Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is highly contagious, infects a wide variety of domestic and wildlife hosts and occurs as seven virus serotypeswith multiple subtypes known as topotypes. Its presence reduces production and restricts trade opportunities for endemic countries and poses a constant threat to those countries free of the disease. FMD viruses are not randomly dispersed throughout the world but are associated with particular ecological niches. The distribution is affected by recurring upsurges in the prevalence of particular strains that may be associated with viral evolution, waning population immunity and/or opportunities presented by the increasing and more frequent movements of animals and their products. This can give rise to pandemic spread affecting new regions. Current global surveillance for FMD aims to identify the current hazards and to predict heightened risk so that appropriate diagnostics and vaccines can be made available for their detection and control. The World Reference Laboratory for FMD (WRLFMD®) at The Pirbright Institute, UK, is the centre of an OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network that regularly receives samples for FMD diagnosis from many parts of the world. FMD virus isolates are identified by serotyping, vaccine matching with a range of current FMD vaccine strains and by nucleotide sequencing to provide precise characterisation of new isolates and tracing of their origin by comparison with viruses held in the extensive WRLFMD®and other collections. This analysis assists the monitoring of the ‘real time’ emergence and spread of FMD virus globally. Studies on FMD virus occurrence over many years have provided the information to suggest the clustering or grouping of FMD viruses into 7 virus pools, with 3 pools covering Europe, the Middle-East and Asia, 3 pools covering Africa and 1 pool covering the Americas. This concept has provided the platform to enable a targeted approach to progressive FMD control at the national, regional and global level. This presentation will focus on the global FMD surveillance provided by the OIE/FAO network of FMD reference laboratories and highlight the regional differences in virus populations and current needs for diagnosis and control. (c) Jef Hammond / EuFMD (eufmd@fao.org)

1. Previously The Institute for Animal Health
AVRI
NOW

2. FMD : Global Surveillance and
European Neighbourhood Situation
EuFMD October 2012
The World Reference Laboratory for FMD
Dr Jef M. Hammond WRLFMD®
Donald King, Nick Knowles, Valerie Mioulet and Yanmin Li
The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF,
UNITED KINGDOM

3. FMD Reference Laboratories at Pirbright
• European Community Reference Laboratories for FMD
– Support and diagnosis for EU Member States
• OIE Reference Laboratory for FMD
– support of safeguarding and promoting international trade
• World Reference Laboratory for FMD designated by FAO
– WRLFMD
– Global surveillance and threat recognition
– Reference Laboratory Network of OIE/FAO FMD Labs

4. World Reference Laboratory for FMD- WRLFMD ®
FAO, OIE, EU and National Responsibilities
• 24/7 Diagnostic Service
• Global surveillance
• Strain characterisation
• Vaccine matching (Bulgaria, South Korea, Egypt)
• Extensive library of isolates
• Test improvement & Development, validation,
• Quality assurance
• Reagent supply
• Training
• Advice & Reports

5. Global Surveillance
Endemic
Intermediate, sporadic
Free with vaccination
Countries with multiples zones:
FMD-free, free with vaccination or not free
Free. Virus present in game parks
Free

6. Visualization of Regional Virus Pools
as an Aid to Global Control
Divides the Globe into 7 pools each with
• Multiple serotypes but topotypes mainly confined to
that pool
• Each pool may need tailored vaccines and strategies

7. The conjectured status of FMD showing approximate
distribution of regional virus pools.
Pool 3
O, A, Asia 1
Pool 1
O, A, Asia 1
Pool 2
O, A, Asia 1

8. The conjectured status of FMD showing approximate
distribution of regional virus pools.
Pool 5
O, A, SAT 1, 2
Pool 4
A, O, SAT 1, 2, 3
Pool 6
SAT 1, 2, 3

9. The conjectured status of FMD showing approximate
distribution of regional virus pools.
Pool 7
O, A

10. Enhanced Surveillance: OIE/FAO Lab network
• WRLFMD: Pirbright, UK
• RRLSEA: Pakchong, Thailand
• LVRI: Lanzhou, China
• FGI ARRIAH: Vladimir, Russia
• PDFMD: Mukteswar, India
• RRLSSA: Gabarone, Botswana
• FMD-Laboratory: Embakasi, Kenya
• PANAFTOSA: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• LFADLCT: Argentina Approximately ~2400
• ARC-OVI: Onderstepoort, RSA samples tested during 2011
• PIADC: Plum Island, USA
OIE/FAO FMD Reference Laboratory Network
• CODA-CERVA-VAR: Ukkel, Belgium
Annual Report 2011
Editor: Dr Jef Hammond, IAH, Pirbright, UK.

11. SAT 2 Serotyping results for 2011
1% SAT 3
SAT 1 2%
1%
0% ASIA 1
12%
A
24%
O
60%
The network labs received >2,400 samples in 2011 from 34 countries
60% were serotype O
Increased Asia 1 activity…………………………..Serotype C was not detected

12. WRLFMD Serotyping results for 2012- upto 3rd Quarter
®
Asia 1
16%
O
SAT2 40%
19%
SAT1 A
2% 23%
From > 650 samples in 2012 from 25 countries Increased Asia 1 activity
40% were serotype O Increased SAT 2 activity
Still No Serotype C (not reported since 2004)

13. 25 countries FMD Outbreaks 2012 Bahrain
O & SAT 2
~650 samples
~ 300 positive ~ 650 Samples from 25 Countries Kuwait
Sudan PAT UAE O
Egypt O, A & SAT 2 SAT 2 O Iran
O, A & SAT 2 O, A & Asia 1
Turkey KSA
Libya O, A & Asia 1 O Afghanistan
O & SAT 2 Israel
O O, A & Asia 1
Russia
O
China
O
Kazakhstan
O&A
Chinese Taipei
O
Pakistan Vietnam
A & Asia 1 O
Zambia
SAT 2
Tanzania
O, A, SAT 1 Thailand
Ethiopia
& SAT 2 O&A
O
Namibia
Kenya SAT 1 Eritrea Hong Kong
O, SAT 1 & SAT 2 O O
South Africa
Malaysia
FMD -Free Endemic SAT 2
Free with vaccination O&A
Countries with multiples zones:
Free. Virus present in game parks Intermediate, sporadic
FMD-free, free with vaccination or not free

14. Turkey 2012- Dıstrıbutıon >1000 Outbreaks
The majority of these have been Asia-1.

15. FMD Outbreaks 2012
SAT 2 in North Africa and Middle East

16. Total number of notifications of FMD received from
governorates for Feb-March 2012
suspicious total No of
serial governorates animals dead animals
1 cairo 1059 23
2 Alex 2229 299
Diseased/Dead Animals per day 3 Port said 451 170
4 Suez 4045 299
5 Domitta 1799 636
6 Dakahlia 8058 1176
7 Sharkia 388 36
8 Quliobia 1219 176
9 Kafrelshik 1215 933
10 Gharbia 23766 3151
11 Menofia 1456 629
12 Behira 3588 815
13 Ismailia 171 20
14 Giza 2228 107
15 Benisuef 1296 361
16 Fayoum 744 278
17 Menia 1792 421
18 Assuit 1107 171
19 Sohag 1120 206
20 Quina 1054 119
21 Asswan 227 52
22 Luxor 701 82
23 Red sea 0 0
24 New valley 168 21
25 Matroh 59 11
26 North sinia 1 0
27 South sinia 0 0
total 59941 10192

17. FMD Outbreaks 2012
Vaccination against SAT 2 in Egypt
August 2012
Vaccination with monovalent SAT2 – 1st round with locally produced vaccine
Total= 827954 in 21 governorates .
cattle 431568
Buffaloes 211352
sheep 159398
goat 25636
2nd round vaccination with monovalent locally produced SAT2 vaccine = 148741
cattle 114439
buffaloes 31946
sheep 1289
goat 1067
Information provided by Dr Soheir Hassan Abd El Kader
Under Secretary of centeral adminstration of preventive medicine
General Organization for Veterinary Services
Ministry of Agriculture
Cairo, Egypt

18. Egypt- Recent FMD Outbreaks
Egypt has at least 3 serotypes of FMDV
and a number of topotypes
1. O/ME-SA/Egy-72 (2006-2009)
2. O/ME-SA/PanAsia 2 (Egy-09) (2009 & 2011
3. A/Africa/G-VII (Ken-05) (2006 & 2009)
4. A/Asia/Iran-05 (Bar-08) (2010-2011)
5. A/Africa/G-IV (ISM-12) (2012)
6. SAT2/VII/Alx-12 (2012)
7. SAT2/VII/Ghb-12 (2012)

19. Recent Observations- SAT 2 in Sudan 2010

20. Recent Observations- SAT 2 in Sudan 2010

21. Recent Observations- A in Sudan 2011

22. Recent Observations- A in Sudan 2011

23. Regional Analysis- 2012
Pool 3
O, A, Asia 1
Pool 5
O, A, SAT 1, 2
Pool 1
O, A, Asia 1
Pool 7
O, A Pool 2
O, A, Asia 1
Pool 4
A, O, SAT 1, 2, 3
Pool 6
SAT 1, 2, 3

24. Regional Analysis- 2012
Asia 1 and SAT 2 on the move
Pool 3 Pool 3
O, A, Asia 1 O, A, Asia 1 2
& SAT
Pool 5
O, A, SAT 1, 2
Pool 1
O, A, Asia 1
Pool 7
O, A Pool 2
O, A, Asia 1
Pool 4
A, O, SAT 1, 2, 3
Pool 6
SAT 1, 2, 3

25. Current FMD Threat Analysis : from reported incidence
Serotype O- widespread circulation
– FMDV type O – ME-SA topotype – PanAsia-2 lineage
– FMDV type O – SEA topotype – Mya-98 lineage
Serotype A- widespread circulation
– FMDV type A – ASIA topotype – Iran-05 lineage
– FMDV type A – ASIA topotype – other
Serotype Asia 1 – limited circulation- BUT risk of further spread
– Reports from 6 countries in 2011 and now more in 2012
– Pirbright Vaccine trial carried out for EU-
– High potency vaccine protected animals challenged with current isolate
Serotypes SAT – restricted circulation
– Have not established outside of Africa
– But recent spread of SAT 2 into North Africa and Middle East being monitored
Serotype C - No reports of serotype C since 2004

26. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
• Vaccine matching carried out on representative isolates from each submission
• 2dm VNT carried out with a variety of Merial, Intervet (MSD) and ARRIAH
bovine vaccinal reference sera
• Results presented as traffic light system
WRLFMD® Pirbright vaccine
Result matching by 2dm VNT
Good match
Some matches
No match

27. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
Serotype O vaccine matching
Country Serotype Topotype Lineage/ Sub
of Origin strain Lineage O 3039 O 4625 O Manisa O PA2
Afghanistan O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Bahrain O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Congo O ME-SA PanAsia -
Egypt O ME-SA PanAsia-2 -
Ethiopia O EA-3 - -
Iran O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
O ME-SA PanAsia-2 FAR-09
Israel O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Japan O SEA Mya 98 -
Kenya O EA-2 - -
Kuwait O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Libya O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
O EA-3 - -
Malaysia O SEA Mya-98 -
Kingdom Saudi O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Arabia
Sudan O EA-3 - -
Thailand O SEA Mya-98 -
O ME-SA PanAsia -
Turkey O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
UAE O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Vietnam O ME-SA PanAsia -

28. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
Serotype O vaccine matching
Country Serotype Topotype Lineage/ Sub
of Origin strain Lineage O 3039 O 4625 O Manisa O PA2
Malaysia O SEA Mya-98 -
Thailand O SEA Mya-98 -
O ME-SA PanAsia -
Vietnam O ME-SA PanAsia -

29. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
Serotype O vaccine matching
Country Serotype Topotype Lineage/ Sub
of Origin strain Lineage O 3039 O 4625 O Manisa O PA2
Afghanistan O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Bahrain O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Egypt O ME-SA PanAsia-2 -
Iran O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
O ME-SA PanAsia-2 FAR-09
Israel O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Kuwait O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Libya O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
O EA-3 - -
Kingdom Saudi Arabia O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
Sudan O EA-3 - -
Turkey O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10
UAE O ME-SA PanAsia-2 ANT-10

30. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
Serotype O vaccine matching
Country Serotype Topotype Lineage/ Sub
of Origin strain Lineage O 3039 O 4625 O Manisa O PA2
Congo O ME-SA PanAsia -
Ethiopia O EA-3 - -
Kenya O EA-2 - -

31. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
Serotype A vaccine matching
Country Serotype Topotype Lineage/ Sub
of Origin strain Lineage A A A A A
Eri Saudi Iran Tur MAY
98 95 A22 05 06 97
Afghanistan A Asia Iran-05 HER-10
Iran A Asia Iran-05 SIS-10
A Asia Iran-05 HER-10
A Asia Iran-05 AFG-07
Pakistan A Asia Iran-05 HER-10
Turkey A Asia Iran-05 SIS-10
Good match
Some matches
No match

32. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
Serotype A vaccine matching
Country Serotype Topotype Lineage/ Sub
of Origin strain Lineage A A A A A
Eri Saudi Iran Tur MAY
98 95 A22 05 06 97
Congo A Africa G-I -
Egypt A Africa G-IV -
A Asia Iran-05 BAR-08
Sudan A Africa G-IV -
Good match
Some matches
No match

33. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
Serotype A vaccine matching
Country Serotype Topotype Lineage/ Sub
of Origin strain Lineage A A A A A
Eri Saudi Iran Tur MAY
98 95 A22 05 06 97
Malaysia A Asia Sea-97 -
Thailand A Asia Sea-97 -
Good match
Some matches
No match

34. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
Serotype Asia 1 vaccine Matching
Country Serotype Topotype Lineage/strain Asia 1
of Origin Asia 1 Asia 1 Shamir
India Shamir >6PD50
Afghanistan Asia 1 Asia Sindh-08
Iran Asia 1 Asia Sindh-08
Pakistan Asia 1 Asia Sindh-08
Turkey Asia 1 Asia Sindh-08
Good match
Some matches
No match

35. Current FMD Threat Analysis: Vaccine matching 2012
SAT Serotypes Vaccine Matching
Country Serotype Topotype
of Origin SAT 1
Rho
Kenya SAT 1 I (NWZ)
SAT 2 Zim SAT 2 Eri
Bahrain SAT 2 IV
Egypt SAT 2 VII
Kenya SAT 2 IV
Libya SAT 2 VII
PAT SAT 2 VII
Sudan SAT 2 VII
Tanzania SAT 2 IV
Good match
Some matches
No match

36. Vaccine Recommendations
(National & European Antigen Banks)
O Manisa*
HIGH O PanAsia -2* * or additional
O BFS or Campos
PRIORITY A-Iran-05 strain
A24 Cruzeiro
A22 Iraq
Asia 1 Shamir*
SAT 2 Saudi Arabia (or equivalent - SAT 2 Eritrea)
A Argentina 01
A Iran 96
MEDIUM A Iran 99
A Eritrea
PRIORITY A Iran 87 or A Saudi Arabia 23/86 (or equivalent)
A Malaysia 97 (or Thai equivalent such as A/Sak/97)*
O Taiwan 97 (pig-adapted strain or Philippine equivalent)*
SAT 1 South Africa
SAT 2 Zimbabwe
A15 Bangkok related strain
A Kenya
LOW A87 Argentina related strain
SAT 1 Kenya
PRIORITY SAT 2 Kenya
Within category: not in order of importance
SAT 3 Zimbabwe
C Noville

37. European Neighbourhood
Is that only pool 3?

38. European Neighbourhood?

39. European Neighbourhood?

40. European Neighbourhood?

41. Know Your Neighbours
• What is it going to be?
• O? quite likely
• A?
• Asia 1?
• SAT 2?
• This is why we need the ref labs
• Improve and enhance
• Why we need to remain constantly on our guard

42. WRLFMD Summary www.wrlfmd.org
• A major combined effort both National and Global is needed for
control
• Accurate & Timely disease information is vital
• The FMD Reference Laboratory Network provides the
Engine Room for the Global Control Initiative
Pirbright designated global coordinating lab for OIE/FAO GCP

43. Acknowledgements
Jemma Wadsworth,
Bob Statham,
Pip Hamblin,
Ginette Wilsden,
Geoff Hutchings,
Nigel Ferris,
Claudia Doel, Miki Madi,
Begona Valdazo-Gonzalez,
Caroline Wright,
Bryony Armson, Nicola Camping,
Anna Ludi,
Liz Wilson, Gareth Shimmon,
Trish Ryder,
& Suzie Hammond