Thomas Speck: Biomimetic architecture

26.08.2016
1
0 min 25 min 30 min
©PlantBiomech.GroupFreiburg,ITKEStuttgart,ITVDenkendorf,EMPADübendorf
Thomas Speck
Functional Morphology and Biomimetics,
Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg
Freiburg Materials Research Centre (FMF) and
Freiburg Centre for Interactive Materials & Bioinspired
Technologies (FIT)
Sustainability Center Freiburg
Networks of Competence Biomimetics,
BIOKON and BIOKON-International
Biomimetic
Architecture
Plants as concept generators
for novel building construction
Biological Design and
Integrative Structures
Cooperative Research
Center TRR 141
Living Plant Construction (Baubotanik)
Constructional integration of living plants in architectur
Living Plant Pavilion
in the Botanic Garden of
the University of Freiburg
(Construction: Weidenprinz)
©IGMAUniv.Stuttgart&Plant
BiomechanicsGroupFreiburg
Three-story
sycamore cube
at the Landes-
gartenschau
Nagold
(Construction:
Dr. Ferdinand
Ludwig)
©FerdinandLudwig–LivingPlant
Constructions&IGMAUniv.Stuttgart
Cooperationproject PBMG Freiburg with IGMA and ITKE Univ. Stuttgart
T.Speck(2009):Baubotanik,Bionik,Biotechnologie.In:DeBruyn,G.,Ludwig,F.&
Schwerdtfeger,H.(eds.),LebendeBauten–TrainierbareBauwerke:63–77,LIT-Verlag,Berlin.

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©TUDarmstdt&PlantBiomechanicsGroupFreiburg
A direct copy of functionalities
typically does not work due to
physical limitations (Reynolds
numbers, material properties,
energy requirement…)
What is definitively not
Biomimetics?
Biological inspiration for
biomimetic airplanes?
Green Building - Building Green in Cities – Helsinki, 25‘-26’08‘2016
©TUDarmstdt&PlantBiomechanicsGroupFreiburg
What is definitively
Biomimetics?
Biological inspiration for
biomimetic airplanes!
Optimization of winglets in
airplane wings (Boing 747) by
applying Evolutionary Strategies
as optimization method
(quantitative analysis, abstraction,
transfer of functional principles…)

26.08.2016
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• What is biomimetics and what not?
• Different fields in biomimetics and specific situation
in architecture
• Philosophy and mode of collaboration in CRC 141
• Energy absorption in porous materials and scaling
processes
• Adaptive stiffness in rod-like biological and technical
structures
• Kinematics of plant surfaces and application in
elastic architecture (Flectofin® and Flectofold)
• Branchings in plants and building constructions -
outer form and inner structure
• Sustainability assessment in biomimetic architecture
• Biomimetic visions - past, present & future
Biomimetic architecture
Plants as concept generators for novel building construction
© Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg
in architecture
processes
structures
Architecture
& Design Lightweight
Constructions
& Materials
Surfaces
& Interfaces
Fuiddynamics
Swimming
& Flying
Biomechatronics
& Robotics
Communication
& Sensorics
Optimisation
Biomi-
metics
© Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg & various sources
Different fields of Biomimetics:
a many-faceted success story

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Architecture
& Design Lightweight
Constructions
& Materials
Surfaces
& Interfaces
Fuiddynamics
Swimming
& Flying
Biomechatronics
& Robotics
Communication
& Sensorics
Optimisation
Biomi-
metics
Different fields of Biomimetics:
Specific situation in architecture
© Schroedel Verlag & Plant
Biomechanics Group Freiburg
Specific situation in architecture:
Takes adavantage not only from
specific developments belonging to
architectural biomimetics.
Incorporation of results from different
other fields of biomimetics: Lightweight
constructions & materials, surfaces &
interfaces, optimisation, sensor- and
energy-biomimetics
Biomimetics in architecture: Buildings are typically one of a kind
Test of biomimetic developments and products on the prototype
level under permanent use of the inhabitants
J.Knippers&T.Speck(2012)BioinspirationandBiomimetics,7.
DOI:10.1088/1748-3182/7/1/015002
Architecture: increasingly important
and innovative field of biomimetics
in architecture
processes
structures

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20 PIs from engineering, architecture, biology,
physics, mathematics & material sciences
23 PhD-student, 8 Postdocs
Collaborative Research Center - Transregio 141
Biological Design and Integrative Structures
Analysis, Simulation and Implementation in Architecture
A common research activity of three universities and
three research institutes with the central aim to
evaluate the potential of biomimetic architecture
22 PIs from engineering, architecture, biology,
physics, mathematics & materials sciences
36 PhD-students & 13 Postdocs
First funding period of 3.75 years
(2014‘10 – 2018‘06)
8 more years (until 2025) envisaged
Aim of the CRC - Transregio 141:
Innovative biomimetic buildings inspired by plants and animals
Ultra-lightweight support structure
My Zeil Frankfurt: Support structure
by Knippers Helbing Stuttgart
Bio-inspired Research Pavillons 2011, 2012 & 2013
ICD & ITKE Stuttgart, Uni. Tübingen & Freiburg
Biomimetic facade shading – Thematic Pavillon Expo 2012
Yeosu, South Korea
J. Knippers & T.
Speck (2012): Design
and construction
principles in Nature
and Architecture. –
Bioinspiration and
Biomimetics, 7.
DOI:10.1088/1748-
3182/7/1/015002
© Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg & ITKE Stuttgart

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©ITKEStuttgart,PlantBiomech.GroupFreiburg&UniTübingen
Consequent application of biomimetics in all 14 R&D projects of CRC 141
Quantitative analysis, understanding of principles, abstraction, transfer of
functional principles in biomimetic products and reverse biomimetics
Consequent interdisciplinary approach in all 14 R&D projects of CRC 141
In each project collaboration of engineers, architects and material
scientists with biologists, physicists and mathematicians
in architecture
processes
structures

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Motivation: Development of buildings that can
withstand high energy input
Main challenge: Bio-inspired solutions for
natural and man-made disasters - e.g. earth-
quakes, rock falls, storms, accidents ...
Plants and animals as source of inspiration for energy dissipation in load bearing systems
Cooperation
partners:
Impact tests with
pomelo fruits
Force
sensor
Mirror
Highspeed
camera 1
Highspeed
camera 2
©PlantBiomechanicsGroupFreiburg
Deformation of
pomelo fruits
100.000 fps
10.000
fps
Impact-damping and puncture-protection:
inspiration by fruit walls and seed coats
Local impact
Global answer
M. Thielen, C. Schmitt, S. Eckert, T. Speck & R. Seidel (2013): Bioinspiration & Biomimetics, 8: DOI:10.1088/1748-3182/8/2/025001
Energydissipation[%]
infreefallexperimetsfrom6mheight
15m

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Fiber bundles and deformation
Sample height in percent of original height
Foamy pomelo
peel with
gradual pore
size consisting
of cellular struts
and reinforced
by a 3D-network
of fiber bundles
Structure and
ultrastructure of
pomelo peel
Graded foam embedded in 3D-fiber bundle
network in highly damping Pomelo peel
M. Thielen, T. Speck & R. Seidel (2015): Royal Society Open Science, 2: 140322. DOI.org/10.1098/rsos.140322.
Macadamia-seedcoat – a microlayered, very tough and hard micro-lami-
nate with multiple layers of sclerenchyma fibers and sclereid cells
Structure and ultrastructure of the
seedcoat of a Macadamia seed
Example 1: Multilayer-system in Macadamia
seeds: highly integrated protection hull
Schematic drawing Fracture surface
©TUBerlin,PBGFreiburg&RWTHAachen
P. Schüler, T. Speck, A. Bührig-Polaczek & C. Fleck (2014): PLoS ONE 9(8): e102913. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0102913

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50 µm
Cocos nucifer endosperm – a very tough & hard hierarchicallay structured
tissue with a 3D-net of sclerenchyma fibers & multilayered sclereid cells
Sclereid cells
Example 2: Structure of Cocos nucifera
endocarp: highly integrated protection hull
S. Schmier et al. (2016), In: J. Knippers, T. Speck & K. Nickel (eds.), Biomimetic Research for Architecture
and Building Construction: Biological Design and Integrative Structures, Springer.
Structure and
ultrastructure
of the fruit
& endocarp
of Cocos
nucifera
©PlantBiomechanics
GroupFreiburg
Exocarp (leathery)
Mesocarp (fibrous)
Endocarp (tough, hard)
Thin testa (paper-like)
Endosperm (pulp) with
embryo
50 µm
Vascular bundle
Structure and
ultrastructure
of the fruit
& endocarp
of Cocos
nucifera
©PlantBiomechanics
GroupFreiburg
Exocarp
Mesocarp
Endocarp
Thin testa
Endosperm
with embryo
µ-CT-analysis of the
arrangement of the
vascular bundles in
the endocarp of
Cocos nucifera
Mechanical analyses
show that vascular
bundles act as crack
deviators & stoppers

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Specific fracture force in
various hard-shelled fruits
and seeds
S. Schmier,C. Lauer,I. Schäfer,K. Klang,G. Bauer, M. Thielen, K. Termin, C. Berthold, S. Schmauder, T. Speck & K. Nickel (2016), In: J. Knippers,
T. Speck & K. Nickel (eds.), Biomimetic Research for Architecture and Building Construction: Biological Design and Integrative Structures, Springer.
©FoundryInstituteRWTHAachen,PlantBiomechanicsGroupFreiburg&
MaterialsEngineeringTUBerlinandILEKStuttgart
Impact-damping and puncture-protection:
inspired by seeds, fruits & bark: hierarchical structure
Cooperationproject PBMG Freiburg, RWTH Aachen, TU Berlin in DFG-SPP 1420
Graded,
porous,
lightweight
concrete
Cooperationproject Mineralogy Uni Tübingen, PBMG Freiburg, ILEK Uni Stuttgart

26.08.2016
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in architecture
processes
structures
©ArchitekturbüroRasch+Bradatsch,photos:J.Lienhard
Motivation: Development of rod-like structures
with adaptive stiffness and hinge-less kinematics
Inspired by plants and animals: Adaptive stiffness and hinge-free continuous kinematics
Main challenge:
Transfer of natural
solutions for adaptive
stiffness and/or hinge-
less joints into novel
bio-inspired technical
actuators for built
structures
Cooperation
partners:
O. Betz et al.(2016), In: J. Knippers, T. Speck & K.
Nickel (eds.), Biomimetic Research for Architecture
and Building Construction: Biological Design and
Integrative Structures, Springer.

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Adaptive functional morphology and biome-
chanics in selected rod-like plant structures
S. Poppinga, S. Hartmeyer, T. Masselter, I. Hartmeyer & T. Speck (2013): Plant Signaling & Behavior 8(7), e24685. DOI: 10.4161/psb.24685
Example 1: Snap-tentacles of carnivorous plants (Drosera glanduligera)
S. Poppinga, S. Hartmeyer, R. Seidel, T. Masselter, I. Hartmeyer & T. Speck (2012): PLoS ONE 7(9) e45735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045735
Cross-section of hinge zone
Phases of snap-tentacle movement
Actuation by active water transport
from adaxial to abaxial region and/or
turgor loss in cells of adaxial region.
Hypocotyl
Macro-
coty-
ledon
Inflores-
cence
Drying out process over 6.5 days
PBG Freiburg: M. Mylo, T. Kampowski, S. Poppinga & T. Speck / GreenPur – BW Foundation
Example 2: Tugor dependant adaptive functional morphology and
biomechanics in Monophyllaea horsfieldii

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PBG Freiburg: M. Mylo, T. Kampowski, S. Poppinga & T. Speck / GreenPur – BW Foundation
Re-watering process over 1 day
Re-watering
(after 168 hours)
Rewatering process over 1 day
Drying out process
Day
1
Day
4
Day
5
Day
6
0 h 5 h 10 h 24 h
Variation in
hypocotyl
diameter
Time [h]
Hypocotyldiameter[mm]
RelativeWatercontent[/]
BendingElasticModulus[MPa]
Day 1 - 4 drying out Day 5
re-watering
Re-watering
(after 4 days)
Test plant 1
Test plant 2
Test plant 3
Test plant 4
Relative Water Content (RWC)
Actual fresh weight – Dry weight
Fully turgescent weight – Dry weight
Example 2: Turgor depandant
adaptive functional morphology
and biomechanics in
Monophyllaea horsfieldii
in architecture
processes
structures

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Motivation: Development of planar, curved and
corrugated surfaces with hinge-less kinematics
Kinematics of planar, curved and corrugated surfaces – Biomimetic solutions for architecture
Main challenge: Finding possible solutions in botany for adaptive hinge-
less deployable planar structures in building construction and architecture
©itkeStuttgart&PlantBiomechanicsGroupFreiburg
© img.alibaba.com
© bp.blogspot
Peek und Cloppenburg, Cologne 2005 Renzo Piano &
Knippers Helbig
Cooperation
partners:
From the Bird-of-Paradise-Flower to the
Flectofin® façade-shading system
J. Lienhard, S. Schleicher, S. Poppinga, T. Masselter, M. Milwich, T. Speck & J. Knippers (2011): Bioinspiration and
Biomimetics, 6: DOI:10.1088/1748-3182/6/4/045001
©Video:PeterSchoppa&CarinaVogt
ClaussMarkisen
(Movie:J.Lienhard)
Prototype of
the façade-
shading-
system
Flectofin®:
bending
actuated by
hydraulic
pistons at
the base
©ITKEStuttgart&PlantBiomechanicsGroupFreiburg
Soma Architecture
(Vienna) and Knippers
Helbig Engineers
(Stuttgart)
Bio-inspired kinematic façade: Thematic Pavilion /
Expo 2012 (Yeosu, South Korea)
Further developments based on Flectofin®
Soma Architecture
(Vienna) and Knippers
Helbig Engineers
(Stuttgart)

26.08.2016
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Double-Flectofin®:
Simulation & Demonstrator
© B. Miklautsch
Flectofin® a biomimetic façade-shading-
system based on fibre composite material
Cooperationproject PBG Freiburg, ITKE Univ. Stuttgart & ITV Denkendorf
Façade-shading
elements: Backbone and
shading membrane made
of glass fibre reinforced
polymers (GFRP)
S.Schleicher,J.Lienhard,S.
Poppinga,T.Speck&J.
Knippers(2015):Computer-Aided
Design,60:105-117.
©ITVDenkendorf/ITKEStuttgart©PlantBiomechaucsGroupFreiburg
©ITKEStuttgart
20x decelaration
Carnivorous waterwheel plant role model
for biomimetic façade-shading-systems
Kinetic model of the snap-trapping mechanism
of the waterwheel plant in FE-model
Flexible component inspired by water-
wheel plant applied to a curved surface
The two leaf-halves of the snap trap of Aldrovanda vesiculosa remain undeformed.
The closure of the snap trap is driven by a small hydraulical deformation (bending) of the
midrip connecting the halves of the snap trap and represents a motion amplification.
©ITKEStuttgart

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Flectofold
©ITKE&ITFTUniversityofStuttgart
andITVDenkendorf
Biomimetic façade-shading modul made of fiber-reinforced material
CRC-TRR 141-Cooperationproject PBG Freiburg, ITKE & IBB Stuttgart, ITV Denkendorf
Elastic architecture: Flectofold - biomimetic
façade-shading inspired by waterwheel plant
S.Poppingaetal.(2016),In:J.Knippers,T.Speck&K.Nickel(eds.),
BiomimeticResearchforArchitectureandBuildingConstruction:
BiologicalDesignandIntegrativeStructures,Springer.
Façade-shading
elements made
of glass fibre
reinforced
polymers (GFRP)
in architecture
processes
structures

26.08.2016
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Motivation: Development of novel, biomimetically
optimized branching joints for architecture
Main challenge: Optimization of form and fibre-arrangement in
bioinspired technical branched fibrous composites especially for
truss structures in architecture and constructional engineering
Roof supporting structure of Stuttgart airport,
©Flughafen Stuttgart
Dracaena draco © Websicover.ru Pandanus tectorius © ‚Kwietone 25‘ at flickr.com
Branchings and axes as concept generators for joints of branched building structures
Cooperation
partners:
Highly load-bearing construction parts of
branched fiber-reinforced composites
Highly load-bearing
constructions in
architecture
Supporting structures
in automotives &
aerospace
Frames (e.g.
motobikes,
bicycles)
© www.metallguss-steinruecken.de© www.light-bikes.de
Multifunctional
lightweight struc-
tures in robotics
© J. Schmitz, Uni Bilefeld
Fields of
application in
architectureBiological role
models
©PlantBiomechanicsGroupFreiburg&othersources
© www.
dehner.de

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Dragon tree
(Dracaena marginata)
Thin section
©PlantBiomechanicsGroupFreiburg&Bot.InstitutTUDresden
Higly load-bearing fiber-reinforced branching regions
Cooperationsproject: PBG Freiburg, ITV Denkendorf, TU Dresden, Uni Stuttgart
Maceration
Columnar cactus
(Pachycereus sp.)
Fiber- and woodsegment arrangement in
selected arborescent mono- & dicots
Dwarf umbrella tree
(Schefflera arboricola)
Maceration
3D-Analysis of the branching region of a
dragon tree by Magnet Resonance Imaging
L. Hesse, T. Masselter, J. Leupold, N. Spengler, T. Speck & J.G. Korvink (2016): Scientific Reports (in print).
T. Masselter, L. Hesse, J. Leupold, N. Spengler, J.G. Korvink & T. Speck (2015), In: 8th Plant Biomech. Conf., 230-234. Nagoya, Japan.
Start
End
Direction of
imaging
&UniversityClinicsFreiburg&KIT

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3D-Analysis of the branching region of a
dragon tree by Magnet Resonance Imaging
F
Overlay of outer surface
showing deformation of
branching region
loaded
unloaded1.5 cm
1.5 cm 5 mm5 mm
Discretisation of individual bundles and overlay in unloaded and loaded
situation showing deformation of individual bundles in the branching region
&UniversityClinicsFreiburg&KIT
L. Hesse, T. Masselter, J. Leupold, N. Spengler, T. Speck & J.G. Korvink (2016): Scientific Reports (in print).
T. Masselter, L. Hesse, J. Leupold, N. Spengler, J.G. Korvink & T. Speck (2015), In: 8th Plant Biomech. Conf., 230-234. Nagoya, Japan.
µ-Computer-Tomography-Analysis of the
branching region of the dwarf umbrella tree
L. Born, F. Jonas, K. Bunk et al. (2016), In: J. Knippers, T. Speck & K. Nickel (eds.), Biomimetic Research for
Architecture and Building Construction: Biological Design and Integrative Structures, Springer.
Start
End
Direction of
imaging
3D-Analysis of outer shape
and inner structure
1.5 cm
Main
stem
Side-
branch

26.08.2016
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©PlantBiomechanicsGroupFreiburg,ITVDenkendorf,ILKDresden&TUDresden
Branched plant stems: concept generators
for branched fiber reinforced composits
L. Müller, M. Milwich, A. Gruhl, H. Böhm, M. Gude, T. Haushahn, T. Masselter, H. Schwager, T. Neinhuis & T.
Speck (2013): Technical Textiles, 56/5: 231 – 235.
©PlantBiomechanicsGroupFreiburg,ITVDenkendorf&ITKEStuttgart
Branched plant stems: concept generators
for braided concrete filled FRP tubes
Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer
(CFRP) filled with concrete (Co) and
test on FRP confined concrete
Test specimen with an interlayer for
free-flowing expanding Eurogrout
Fields of application in architecture:
highly load-bearing building constructions

26.08.2016
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in architecture
processes
structures
Motivation: Testing the biomimetic promise: natural
solutions as concept generators for sustainable
technology development in the construction sector
Main challenge: Testing the biomimetic promise that
biomimetic solutions can help for sustainable technology
development in the construction sector
The biomimetic promise: natural solutions as concept generators for sustainable architecture
Biomimetic ribbed ceiling
© PBG-FR
Bio-inspired lamp with
„Dandelion look“
© ikea.com
© VDI – Guideline
Biomimetics
Cooperation
partners:

26.08.2016
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Example: Sustainability assessment
for a biomimetic ceiling structure
Biological role model: bone Product: ribbed ceilingAbstraction: model
 Biomimetic product
 Contribution to several
sustainability aims
→ Biomimetic promise is kept.Sustainability
assessment
F. Antony, R. Grießhammer, T. Speck & O. Speck (2014): Bioinspiration and Biomimetics, 9. DOI:10.1088/1748-3182/9/1/016013
R. Horn, J. Gantner, L. Widmer, K.P. Sedlbauer & O. Speck(2016), In: J. Knippers, T. Speck & K. Nickel (eds.), Biomimetic
Research for Architecture and Building Construction: Biological Design and Integrative Structures, Springer.
in architecture
processes
structures

26.08.2016
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Biomimetics: The dream to learn
from nature becomes reality
Biomimetics is the Future of Innovation!
Ökopark Hartberg
©VerschiedeneQuellen
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452-1519)
„Humans creative genius is capable of making various
inventions (…). However, he will not be able to make one,
being more beautiful, more economic or more
straightforward than the ones of nature, as in nature’s
inventions nothing is missing and nothing is superfluous.“
Plant Biomechanics Group – Botanic Garden University of Freiburg
www.botanischer-garten.uni-freiburg.de
Competence Network ‚Biomimetics‘ Baden-Württemberg (MWK-BW)
www.kompetenznetz-biomimetik.de
BIOKON e.V & BIOKON international – The Biomimetic Association (BIONA-BMBF)
www.biokon.de & www.biokon-international.com
Education and Teaching in Biomimetics
www.bionik-online.de www.bionik-vitrine.de www.bionik-blog.de
Acknowledgements
6 Groupleaders, 2 Postdocs, 12 PhD-students,
12 Diploma-, Bachelor-. Master- & Stex-
Students, 4 Technicians, 12 Gardeners
Collaborative Research Center TRR 141

Thomas Speck: Biomimetic architecture

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