وآﺧﺮون‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫"اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﻮن‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﻷﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ا‬ 25٪ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ، ‫ﻫﻴﺮ‬ ‫)اﻟﺰ‬ 2008). ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻴ‬ ‫ﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫وو‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ .‫ﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ Machine Translated by Google
57 / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، ‫ﺒﺎع‬ ‫إﻧﻄ‬ 9. ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮه‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺜﺮوة‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﻄﻮرا‬ ‫واﻟ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺘﻄﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮا‬ ‫"اﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻷو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺮاﺣﻪ‬ ‫اﻗ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺮح‬ CG. ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ، ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺷﺮح‬ (2005) Volpin and Pagano ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺮﻗﻠ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻄﻮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻨﻮا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ُﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻷد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﺮح‬ ‫ﻳﻘ‬ (2008) Gourvevitch ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ CG ‫ﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻄ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ 2017). Lang، Djankov، "(Claessens، ، ‫ت‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻄﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﺼ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺣﺪه‬ ‫ﻷدﻧﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ 2001). (Coffee ، ،‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺰي‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ 2015 ، ‫ﺳﻮف‬ ‫ﺘﺮﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻴﺰا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫رأ‬ Crony ، ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺰروﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ IFRS ‫و‬ OECD ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ CG. ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ، ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺧﻤ‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫ﻋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ (1932) Means and Berle ‫ﺘﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﺒﻠﺪان‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ّ ‫ﻛ‬‫ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030 ‫ﺘﺮض‬ ‫اﻓ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻀﺞ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫أ‬ ". ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﻹﺻﻼح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻘ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ر‬‫ﺿﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻳﻀ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺧ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬ .‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺋﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻷﻃﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻬﻮﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫أي‬ :‫ﺖ‬‫وﻗ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻔ‬ ‫ﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻓﺮض‬ [‫]ق‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫"ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺮح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘ‬ " Machine Translated by Google
‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ :‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻦ‬‫ﺘﺤﻤ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺮاﺿﺎ‬ ‫اﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺪرﺟ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻫﻠ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫زوا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﺌﻠ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻧﻄﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺻﺮاﻣ‬ ، "‫"اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫وﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴ‬ ‫رﻓﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ "‫ﺐ‬‫"ﻛﺠﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ .‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﺎدرا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷزﻣﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮأ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫‟ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻌ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻨ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺤﺎﺟ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ .‫ب‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻮا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺎدل‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻻﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮ‬ " ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ .‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻷد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮة‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺪاول‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق‬ ‫ﻷوراق‬ ‫ا‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻤﻦ‬ 17 ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ .‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺮى‬ (2013) Morland ‫أن‬ CG ‫ﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻟ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺛﻼ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻟ‬ ‫إدارة‬ 68 ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺻﻞ‬ 168 ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻴﻤﻨﺎن‬ ‫ﺴﺎن‬‫ﺘﻨﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ CG ‫ﺒﻌﺎن‬ ‫ﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎق‬ ‫ﺳﻊ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫أد‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫و‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻷد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺜﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺪاوﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺳﻌﺪ‬ ) 2015). ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻤﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ 41٪ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮ‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻻﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎء‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫إﻃﺎر‬ ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺪ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻳﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫واﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أﺻﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤ‬ ‫ﺗﻮن‬ ‫ﻳﺄ‬ H1: ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷزﻣ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫رأ‬ .‫ﻣﺤﺪدة‬ ،‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻴﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ، ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺛﻼ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأ‬ ”(2013). ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻻﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻗﺎرا‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫أﺻ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻲء‬ ‫ﺷ‬ / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 58 Machine Translated by Google
8 ‫اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ‬ 10 8 ‫أﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫رﺿﺎ‬ 6 ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮان‬ 9 9 9 ‫اﻟﺰاﻣﻞ‬ 10 7 11 28 8 ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻛ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ 7 ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠ‬ 10 ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ 5 :‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺪ‬ (2015) ‫ﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ 18 ‫ﻣﺎرس‬ 2015 9 ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺰ‬ 6 10 ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺟﺤ‬ 10 4 11 ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺴﻮ‬‫اﻟ‬ 9 7 9 ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ‬ 5 9 ‫ﺴﻴﻒ‬‫اﻟ‬ 9 9 ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﻞ‬ 7 11 ‫ﺗﺸﺎرك‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ 25 ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟﻴﻦ‬ 9 ‫ﻳﺠﺮي‬ ‫ﺘﻮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ 5 6 9 9 11 9 ‫ﺴﻰ‬‫اﻟﻌﻴ‬ 14 ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺪي‬ 9 7 10 ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ 5 9 8 ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬ 1: ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻴﺦ‬ 6 9 11 ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ 13 28 / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 59 ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ورد‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ OECD ‫اﻟﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ Koldertsova ، ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻨﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫إﺣﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺰال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺒﻂء‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ (2017). ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻋ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫إﻟﺰاﻣ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ 8 Machine Translated by Google
‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ، ‫ﻫﻴﺮ‬ ‫)اﻟﺰ‬ 2008). ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫﻜ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ذا‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎدة‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻜ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺎ‬ ‫ذا‬ (Nurunnabi ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﺼ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ً ‫ﺿﺌﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﺌ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ (2013). Morland ‫ﻣﻮرﻻﻧﺪ‬ (2013) ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺣ‬ ، ‫ﺴﻴﺎدة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻛﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫وﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴ‬ ‫رﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺠﺎز‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ :‫ﺘﺮح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺰي‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ 2015 ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺎ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫أدوار‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪدا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰز‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻴﺠ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻜ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻋ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ﺮ‬‫ﺴﻴﻄ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻧﻈﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎؤ‬ ‫ﺘﻼﺷﻰ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺎﻧﻴ‬‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﻨﺼ‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟﺎ‬ 75٪ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻤﻠﻮﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻠ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻫﻴﺮ‬ ‫)اﻟﺰ‬ 2008) ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺮار‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎم‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫إﺷﺮاف‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺼﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻰ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻫﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ 2017). ‫ﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻮﺻﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘ‬ ، ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ 75٪ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﻮن‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﻷﻓﺮاد‬ ‫وا‬ 25٪ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ، ‫ﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺎره‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺠ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫"ﻣﻨ‬ "‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧ‬ .‫ﺴﻌﻴﻬﻢ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮؤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨﺼﺢ‬ُ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ 2030 ‫ﺑﺸﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪم‬ ‫ﺘﺰام‬ ‫اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ .‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤ‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫أﺧ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫وﺟﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺠﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺴﺎواة‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺮﻣﺎن‬ .‫واﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎق‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻳﺤ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إﺻﻼﺣﺎ‬ .‫ﺒﺮى‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺮوا‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫إﻇﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﺴﻬﻢ‬‫أﻧﻔ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030. ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ 2030 ، ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺧ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮى‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺪل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻻﻧﺪ‬ / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 60 Machine Translated by Google
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ 1: ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺮﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﺮح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﺮؤ‬ 2030 ‫ﺔ‬‫وأزﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫)رؤ‬ 2018) 10. ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ 2030 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺬر‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫أﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺸ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻷﻧ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﺑﻬ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺑﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻘ‬‫وﻓ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬ "‫ﺬﻣﻮر‬ ‫"اﻟﺠ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﻪ‬‫ﻧﻔ‬ H2: ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030 ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮل‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻨ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ر‬‫ﻗﺎد‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎه‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻧ‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺆون‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻣﻨﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫وﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺆون‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺗﺎري‬ ‫ﻏﻮ‬ 1988 ، ‫)ﻣﻮﺷﺎﺷﺎي‬ ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫وآﺧﺮون‬ 2018)). ‫ت‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨ‬ ، ‫")ﻣﻮرﻻﻧﺪ‬ 2013). ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺸﺎف‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ CG ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺬر‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫"ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﻬﺎ‬‫ﻧﻔ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻤﺮوﻧ‬ ‫وإﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴﻜﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﻣﻮاءﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻷوﻟﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪأﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎء‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫وإﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫"ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻷﺣﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ezueleD) "‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺤﺮﻛ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ & 61 / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، Machine Translated by Google
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JSMS-VOL.9-NO.1-3 (2).pdf

  • 1. ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎد‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) 9 ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 1 ، ‫ص‬ JSMS.2019.0103 10.33168 / DOI: 48-68 1816-6075 ISSN ، (‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﺎﻋ‬ ‫)ﻃ‬ 1818-0523 ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫)ﻋ‬ (‫ﺖ‬‫ﺘﺮﻧ‬ ‫اﻹﻧ‬ .‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮرﻗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ُﻌﺰى‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﺪاﻓﻊ‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺪا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺤﻮﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫اﻧ‬ ‫أﺷﻴﺎء‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ 2015-2016 ، ‫وﺧﻼف‬ ‫أﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﻚ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺧﻔﺾ‬ ، ‫ﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫ﺘﺮاع‬ ‫واﺧ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫أﻣﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ .‫إﻟﺦ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻏﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺂﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺮادا‬ ‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺰي‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ 2015 ‫إﱃ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫"ﻧﻤﻮذج‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺎﺟﻴ‬ ‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻗ‬ "‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺎدر‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ 1) ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ 2) ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺎﺟﻴ‬ ‫إﻧ‬ ‫ﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ 3) ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 4) ‫ﺘﺮاع‬ ‫اﺧ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻞ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﻇﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 2030. ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺰي‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ 4 ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻴﻮﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫دوﻻر‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎرا‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ، ‫ﺘﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ُﺰﻋﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ McKinsey ‫ﺴﻠﻂ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻤ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‬ :‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫واﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺮوﻛﻴﻤﺎو‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺘﺎج‬ ‫واﻹﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎرة‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺰ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺠﻤﻠ‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺘﺮﺣﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫واﻟﺮﻋﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺼﺤﻴ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻮ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫رواﻓﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫إﺟﻤﺎﻟ‬ .‫ﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻠﻮل‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 2030. ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺰي‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺆوﻟﻴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺆوﻟﻴ‬‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﺮ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻫﺪاف‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﻮة‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫"ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻬﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻮﻗ‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺎﻟ‬ "‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺪ‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫إﻋﺪاده‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻷدوار‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻌ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺻﻴﺎﻏ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬ " ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪ‬ ."‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫وﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ، ‫ﻲء‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻮك‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺪوﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ًا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺟﻴ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻴ‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻃﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وﻣﺤﺪدا‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ .‫واﻟﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪف‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرا‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻲء‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﺷﺎﻣﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﻢ‬‫ﻗ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻛﻠﻴ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ، ‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎ‬ faisal22_uhsa@gmail.com 48 ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ 2030: ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ Machine Translated by Google
  • 2. 1 ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣ‬ 49 / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﺪأ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ، ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺰء‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻟ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺋﺪ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮا‬ ‫ﻳﺮة‬ ‫ﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻷﻛﺎد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺪﻋﺎء‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ 200 ‫ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ، ‫ب‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻮا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫وﻣﺎ‬ ‫زال‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﺤ‬ ‫وﻣﺮاﻛﺰ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﺤﺎء‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﻷﺣﺪا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺆوﻟ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﻮد‬ ‫ﻷﻣﻴﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺛﻴ‬ ‫)اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻴﺪي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫وآﺧﺮون‬ 2018). ‫ت‬ ‫وﺷﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷزﻣ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻷﺧﻴﺮة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫)رؤ‬ 2018). ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إﺧﻔﺎﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺿﺮر‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻢ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻗ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫أﻣﻮر‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺜﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻔﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء‬ .‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫واﻟﻤ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻴﻮم‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺎر‬ ‫وﻗﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎن‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻄﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ 100 ‫ﻣﻠﻴﺎر‬ ‫دوﻻر‬ ‫ﻲء‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫"أ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدا‬ ‫اﻗ‬ ، ‫ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫وأوﺟﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﻮر‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪد‬ ‫ﺘﻼس‬ ‫اﻻﺧ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻣﺪى‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮد‬ ". ‫ﺖ‬‫وﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻤﻠ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ء‬‫ﺟﺰ‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺿﺮور‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺮار‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟ‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺛﻼ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻮا‬ ، ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﻼﺷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺜﻘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫وأورو‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻ‬ ‫اﻹﻓﻼس‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﺦ‬ ‫ﺘﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻤﻠ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻌ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻄﺎق‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫إﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪف‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺜﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﺟ‬ ‫ﺬوره‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎم‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﺰا‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷزﻣﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺮداد‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻷﻣﻮال‬ ‫ا‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺘﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 1998 ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫رو‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫وآ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺒﺮاز‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬ :‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺎﺣﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030 ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﻃﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﻼﻣ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺿﻮء‬ ‫اﻹﻃﺎر‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺼﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ 2030. ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﻔﻄﻴ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻗﺪﻣ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮرﻗ‬ ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫وﺻﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻧﻮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺣﺼﺎء‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ووزارة‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺘﻜﻤﻠ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫وﻗﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺘﻄﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫درا‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫إﺿﺎﻓﻴ‬ Machine Translated by Google
  • 3. 2. ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﺣﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرا‬ / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 50 ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻵن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدا‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ان‬ ‫ﻧﻜﻮن؛‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺠ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﺆ‬ .‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫رﺻﺪ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻮاح‬ ، ‫ﺜﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺰز‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬ 2018). Majid and (Krane ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺰا‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ودور‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮف‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﺆ‬ ‫ﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴ‬ (IFC) ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ، ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻓﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺮص‬ .‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ .‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻋﻮاﻗ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أﻋﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ، ‫ث‬ ‫ﻷﺣﺪا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻗﺎم‬ ‫ﻳﻮن‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﺎﻣﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺰا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺸﺪ‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎرا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷزﻣﺎ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ﻳﺪرك‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫وﺻﻨﺎع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﺤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﻮز‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻠ‬ ‫وﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﺼ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮة‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫إزاﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺒﺤ‬ ‫أﺻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻳﻀ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺗﻌﻘﻴ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﻀﺎﻋﻔ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺧﻴﺎرا‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻮاق‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إﺻﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫أﻧﻈﻤ‬ .‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫وﻣﻊ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷزﻣﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻈﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺪة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴﻜﻠﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻮء‬ .‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻌﻞ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺷﻔﺎﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺎءﻟ‬‫وﻣ‬ ‫أﻣﺎم‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻨﺤﻬﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷدوا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺎر‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻳﺎدة‬ ‫وز‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﻛﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺒﺤ‬ ‫أﺻ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮد‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎوف‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أﺻﺤﺎ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻳﻀ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﻳﺎدة‬ ‫ز‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺠﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎرا‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ، ‫ﻳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺰز‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴ‬ ‫ورﻓﺎ‬ .‫ﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﺋﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺴﻮق‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮض‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻮى‬ .‫ﺴﻮق‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺟﻌﻠ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﻄﻮرا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ Machine Translated by Google
  • 4. 3. ‫اﻟﻬﺪف‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرا‬ / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 51 • ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫﻮر‬ ‫ﺘﺪ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷزﻣ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ 2008-2009 ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺴﺎﻣﺎ‬‫اﻻﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﺷﺮط‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺮة‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ • ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫واﻹﻃﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺑﻐﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴ‬ ‫واﻹﻓﺼﺎح‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫واﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻼزﻣ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻮازي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻄﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴ‬ ‫واﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ .‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺛﻴﻘ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ • ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫أد‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬ .‫ﺒﺎري‬ ‫إﺟ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜ‬ ‫ﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣﺆﺧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫أﺻ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻲء‬ ‫ﺷ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاق‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﺮؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻴﺠﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺮا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻹ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030: ‫اﻟﻘﺎدة‬ ‫واﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫رﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻜﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮأة‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدا‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺠ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺆول‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻠ‬ ‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪى‬ ‫ل‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ﺷﺮق‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫آ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫وأﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻴﻨﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎ‬ ‫ورو‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺌ‬ .‫ﻋﺎم‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ • ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫دور‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﻮﺣﺪا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺪرا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴ‬ ‫رﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺎن‬‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ • ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030 ‫ﺳﻮاق‬ ‫أ‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫وﺧﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻓﺮص‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﻔﺎظ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﺌ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ Machine Translated by Google
  • 5. / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 52 H1: ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وأزﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ CG. ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻹﻃﺎر‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‬ ‫ﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎرن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻌ‬ ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺮ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺟﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻨ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺜﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﺪوﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺛﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎه‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ • ‫ﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺮاﺣﺎ‬ ‫اﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻛﺸﻒ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺟﻬﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ 2030 ‫إﻃﺎر‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺪﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺤﻒ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫واﻟﺪرا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫وﺻﻔ‬ ، ‫ﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﺑﻄ‬ ، ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎول‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﺪرا‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺎر‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺼﺎ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺮوﻧﻴ‬ ‫اﻹﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎون‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻴﺪان‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫وﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺠﻼ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ذا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻤﻌ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻴ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻗﻀﻴ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ، ‫ﺛﺎﻧﻮي‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫واﻹﺣﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ، ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫أﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺿﺮوري‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺪأ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ازداد‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫أﻗﺼﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﺄداة‬ H2: ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030 ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺣﺪد‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺄداة‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ 2015 McKinsey ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺮاح‬ ‫واﻗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻗﺮارا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺘﻐﻠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ 4. ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﺮرا‬ ‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺒﺤ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫ﻓ‬ 5. ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺒﺤ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ 6. ‫دور‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ Machine Translated by Google
  • 6. / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 53 ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺑﻤﻮﺟ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻌﻜ‬ ‫ﻵن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺋﻖ‬ ‫ﺛﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﺨﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻌﻠﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻦ‬‫ﻳﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻮل‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫رأس‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺪاﻣ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ - ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺮز‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺎره‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎﻋ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺮوﻛﻴﻤﺎو‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺪا‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻄ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺮﻛ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸ‬ ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺨ‬ .‫ﺒﻠﺪان‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺰ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺳﺎءة‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻠﻄ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫ﺴﻮ‬‫واﻟﻤﺤ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺪا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻗﻮ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻬﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻠ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻮزﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﻼ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﻴﻤ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫ﻃﺮ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺪاﻣ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﺤﺎء‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎدة‬ ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺎذ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮارا‬ .‫وﻟﻤﺎذا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻮة‬ ‫ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻏﺮﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎرة‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻨ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜ‬ ‫ﻷﻣﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ (FCPA) ‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻮة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺻﻌﻮ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻄﺎء‬ .‫واﻹﺧﻔﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻊ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻘﺮار‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮاﻛ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﺪى‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ .‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺘﻮى‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪم‬ ‫رﺷﺎوى‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ، ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫وﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻬﻴﻞ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ .‫ﺗﻨﺎوﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻮك‬‫اﻟ‬ :‫ﺘﺠﺎري‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎون‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻮة‬ ‫ﻷﻣﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ (UN) ‫ﺳﻄﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻮ‬ (WASTA) ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎم‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻌ‬ ‫ﺷﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ .‫ﺧﺎص‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪة‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫أداة‬ ‫ﻟﺮﻓﻊ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﺴﺎواة‬‫واﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺳﻰ‬ ‫أر‬ ‫اﻹﻋﻼن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺴﺎن‬‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫إﺟﻤﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻮﺻﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ .‫ﻷﺧﻼق‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫أﻣﻮر‬ .‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎر‬ ‫ﺘﺰاز‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫واﻟﺮﺷﻮة‬ ‫ﺒﺪأ‬ ‫واﻟﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎق‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻣﻢ‬ ، ‫ﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺰف‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺛﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﺷﺮﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫واﻟﺨﺎص‬ ، ‫ا‬ً‫ﺮ‬‫أﺧﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨ‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫ﺬور‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وأﺧﻼﻗﻴﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺬرة‬ ‫ﺘﺠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻤﻖ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ﺒﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﺎد‬‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫أﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻟـ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺎءﻟ‬‫واﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺑﺤﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺟﺪا‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺆوﻟﻴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ Machine Translated by Google
  • 7. / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 54 ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻢ‬‫ﺗﻘ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ :‫ﺴﺆال‬‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﺆ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻳﻀ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌ‬ • ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺳﻮق‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ (SCMA): 2004 ‫ﻷول‬ ‫ا‬ ً‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ (2006) ، ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟ‬ ‫"ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﺋﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻠ‬ ‫ﻃﻮ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻞ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﺎء‬ ". ‫ﺳﻮ‬ ‫رو‬ .‫ﺴﻮن‬‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻨ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺳﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺎ‬ (FCPA) ‫وﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻮة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ (UKBA) ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺤﺎوﻟ‬ ‫وﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻣ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ • ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ 1965: ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻳﻌ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺪا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻷول‬ ‫ا‬ (2006) ، ‫"ﻛﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺤﺎﺟ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫أﺷﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدر‬ CG ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬ .‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻼ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻷﻛﺎد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ 2030 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫وﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺮد‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ .‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫وﻓﻘﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺘﻄ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ CG ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ SCC ‫و‬ SMCI ‫و‬ SOCPA ‫و‬ SHEC. ‫وﻣﻊ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺰال‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎون‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺠ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻔﻴﻀ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺨ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫وأوراق‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷﻃﺮوﺣﺎ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 2006. ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ر‬‫أدوا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺧﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﺮؤ‬ 2030 ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺠ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ت؟‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ " ، ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫واﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻄﻮرة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻄ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎد‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻷول‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺴﻮق‬‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﺨﺼﺨﺼ‬ ‫أﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻋ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺤﺎوﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻮا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻘ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻷواﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫وﻗ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ 7. ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫وأﻧﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻮل‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 8. ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺮاﺟﻌ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﻷد‬ ‫ا‬ Machine Translated by Google
  • 8. 55 / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮاﻧ‬ ‫)اﻟﺰ‬ 2013). ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﺴﻮق‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻷول‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﻧ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣ‬ 2006 ‫و‬ 2008 ، ‫ﻻ‬ ، ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻟﻮ‬ ‫دي‬ ، ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻼﻧﻴ‬ ، ‫ﺷﻠﻴﻔﺮ‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫وﻓﻴﺸﻨ‬ (2002) ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫أﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺤﻤﻴ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ، ‫إذن‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻂ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻹﻃﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻀﻮء‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫إﺻﺪار‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺪا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 2006 ، ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫اﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﺴﻮق‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻷول‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 2006 ، ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﺮة‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻗﻮة‬ ‫أي‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ GC ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﺤﺎء‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪ‬ .‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻀ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎء‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫اﻹﻓﺼﺎح‬ .‫ﺷﻔﺎف‬ ‫وﻣﻊ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺺ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﻧ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أﺻﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺮد‬ .‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫إﻃﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ 2011). (Koldertsova ، ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻧﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إدارة‬ ‫")اﻟﻢ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮاﻧ‬ ‫اﻟﺰ‬ 2013). ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺟﺎء‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻳﺆﻛﺪ‬ ‫ﺘﺮاح‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺋﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄن‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺼﻠﻮن‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺧﺪﻣ‬ ‫أﻓﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻨﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫إﺣﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺨﺎرج‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﺠ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻮا‬ ‫ﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬ .‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟ‬ ، ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﺆوﻟﻴﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ .‫ﻗﻮي‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻃﻮﻋﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫إﻟﺰاﻣﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻤﻠﻮﻛ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺟﺎدﻟ‬ (2011) ، Koldertsova ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ 1965] .‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻨﺢ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻴﺠ‬ ‫وﻧ‬ ، ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻰ‬ ‫"ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻘ‬‫وﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ SCL ‫ﺔ‬‫]اﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴ‬ ‫واﻹﻓﺼﺎح‬ ‫ﺘﻮح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫وﻣﻊ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺰال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺒﻂء‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺋﺮ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓﺎدﺣ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮوض‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷوﻟﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣ‬ 2006 ‫و‬ 2008 ، ‫و‬ CG Saudi ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫أﺻ‬ ‫ﺘﺰام‬ ‫اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﺑﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫إﻟﺰاﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎم‬ 2010 ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮاﻧ‬ ‫)اﻟﺰ‬ 2013). ‫ﻳﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮز‬ ‫ﺑﺎح‬ ‫ﻷر‬ ‫ا‬ ، ‫ﻷﻋﲆ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫واﻻﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺰال‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺰام‬ ‫اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮا‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺳﺎس‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫"اﻻﻣ‬ ‫أو‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺮاﻧ‬ ‫)اﻟﺰ‬ "‫ﺴﻴﺮ‬‫ﺘﻔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ 2013). ‫وﻗﺪ‬ ‫دل‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﻬﻴﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﺎﺟ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﺟﻬﻬﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺮو‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫وﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻣﻘﺎرﻧ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫أﻧﺤﺎء‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ Machine Translated by Google
  • 9. / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 56 ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ :‫ﺑﻌﺎ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫وﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ،‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮن‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺪول‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺮاﻗ‬ ‫اﻹدارة‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫وﺟﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫أﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﻜﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺮف‬ ‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ Means. and Berle ‫)ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮر‬ ، ‫وآﺧﺮون‬ 2002). ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎون‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ (OECD) .‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫دول‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺜﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮن‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫)ﻛﻮﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫أوﻟﺌﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ (‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ، ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪي‬ ‫ﺘﺮاض‬ ‫اﻓ‬ (1932) Means and Berle's ‫ﺳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮز‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎق‬ ‫ﺳﻊ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪى‬ ‫ﻳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺜﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻴﺠ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻌﻒ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻸﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎوز‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﺪي‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ :‫واﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ 75٪ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ .‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪدا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰز‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ّ ‫ﻛ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﺛﺎﻧ‬ ‫وﺟﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻫﺆﻻء‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻔﺮﻃ‬ ‫وﺟﺪ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺠﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰز‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ، ً‫ﻻ‬‫أو‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺒﻠﺪان‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺪا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔ‬ ، ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫واﻹﻓﺼﺎح‬ ‫ﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﺋ‬ ‫ﺟﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ٍ‫ﻋﺎل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ .‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻠﻄ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺄ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ (1932). Means and Berle ، ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺜ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺮى‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ 27 ، ‫ﺔ‬‫دوﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﺘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ "(1999). ‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺋﻴ‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪد‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ CG ‫ﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎل‬ .‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫درا‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺪف‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﻀﻠ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪة‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺎن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إﺻﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫)ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮر‬ ، ‫وآﺧﺮون‬ 2002). ، ً‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺧﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻮر‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ، ‫وآﺧﺮون‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫"اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﻮن‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﻷﻓﺮاد‬ ‫ا‬ 25٪ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ، ‫ﻫﻴﺮ‬ ‫)اﻟﺰ‬ 2008). ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻬﺮﻣﻴ‬ ‫ﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫وو‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ .‫ﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ Machine Translated by Google
  • 10. 57 / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، ‫ﺒﺎع‬ ‫إﻧﻄ‬ 9. ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮه‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺜﺮوة‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﻄﻮرا‬ ‫واﻟ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺘﻄﻠ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮا‬ ‫"اﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻷو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺮاﺣﻪ‬ ‫اﻗ‬ ‫ﻟﺸﺮح‬ CG. ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ، ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺷﺮح‬ (2005) Volpin and Pagano ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺮﻗﻠ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﻄﻮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻨﻮا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ُﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻷد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣﻮل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﺮح‬ ‫ﻳﻘ‬ (2008) Gourvevitch ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ CG ‫ﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﻄ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻘﻮق‬ 2017). Lang، Djankov، "(Claessens، ، ‫ت‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻄﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﺼ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺣﺪه‬ ‫ﻷدﻧﻰ‬ ‫ا‬ 2001). (Coffee ، ،‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺎع‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺰي‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ 2015 ، ‫ﺳﻮف‬ ‫ﺘﺮﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻴﺰا‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫رأ‬ Crony ، ‫ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺰروﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺪوﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ IFRS ‫و‬ OECD ‫ﺒﺎدئ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ CG. ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ، ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺧﻤ‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ، ‫ﺎ‬ ً‫ﻋﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ (1932) Means and Berle ‫ﺘﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﺒﻠﺪان‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺰ‬ّ ‫ﻛ‬‫ﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫إﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030 ‫ﺘﺮض‬ ‫اﻓ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫ﺳﻮف‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻀﺞ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫رأس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫أ‬ ". ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺮة‬ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﻹﺻﻼح‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻘ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ر‬‫ﺿﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ً ‫ﻳﻀ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﻮك‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﺧ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺸﺎط‬ .‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺋﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻷﻃﺮ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﻷﺧﺮى‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻬﻮﻟ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫أي‬ :‫ﺖ‬‫وﻗ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذج‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫ﻟﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻀﻔ‬ ‫ﺑﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻓﺮض‬ [‫]ق‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻚ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮاﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫"ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺮح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘ‬ " Machine Translated by Google
  • 11. ‫اﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ :‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻦ‬‫ﺘﺤﻤ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺘﺮاﺿﺎ‬ ‫اﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﺪرﺟ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻫﻠ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻈﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻨ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫زوا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﺌﻠ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻧﻄﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺠﻞ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺻﺮاﻣ‬ ، "‫"اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫وﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴ‬ ‫رﻓﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ "‫ﺐ‬‫"ﻛﺠﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ .‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﺎدرا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻷزﻣﺎ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮأ‬ ‫ﺘﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫‟ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻌ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻨ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺤﺎﺟ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ .‫ب‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻮا‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺎدل‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻻﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮ‬ " ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ‬ .‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻷد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮة‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺪاول‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق‬ ‫ﻷوراق‬ ‫ا‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻤﻦ‬ 17 ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ .‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺮى‬ (2013) Morland ‫أن‬ CG ‫ﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻟ‬ ‫أﺧﺮى‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫اﻟﻮاﺟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎن‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺛﻼ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻞ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﻟ‬ ‫إدارة‬ 68 ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺻﻞ‬ 168 ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺷﺮﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻴﻤﻨﺎن‬ ‫ﺴﺎن‬‫ﺘﻨﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ CG ‫ﺒﻌﺎن‬ ‫ﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﺨ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺮض‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎق‬ ‫ﺳﻊ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫أد‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫و‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻷد‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺜﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺪاوﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق‬ ‫ﺳﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮدي‬‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺳﻌﺪ‬ ) 2015). ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻤﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺜﺮ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ 41٪ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮ‬ ‫ًﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻄﺎ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻔﺮﺿﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻻﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺎء‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫إﻃﺎر‬ ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺪ‬ ، ‫ﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻳﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫واﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺋ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫أﺻﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤ‬ ‫ﺗﻮن‬ ‫ﻳﺄ‬ H1: ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻓﺠﻮة‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷزﻣ‬ ‫وا‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫رأ‬ .‫ﻣﺤﺪدة‬ ،‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻬﻴﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ .‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ، ‫ﺜﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫ث‬ ‫ﺛﻼ‬ ‫ﻳﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻌﻮد‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻚ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻤﺎر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأ‬ ”(2013). ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺪم‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻻﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻗﺎرا‬ .‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫أﺻ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺮن‬ ‫ﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺸﺮ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻲء‬ ‫ﺷ‬ / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 58 Machine Translated by Google
  • 12. 8 ‫اﻟﺮاﺷﺪ‬ 10 8 ‫أﻋﻀﺎء‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫رﺿﺎ‬ 6 ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮان‬ 9 9 9 ‫اﻟﺰاﻣﻞ‬ 10 7 11 28 8 ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻛ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ 7 ‫رﻗﻢ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠ‬ 10 ‫اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ 5 :‫اﻟﻤﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺪ‬ (2015) ‫ﻳﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ 18 ‫ﻣﺎرس‬ 2015 9 ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺰ‬ 6 10 ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺟﺤ‬ 10 4 11 ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺴﻮ‬‫اﻟ‬ 9 7 9 ‫اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪ‬ 5 9 ‫ﺴﻴﻒ‬‫اﻟ‬ 9 9 ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﻴﻞ‬ 7 11 ‫ﺗﺸﺎرك‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ 25 ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟﻴﻦ‬ 9 ‫ﻳﺠﺮي‬ ‫ﺘﻮ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ 5 6 9 9 11 9 ‫ﺴﻰ‬‫اﻟﻌﻴ‬ 14 ‫اﻟﺠﻤﺪي‬ 9 7 10 ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ 5 9 8 ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬ 1: ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﻴﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻴﺦ‬ 6 9 11 ‫ﺳﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ 13 28 / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 59 ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤ‬ ، ‫اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ورد‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ OECD ‫اﻟﺼﺎدر‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ Koldertsova ، ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻨﻖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫إﺣﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺰال‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺒﻂء‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ (2017). ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻋ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫إﻟﺰاﻣ‬ ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮﻛ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺋﺪ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ 8 Machine Translated by Google
  • 13. ‫ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ، ‫ﻫﻴﺮ‬ ‫)اﻟﺰ‬ 2008). ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫﻜ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ذا‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎدة‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻜ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺎ‬ ‫ذا‬ (Nurunnabi ‫ﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﺼ‬ ‫ﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ً ‫ﺿﺌﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﺌ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ (2013). Morland ‫ﻣﻮرﻻﻧﺪ‬ (2013) ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﺣ‬ ، ‫ﺴﻴﺎدة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻛﻮاﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫وﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴ‬ ‫رﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺠﺎز‬ ‫ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎدي‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ :‫ﺘﺮح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻛﻴﻨﺰي‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ 2015 ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻳﺠﺎ‬ ‫إ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫أدوار‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺎع‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺎص‬ ‫ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺤﺪدا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰز‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻴﺠ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻮ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﻳﺆدي‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻮاﺟﻬ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻌ‬ ‫ﻃ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻜ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻋ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ﺮ‬‫ﺴﻴﻄ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻧﻈﻤ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻌ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺎؤ‬ ‫ﺘﻼﺷﻰ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺴﺎﻧﻴ‬‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺣﻴ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳﻨﺼ‬ ‫ﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺘﺎج‬ ‫اﻹﻧ‬ ‫واﻟﻜﻔﺎءة‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ، ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟﺎ‬ 75٪ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻤﻠﻮﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺋﻠ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻫﻴﺮ‬ ‫)اﻟﺰ‬ 2008) ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺮار‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎم‬ ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺗﺤ‬ ‫إﺷﺮاف‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫واﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺼﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫إن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻤﺎﻟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺮأ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻰ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻫﺪة‬ ‫ﺟﺎ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺪﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬ 2017). ‫ﺳﺎس‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘ‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻮﺻﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻘﻴﻘ‬ ، ‫أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ 75٪ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﺪرﺟ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﻮن‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﻮن‬ ‫ﻷﻓﺮاد‬ ‫وا‬ 25٪ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ، ‫ﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺘﺄ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺎره‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﺠ‬‫ﺘ‬ ‫"ﻣﻨ‬ "‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻴ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧ‬ .‫ﺴﻌﻴﻬﻢ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻤ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺮؤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻨﺼﺢ‬ُ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎم‬ 2030 ‫ﺑﺸﺪة‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪم‬ ‫ﺘﺰام‬ ‫اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮق‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻗﻠﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ .‫ﻫﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺴﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤ‬ ً‫ﻻ‬‫ﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺜﻮر‬ ‫اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺋﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺿﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻠﻜﻴ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫أﺧ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫وﺟﺪ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ‬ ‫وﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺠﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻹﺻﻼﺣﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺴﺎواة‬‫اﻟﻤ‬ ‫واﻟﺤﺮﻣﺎن‬ .‫واﻟﻔﻘﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎق‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆ‬ ‫ﺬي‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﺎج‬ ‫ﻳﺤ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫إﺻﻼﺣﺎ‬ .‫ﺒﺮى‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺮوا‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫إﻇﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﺴﻬﻢ‬‫أﻧﻔ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻴ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030. ‫ﻷن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ 2030 ، ‫ﻛﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺧ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎدة‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮى‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﺪل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻳﺮى‬ ‫ﻣﻮرﻻﻧﺪ‬ / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، 60 Machine Translated by Google
  • 14. ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ 1: ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺮﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﺮح‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻟﺮؤ‬ 2030 ‫ﺔ‬‫وأزﻣ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫)رؤ‬ 2018) 10. ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‬ ‫اﻻﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫واﻻﻗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ 2030 ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎم‬ ‫ﺬر‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫أﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺸ‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ﺒﻮ‬ ‫ﻷﻧ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺬه‬ ‫ﺑﻬ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮ‬ ‫إﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫رؤ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺣﻮﻛﻤ‬ .‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎ‬ ‫ًا‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﺑﻌﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪا‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ً‫ﻘ‬‫وﻓ‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻴﺮ‬ "‫ﺬﻣﻮر‬ ‫"اﻟﺠ‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫أﺷﻜﺎل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﻪ‬‫ﻧﻔ‬ H2: ‫ﻫﻨﺎك‬ ‫ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺆ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ 2030 ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻮل‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي‬ ‫إﱃ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮل‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻨ‬ ‫ذ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻮل‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ً‫ر‬‫ﻗﺎد‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎه‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫اﻻﻧ‬ ‫واﻟﺸﺆون‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻷﻣﻨﻴ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫وﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺆون‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﺎد‬ ‫اﻻﻗ‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺗﺎري‬ ‫ﻏﻮ‬ 1988 ، ‫)ﻣﻮﺷﺎﺷﺎي‬ ‫ﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻴ‬ ‫وآﺧﺮون‬ 2018)). ‫ت‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻨ‬ ، ‫")ﻣﻮرﻻﻧﺪ‬ 2013). ‫وﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺸﺎف‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ا‬ CG ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳﻘ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺬر‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫إﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻬﻴﻜﻠ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻄﻂ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﻮد‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ‬ ‫"ﻟ‬ ‫ﺴﻬﺎ‬‫ﻧﻔ‬ ، ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑﻤﺮوﻧ‬ ‫وإﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻫﻴﻜﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫وﻣﻮاءﻣ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫أﻧﻈﻤ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻷوﻟﻮ‬ ‫ا‬ .‫ﺔ‬‫اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺪأﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺮك‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺬا‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻳﻖ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻟﻐﺎء‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ‬ ‫وإﻧﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺎ‬‫اﻟ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮن‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔ‬ ‫ﻋﲆ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫"ا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻷﺣﺮى‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ت‬ ‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﺎ‬ ‫اﻻ‬ ezueleD) "‫ﺔ‬‫ﺘﺤﺮﻛ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‬ & 61 / ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﻣﺠﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻈﺎم‬ ‫واﻹدارة‬ .‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ (2019) X ‫رﻗﻢ‬ 57-73 X ، Machine Translated by Google