SlideShare uma empresa Scribd logo
1 de 22
ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific Expert Group Meeting  on   ICT Policy from a Gender Perspective   Bangkok, December 18-19th, 2001   Bianca R. Tonetti Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT)
Facts and figures  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
  Facts and figures  Women’s Internet use in Asia-Pacific and USA  Source: Hafkin & Taggart,  Gender, IT and Development Countries , AED for USAID, 2001.
Impact of IT on women’s work ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Information processing PROJECT SITA AND WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL - INDIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Information processing WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL MitraMandal Professional Wing Training of trainers  R&D  marketing and publicity   Learning Wing Implements the  learning strategy Public/Private  Organizations Providers of work Earning Wing Trainers and trainees use IT skills to generate income Source: SITA .
Information processing PROJECT SITA AND WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL - INDIA SITA trainees SITA head trainer SITA senior instructor Source: SITA
Information processing SECTOR PROFILE IN ASIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Information processing OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Information processing CONDUCIVE POLICIES  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Clothing and textile manufacturing RANLIYA GARMENT INDUSTRIES - SRI LANKA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Clothing and textile manufacturing RANLIYA GARMENT INDUSTRIES - SRI LANKA CAD/CAM machine for garment design Computerized sewing machine
Clothing and textile manufacturing SECTOR PROFILE IN ASIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Source: ILO.
Clothing and textile manufacturing OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Clothing and textile manufacturing ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],CONDUCIVE POLICIES
Software programming VIJAY SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS (VSD) - INDIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Software programming VIJAY SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS (VSD) - INDIA Shefali Kapoor Software developers at work
Software programming SECTOR PROFILE IN ASIA  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Software programming OPPORTUNITIES FOR WOMEN IN ASIA  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Software programming CONDUCIVE POLICIES  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Conclusions POLICIES FOR WOMEN’S DIGITAL EMPOWERMENT  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Infrastructure Regulatory  environment   Education and  training
Web References ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Mais conteúdo relacionado

Mais procurados

Embracing Industry 4.0 - A Malaysian Strategic Technology Outlook
Embracing Industry 4.0 - A Malaysian Strategic Technology OutlookEmbracing Industry 4.0 - A Malaysian Strategic Technology Outlook
Embracing Industry 4.0 - A Malaysian Strategic Technology Outlook
Dr. Mazlan Abbas
 

Mais procurados (19)

It and ITeS Industry in Tamil Nadu With Reference to ELCOT
It and ITeS Industry in Tamil Nadu With Reference to ELCOTIt and ITeS Industry in Tamil Nadu With Reference to ELCOT
It and ITeS Industry in Tamil Nadu With Reference to ELCOT
 
Techbyte 2015 e brochure
Techbyte 2015 e brochureTechbyte 2015 e brochure
Techbyte 2015 e brochure
 
TechByte 2017 - 14th Annual IT Symposium- - JIMS Rohini
TechByte 2017 - 14th Annual IT Symposium- - JIMS RohiniTechByte 2017 - 14th Annual IT Symposium- - JIMS Rohini
TechByte 2017 - 14th Annual IT Symposium- - JIMS Rohini
 
How the nature of work is changing in india
How the nature of work is changing in indiaHow the nature of work is changing in india
How the nature of work is changing in india
 
Embracing Industry 4.0 - A Malaysian Strategic Technology Outlook
Embracing Industry 4.0 - A Malaysian Strategic Technology OutlookEmbracing Industry 4.0 - A Malaysian Strategic Technology Outlook
Embracing Industry 4.0 - A Malaysian Strategic Technology Outlook
 
The Use of Digital Technology to Improve Quality of Life
The Use of Digital Technology to Improve Quality of LifeThe Use of Digital Technology to Improve Quality of Life
The Use of Digital Technology to Improve Quality of Life
 
India Skills Report 2018
India Skills Report 2018India Skills Report 2018
India Skills Report 2018
 
Infosys
InfosysInfosys
Infosys
 
It cluster of bengaluru india
It cluster of bengaluru indiaIt cluster of bengaluru india
It cluster of bengaluru india
 
IT entrepreurship
IT entrepreurshipIT entrepreurship
IT entrepreurship
 
Skilling India at Speed and Scale a Technology Approach by Dr B. Chandrasekhar
Skilling India at Speed and Scale a Technology Approach by Dr B. ChandrasekharSkilling India at Speed and Scale a Technology Approach by Dr B. Chandrasekhar
Skilling India at Speed and Scale a Technology Approach by Dr B. Chandrasekhar
 
Vishal Sikka
Vishal SikkaVishal Sikka
Vishal Sikka
 
Diversity and inclusion practices at intuit
Diversity and inclusion practices at intuitDiversity and inclusion practices at intuit
Diversity and inclusion practices at intuit
 
Siescoms nasscom the indian software landscape june2014
Siescoms nasscom  the indian software landscape june2014Siescoms nasscom  the indian software landscape june2014
Siescoms nasscom the indian software landscape june2014
 
Event report- Inaugural IT HR Round Table
Event report- Inaugural IT HR Round TableEvent report- Inaugural IT HR Round Table
Event report- Inaugural IT HR Round Table
 
Indian IT industry_2007 : Genesis and Growth Story
Indian IT industry_2007 : Genesis and Growth StoryIndian IT industry_2007 : Genesis and Growth Story
Indian IT industry_2007 : Genesis and Growth Story
 
[Article] Technology: A major driver for India's growth in the next decade
[Article] Technology: A major driver for India's growth in the next decade[Article] Technology: A major driver for India's growth in the next decade
[Article] Technology: A major driver for India's growth in the next decade
 
Final Infosys
Final InfosysFinal Infosys
Final Infosys
 
Unemployability
UnemployabilityUnemployability
Unemployability
 

Destaque (8)

Entrepreneurship zamboanga ict
Entrepreneurship zamboanga ictEntrepreneurship zamboanga ict
Entrepreneurship zamboanga ict
 
MENA ICT Forum 2014
MENA ICT Forum 2014MENA ICT Forum 2014
MENA ICT Forum 2014
 
(GCF2007) ICT as a Driver of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
(GCF2007) ICT as  a Driver of Innovation and Entrepreneurship(GCF2007) ICT as  a Driver of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
(GCF2007) ICT as a Driver of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
 
Startups & Entrepreneurship
Startups & EntrepreneurshipStartups & Entrepreneurship
Startups & Entrepreneurship
 
Retail Tech Adoption
Retail Tech AdoptionRetail Tech Adoption
Retail Tech Adoption
 
ACTFL 2013 1 hour cellphones
ACTFL 2013 1 hour cellphonesACTFL 2013 1 hour cellphones
ACTFL 2013 1 hour cellphones
 
Innovation in the new ICT ecosystem
Innovation in the new ICT ecosystemInnovation in the new ICT ecosystem
Innovation in the new ICT ecosystem
 
IBM Retail Tech Trends
IBM Retail Tech TrendsIBM Retail Tech Trends
IBM Retail Tech Trends
 

Semelhante a Apctt

Iti dr. heba saleh
Iti dr. heba salehIti dr. heba saleh
Iti dr. heba saleh
EITESANGO
 
Philippine digitalstrategy2011 2016
Philippine digitalstrategy2011 2016Philippine digitalstrategy2011 2016
Philippine digitalstrategy2011 2016
ICTindustry
 
100531 it management dpa upload
100531 it management dpa upload100531 it management dpa upload
100531 it management dpa upload
plpictimatec
 
The Philippine Digital Strategy 2011-2016
The Philippine Digital Strategy 2011-2016The Philippine Digital Strategy 2011-2016
The Philippine Digital Strategy 2011-2016
Sonnie Santos
 
IT in Rural India-Opportunities and Challenges
IT in Rural India-Opportunities and Challenges IT in Rural India-Opportunities and Challenges
IT in Rural India-Opportunities and Challenges
Amit Jha
 

Semelhante a Apctt (20)

Industry4wrd.pptx
Industry4wrd.pptxIndustry4wrd.pptx
Industry4wrd.pptx
 
Leverage ICT For Growth Of MSMEs Session IV
Leverage ICT For Growth Of MSMEs   Session IVLeverage ICT For Growth Of MSMEs   Session IV
Leverage ICT For Growth Of MSMEs Session IV
 
Emerging technologies and kiu
Emerging technologies and kiuEmerging technologies and kiu
Emerging technologies and kiu
 
Where Are the Women in IT?
Where Are the Women in IT?Where Are the Women in IT?
Where Are the Women in IT?
 
Information and Communication Technology Diffusion in Indian Small and Medium...
Information and Communication Technology Diffusion in Indian Small and Medium...Information and Communication Technology Diffusion in Indian Small and Medium...
Information and Communication Technology Diffusion in Indian Small and Medium...
 
Iti dr. heba saleh
Iti dr. heba salehIti dr. heba saleh
Iti dr. heba saleh
 
ICT for Empowerment akjhajharia.ppt
ICT for Empowerment akjhajharia.pptICT for Empowerment akjhajharia.ppt
ICT for Empowerment akjhajharia.ppt
 
The role of ICT in India
The role of ICT in IndiaThe role of ICT in India
The role of ICT in India
 
Bp new1 ppt
Bp new1 pptBp new1 ppt
Bp new1 ppt
 
What India should do to reach industry 4
What India should do to reach industry 4What India should do to reach industry 4
What India should do to reach industry 4
 
ICT Software Industry in Bangladesh
ICT Software Industry in Bangladesh ICT Software Industry in Bangladesh
ICT Software Industry in Bangladesh
 
Ict
IctIct
Ict
 
Enhancing Public Sector Productivity with Technology
Enhancing Public Sector Productivity with TechnologyEnhancing Public Sector Productivity with Technology
Enhancing Public Sector Productivity with Technology
 
Industrial sector (ict) in bangladesh
Industrial sector (ict) in bangladeshIndustrial sector (ict) in bangladesh
Industrial sector (ict) in bangladesh
 
Philippine digitalstrategy2011 2016
Philippine digitalstrategy2011 2016Philippine digitalstrategy2011 2016
Philippine digitalstrategy2011 2016
 
100531 it management dpa upload
100531 it management dpa upload100531 it management dpa upload
100531 it management dpa upload
 
The Philippine Digital Strategy 2011-2016
The Philippine Digital Strategy 2011-2016The Philippine Digital Strategy 2011-2016
The Philippine Digital Strategy 2011-2016
 
Philippine Digital Strategy 2011-2016
Philippine Digital Strategy 2011-2016Philippine Digital Strategy 2011-2016
Philippine Digital Strategy 2011-2016
 
Philippine digital strategy 2011-2016
Philippine digital strategy 2011-2016Philippine digital strategy 2011-2016
Philippine digital strategy 2011-2016
 
IT in Rural India-Opportunities and Challenges
IT in Rural India-Opportunities and Challenges IT in Rural India-Opportunities and Challenges
IT in Rural India-Opportunities and Challenges
 

Mais de FNian

Wipro Media Q1 0809
Wipro Media Q1 0809Wipro Media Q1 0809
Wipro Media Q1 0809
FNian
 
Watts Brief
Watts BriefWatts Brief
Watts Brief
FNian
 
The Role Of Business In Society Presentation At
The Role Of Business In Society   Presentation AtThe Role Of Business In Society   Presentation At
The Role Of Business In Society Presentation At
FNian
 
Unit C Eco Toolbox
Unit C Eco ToolboxUnit C Eco Toolbox
Unit C Eco Toolbox
FNian
 
Singapore Jakarta Conf
Singapore Jakarta ConfSingapore Jakarta Conf
Singapore Jakarta Conf
FNian
 
Syndication Pp
Syndication PpSyndication Pp
Syndication Pp
FNian
 
Integration of internal database system
Integration of internal database systemIntegration of internal database system
Integration of internal database system
FNian
 
Analyse sourcing and manufacturing strategies
Analyse sourcing and manufacturing strategiesAnalyse sourcing and manufacturing strategies
Analyse sourcing and manufacturing strategies
FNian
 
Scitc 2006 India 2005 And Future
Scitc 2006 India 2005 And FutureScitc 2006 India 2005 And Future
Scitc 2006 India 2005 And Future
FNian
 
Miller China Trade
Miller China TradeMiller China Trade
Miller China Trade
FNian
 
Developing a market plan
Developing a market planDeveloping a market plan
Developing a market plan
FNian
 
Gianelle Tattara
Gianelle TattaraGianelle Tattara
Gianelle Tattara
FNian
 
Gp Industry
Gp IndustryGp Industry
Gp Industry
FNian
 
House
HouseHouse
House
FNian
 
How To Biuld Internal Rating System For Basel Ii
How To Biuld Internal Rating System For Basel IiHow To Biuld Internal Rating System For Basel Ii
How To Biuld Internal Rating System For Basel Ii
FNian
 
Gujarat
GujaratGujarat
Gujarat
FNian
 
Ietp Session 2 June 28
Ietp Session   2 June 28Ietp Session   2 June 28
Ietp Session 2 June 28
FNian
 
India An Overview
India An OverviewIndia An Overview
India An Overview
FNian
 
Intra Industry
Intra IndustryIntra Industry
Intra Industry
FNian
 
Innovation Class 6
Innovation Class 6Innovation Class 6
Innovation Class 6
FNian
 

Mais de FNian (20)

Wipro Media Q1 0809
Wipro Media Q1 0809Wipro Media Q1 0809
Wipro Media Q1 0809
 
Watts Brief
Watts BriefWatts Brief
Watts Brief
 
The Role Of Business In Society Presentation At
The Role Of Business In Society   Presentation AtThe Role Of Business In Society   Presentation At
The Role Of Business In Society Presentation At
 
Unit C Eco Toolbox
Unit C Eco ToolboxUnit C Eco Toolbox
Unit C Eco Toolbox
 
Singapore Jakarta Conf
Singapore Jakarta ConfSingapore Jakarta Conf
Singapore Jakarta Conf
 
Syndication Pp
Syndication PpSyndication Pp
Syndication Pp
 
Integration of internal database system
Integration of internal database systemIntegration of internal database system
Integration of internal database system
 
Analyse sourcing and manufacturing strategies
Analyse sourcing and manufacturing strategiesAnalyse sourcing and manufacturing strategies
Analyse sourcing and manufacturing strategies
 
Scitc 2006 India 2005 And Future
Scitc 2006 India 2005 And FutureScitc 2006 India 2005 And Future
Scitc 2006 India 2005 And Future
 
Miller China Trade
Miller China TradeMiller China Trade
Miller China Trade
 
Developing a market plan
Developing a market planDeveloping a market plan
Developing a market plan
 
Gianelle Tattara
Gianelle TattaraGianelle Tattara
Gianelle Tattara
 
Gp Industry
Gp IndustryGp Industry
Gp Industry
 
House
HouseHouse
House
 
How To Biuld Internal Rating System For Basel Ii
How To Biuld Internal Rating System For Basel IiHow To Biuld Internal Rating System For Basel Ii
How To Biuld Internal Rating System For Basel Ii
 
Gujarat
GujaratGujarat
Gujarat
 
Ietp Session 2 June 28
Ietp Session   2 June 28Ietp Session   2 June 28
Ietp Session 2 June 28
 
India An Overview
India An OverviewIndia An Overview
India An Overview
 
Intra Industry
Intra IndustryIntra Industry
Intra Industry
 
Innovation Class 6
Innovation Class 6Innovation Class 6
Innovation Class 6
 

Último

Challenges and Opportunities: A Qualitative Study on Tax Compliance in Pakistan
Challenges and Opportunities: A Qualitative Study on Tax Compliance in PakistanChallenges and Opportunities: A Qualitative Study on Tax Compliance in Pakistan
Challenges and Opportunities: A Qualitative Study on Tax Compliance in Pakistan
vineshkumarsajnani12
 

Último (20)

Arti Languages Pre Seed Teaser Deck 2024.pdf
Arti Languages Pre Seed Teaser Deck 2024.pdfArti Languages Pre Seed Teaser Deck 2024.pdf
Arti Languages Pre Seed Teaser Deck 2024.pdf
 
Organizational Transformation Lead with Culture
Organizational Transformation Lead with CultureOrganizational Transformation Lead with Culture
Organizational Transformation Lead with Culture
 
Durg CALL GIRL ❤ 82729*64427❤ CALL GIRLS IN durg ESCORTS
Durg CALL GIRL ❤ 82729*64427❤ CALL GIRLS IN durg ESCORTSDurg CALL GIRL ❤ 82729*64427❤ CALL GIRLS IN durg ESCORTS
Durg CALL GIRL ❤ 82729*64427❤ CALL GIRLS IN durg ESCORTS
 
HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024
HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024
HomeRoots Pitch Deck | Investor Insights | April 2024
 
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdfDr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
Dr. Admir Softic_ presentation_Green Club_ENG.pdf
 
Katrina Personal Brand Project and portfolio 1
Katrina Personal Brand Project and portfolio 1Katrina Personal Brand Project and portfolio 1
Katrina Personal Brand Project and portfolio 1
 
SEO Case Study: How I Increased SEO Traffic & Ranking by 50-60% in 6 Months
SEO Case Study: How I Increased SEO Traffic & Ranking by 50-60%  in 6 MonthsSEO Case Study: How I Increased SEO Traffic & Ranking by 50-60%  in 6 Months
SEO Case Study: How I Increased SEO Traffic & Ranking by 50-60% in 6 Months
 
Lucknow Housewife Escorts by Sexy Bhabhi Service 8250092165
Lucknow Housewife Escorts  by Sexy Bhabhi Service 8250092165Lucknow Housewife Escorts  by Sexy Bhabhi Service 8250092165
Lucknow Housewife Escorts by Sexy Bhabhi Service 8250092165
 
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptx
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxPutting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptx
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptx
 
Berhampur Call Girl Just Call 8084732287 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Berhampur Call Girl Just Call 8084732287 Top Class Call Girl Service AvailableBerhampur Call Girl Just Call 8084732287 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
Berhampur Call Girl Just Call 8084732287 Top Class Call Girl Service Available
 
Kalyan Call Girl 98350*37198 Call Girls in Escort service book now
Kalyan Call Girl 98350*37198 Call Girls in Escort service book nowKalyan Call Girl 98350*37198 Call Girls in Escort service book now
Kalyan Call Girl 98350*37198 Call Girls in Escort service book now
 
Getting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAI
Getting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAIGetting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAI
Getting Real with AI - Columbus DAW - May 2024 - Nick Woo from AlignAI
 
PHX May 2024 Corporate Presentation Final
PHX May 2024 Corporate Presentation FinalPHX May 2024 Corporate Presentation Final
PHX May 2024 Corporate Presentation Final
 
Horngren’s Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis, Canadian 9th edition soluti...
Horngren’s Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis, Canadian 9th edition soluti...Horngren’s Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis, Canadian 9th edition soluti...
Horngren’s Cost Accounting A Managerial Emphasis, Canadian 9th edition soluti...
 
JAJPUR CALL GIRL ❤ 82729*64427❤ CALL GIRLS IN JAJPUR ESCORTS
JAJPUR CALL GIRL ❤ 82729*64427❤ CALL GIRLS IN JAJPUR  ESCORTSJAJPUR CALL GIRL ❤ 82729*64427❤ CALL GIRLS IN JAJPUR  ESCORTS
JAJPUR CALL GIRL ❤ 82729*64427❤ CALL GIRLS IN JAJPUR ESCORTS
 
Berhampur 70918*19311 CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE WE ARE PROVIDING
Berhampur 70918*19311 CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE WE ARE PROVIDINGBerhampur 70918*19311 CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE WE ARE PROVIDING
Berhampur 70918*19311 CALL GIRLS IN ESCORT SERVICE WE ARE PROVIDING
 
New 2024 Cannabis Edibles Investor Pitch Deck Template
New 2024 Cannabis Edibles Investor Pitch Deck TemplateNew 2024 Cannabis Edibles Investor Pitch Deck Template
New 2024 Cannabis Edibles Investor Pitch Deck Template
 
Challenges and Opportunities: A Qualitative Study on Tax Compliance in Pakistan
Challenges and Opportunities: A Qualitative Study on Tax Compliance in PakistanChallenges and Opportunities: A Qualitative Study on Tax Compliance in Pakistan
Challenges and Opportunities: A Qualitative Study on Tax Compliance in Pakistan
 
PARK STREET 💋 Call Girl 9827461493 Call Girls in Escort service book now
PARK STREET 💋 Call Girl 9827461493 Call Girls in  Escort service book nowPARK STREET 💋 Call Girl 9827461493 Call Girls in  Escort service book now
PARK STREET 💋 Call Girl 9827461493 Call Girls in Escort service book now
 
Lundin Gold - Q1 2024 Conference Call Presentation (Revised)
Lundin Gold - Q1 2024 Conference Call Presentation (Revised)Lundin Gold - Q1 2024 Conference Call Presentation (Revised)
Lundin Gold - Q1 2024 Conference Call Presentation (Revised)
 

Apctt

  • 1. ICT for Women Entrepreneurship in Asia-Pacific Expert Group Meeting on ICT Policy from a Gender Perspective Bangkok, December 18-19th, 2001 Bianca R. Tonetti Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology (APCTT)
  • 2.
  • 3. Facts and figures Women’s Internet use in Asia-Pacific and USA Source: Hafkin & Taggart, Gender, IT and Development Countries , AED for USAID, 2001.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6. Information processing WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL MitraMandal Professional Wing Training of trainers R&D marketing and publicity Learning Wing Implements the learning strategy Public/Private Organizations Providers of work Earning Wing Trainers and trainees use IT skills to generate income Source: SITA .
  • 7. Information processing PROJECT SITA AND WOMEN’S e-COOPERATIVE MITRAMANDAL - INDIA SITA trainees SITA head trainer SITA senior instructor Source: SITA
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12. Clothing and textile manufacturing RANLIYA GARMENT INDUSTRIES - SRI LANKA CAD/CAM machine for garment design Computerized sewing machine
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17. Software programming VIJAY SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS (VSD) - INDIA Shefali Kapoor Software developers at work
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.