This document discusses the use of modal verbs to express obligation, necessity, lack of obligation, and permission in English. It provides examples of modal verbs like must, have to, need/needn't, be allowed to. It also discusses lexical phrases that can be used to express obligation, like "to be necessary for someone to" and "to be obliged/forced to". Finally, it provides examples of transforming sentences using these modal verbs and lexical phrases to change their meaning from expressing obligation to permission or preference.

1. MODAL VERBS FOR OBLIGATION,
NECESSITY, LACK OF OBLIGATION
AND PERMISSION
(MUST, MUSTN’T, HAVE TO, NEED/NEEDN’T, BE
ALLOWED TO)

2. MUST, HAVE TO, MUSTN’T, AND NEED
A. COMPARE: What do these sentences express?
1. Tom, you must study more.
2. You have to study more if you want to pass your examinations.
1. Strong obligation
2. General obligation/ necessity
B. COMPARE: What do these sentences express?
1. You mustn’t run in the corridor. Exams are in progress.
2. You are not allowed to run in the corridor. Exams are in progress.
3. They don’t let you run in the corridor. Exams are in progress.
1, 2 and 3: PROHIBITION

3. OBLIGATION:
MODALS
MUST+INF
NEED/
HAVE TO+INF
MUST+INF
TO EXPRESS
DEDUCTION
You MUST BE Tom’s bother: you look after
him a lot!
At the school , everyone MUST WEAR UNIFORM.

4. LACK OF
OBLIGATION
DON’T HAVE TO+INF
NEEDN’T+INF
DON’T NEED TO+INF
MUSTN’T
You DON’T HAVE TO/NEEDN’T COME if you don’t want.

5. OBLIGATION:
LEXICAL PHRASES/
COLLOCATIONS
TO BE NECESSARY FOR SB
TO+ INF
TO BE OBLIGED/FORCED
TO+ INF
TO MAKE+OBJECT+inf
WITHOUT TO (act)
TO BE MADE+ INF (pass)
It was necessary for me to wear a helmet……… …I was obliged to wear a helmet… …they made me wear/I was made wear a helmet

6. PERMISSION
PERMISSION
PERMIT/BE PERMITTED
TO+ INF
TO BE POSSIBLE FOR
SBY TO
+ INF
I’M ALLOWED TO +INF.

7. USE OF ENGLISH, PART 4
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
OBLIGATION
1. He had to give the money back.
OBLIGED
He……………………………………………………………………..give the money back.
2. My parents insisted I study the piano
MADE
I was…………………………………………………………………………the piano by my
parents
3. Could you tell me if I have to bring a sleeping bag?
NECESSARY
Could you tell me if………………………………………………me to bring a sleeping
bag?
4. It’s possible that someone stole your purse when we were in the
restaurant
STOLEN
Someone………………………………………………………………………………when we were
in the restaurant.
WAS OBLIGED TO
MADE STUDY
IT IS NECESSARY FOR
MUST HAVE STOLEN YOUR PURSE

9. 1. I can never do what I want.
DO
I…………………………..……………………….…………………….what I want.
2. My parents don’t let me arrive late at night.
PERMITTED
I………………………………………………………………..to arrive late at night.
3. I was allowed to wear my own equipment for the contest.
POSSIBLE
It…………………………………………………………………. wear my own equipment for the
contest.
‘M NOT ALLOWED TO DO
IS POSSIBLE FOR ME TO
USE OF ENGLISH, PART 4
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
OBLIGATION
‘M NOT PERMITTED

10. MODALS. ASSIGNMENTS 4 AND
5
CORRECTION AND
EXPLANATION

11. EXPRESSING PREFERENCE:
PREFER AND WOULD RATHER
5. It would be better for me if you gave me the money now
PREFER
I……………………………………………………………me the money now.
6. I wish I’d stayed at home
RATHER
I…………………………………………………………………..at home.
7. I didn’t want to tell him the horrible truth but I had to.
RATHER
8. I don’t want to do something as dangerous as that
PREFER
I…………………………………………………………….something as dangerous as
that.

12. ANSWERS
1.I’D RATHER YOU STOPPED CRITICIZING ME
2.I’D PREFERRED THEM NOT TO HAVE STAYED SO LONG
3.I’D RATHER NOT THINK ABOUT THAT PROBLEM NOW
4.I’D RATHER THEY HANDN’T PHONED ME SO LATE AT NIGHT
5.I’D PREFER YOU GIVE ME THE MONEY NOW
(I’D PREFER IT IF YOU GAVE ME THE MONEY NOW)
6. I’D RATHER HAVE STAYED AT HOME
7. I’D RATHER HAVEN’T TOLD HIM THE HORRIBLE TRUTH …
8. I’D PREFER NOT TO DO SOMETHING…..