Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition that affects the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. It is caused by a deficiency of the hormone insulin, which helps the body convert sugar from food into energy. People with diabetes often have high levels of sugar in their blood, which can lead to serious health problems if left untreated. Symptoms of diabetes include excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, weight loss, and blurred vision. Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes, such as exercising regularly, eating healthy, and taking medications, as well as monitoring blood sugar levels. With proper treatment and management, people with diabetes can enjoy a normal life. Know more from the documents

1. GROUP PRESENTATION
BY
GROUP 4
TUTOR: MRS ODUKOYA
TITLE: DIABETES MELLITUS

2.  IGE DORCAS
 FAMAKINWA PRECIOUS
 TEWOGBADE ISRAEL
 OMOLADE KAYODE
 AFOLABI BOLAJI
 FAWOLE OYINLOLA
 ADETAYO ADEOLA
 ADEOTI CHRISTIANAH
 OLAGUNJU ODUNAYO

3.  Definition
 Causes
 Types
 Epidemiology
 Symptoms
 Methods of prevention
 Diagnostic investigation
 Assessment of patients
 Drug regimen for diabetes mellitus 1 and 2
 Nursing Management for diabetes mellitus
patient

4.  Diabetes mellitus is a disease that prevents
your body from properly using the energy
from glucose in the food you eat
 It is important to note that sugar itself does not
cause diabetes. Eating a lot of sugar can lead to
tooth decay, or other diseases but it does not
cause diabetes.

5.  To better understand diabetes, it helps to know more about
how the body uses food for energy (a process called
metabolism).
 Your body is made up of millions of cells. To make energy,
the cells need food in a very simple form. When you eat or
drink, much of your food is broken down into a simple sugar
called glucose. Glucose provides the energy your body needs
for daily activities.
 The blood vessels and blood are the highways that transport
sugar from where it is either taken in (the stomach) or
manufactured (in the liver) to the cells where it is used
(muscles) or where it is stored (fat). Sugar cannot go into the
cells by itself. The pancreas releases insulin into the blood,
which serves as the helper, or the "key," that lets sugar into
the cells for use as energy.
 When sugar leaves the bloodstream and enters the cells, the
blood sugar level is lowered. Without insulin, or the "key,"
sugar cannot get into the body's cells for use as energy. This
causes sugar to rise. Too much sugar in the blood is called
"hyperglycemia" (high blood sugar).

6. The exact causes of diabetes are not known, but The following
risk factors may increase your chances of getting diabetes:
 Family history of diabetes
 Being overweight
 Physical stress (such as surgery or illness)
 Use of certain medications, including steroids
 Injury to the pancreas (such as infection, tumor, surgery or
accident)
 Autoimmune disease
 High blood pressure
 Abnormal blood cholesterol or triglyceride levels
 Age (risk increases with age)
 Smoking
 History of gestational diabetes

7.  It is majorly of 2 types:
 Type 1
 Type 2
 Other types of diabetes might result from
pregnancy (gestational diabetes), surgery, use
of certain medicines, various illnesses and
other specific causes.

8.  TYPE 1DIABETES
This occurs because the insulin-
producing cells of the pancreas (beta
cells) are damaged. Here, the
pancreas makes little or no insulin,
so sugar cannot get into the body's
cells for use as energy.
People with type 1 diabetes must use
insulin injections to control their
blood glucose.
It is the most common form of
diabetes in people who are under
age 30, but it can occur at any age.
Ten percent of people with diabetes
are diagnosed with type 1.
 TYPE 2 DIABETES
• In type 2 diabetes (adult onset
diabetes), the pancreas makes insulin,
but it either doesn't produce enough,
or the insulin does not work
properly.
• Nine out of 10 people with diabetes
have type 2. This type occurs most
often in people who are over 40 years
old but can occur even in childhood if
there are risk factors present.
• Type 2 diabetes may sometimes be
controlled with a combination of diet,
weight management and exercise.
However, treatment also may include
oral glucose-lowering medications
(taken by mouth) or insulin injections
(shots).

9.  Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health
problem that is determined with impaired
carbohydrate metabolism, protein, and fat due
to unstable insulin secretion, insulin resistance
secretion, or both. With an 8.5% global
prevalence of diabetes in 2014; various
estimates suggest that the number of affected
people will be risen from 422 million to 642
million in the world by 2040.

10.  New diabetes cases have decreased over the
last decade except in people younger than 20
years. And in adults, there is much room for
improvement in preventing diabetes
complications. Data from this report can help
focus critical type 2 diabetes prevention and
diabetes management efforts across the nation.

11.  Increased thirst
 Increased hunger (especially after eating)
 Dry mouth
 Frequent urination
 Unexplained weight loss (even though you are eating
and feel hungry)
 Weak, tired feeling
 Blurred vision
 Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
 Slow-healing sores or cuts
 Dry and itchy skin
 Frequent yeast infections or urinary tract infections

12.  Cut Sugar and Refined Carbs From Your Diet
Eating foods high in refined carbs and sugar
increases blood sugar and insulin levels, which
may lead to diabetes over time. Avoiding these
foods may help reduce your risk.

13.  Performing physical activity on a
regular basis can increase insulin
secretion and sensitivity, which
may help prevent the
progression from prediabetes to
diabetes.

14.  Drinking water instead of other
beverages may help control
blood sugar and insulin levels,
thereby reducing the risk of
diabetes

15.  Carrying excess weight,
particularly in the abdominal
area, increases the likelihood of
developing diabetes. Losing
weight may significantly reduce
the risk of diabetes.

16.  Smoking is strongly linked to the
risk of diabetes, especially in
heavy smokers. Quitting has
been shown to reduce this risk
over time.

17.  Following a ketogenic or very-
low-carb diet can help keep
blood sugar and insulin levels
under control, which may
protect against diabetes.

18.  Avoiding large portion sizes can
help reduce insulin and blood
sugar levels and decrease the
risk of diabetes.

19.  Avoiding sedentary behaviors
like excessive sitting has been
shown to reduce your risk of
getting diabetes

20.  Consuming a good fiber source
at each meal can help prevent
spikes in blood sugar and insulin
levels, which may help reduce
your risk of developing diabetes.

21.  Consuming foods high in
vitamin D or taking supplements
can help optimize vitamin D
blood levels, which can reduce
your risk of diabetes

22.  Minimizing processed foods and
focusing on whole foods with
protective effects on health may
help decrease the risk of
diabetes.

23.  Drinking coffee or tea may help
reduce blood sugar levels,
increase insulin sensitivity and
reduce the risk of diabetes.

24.  Random plasma test
The simplest test and doesn’t require fasting
before taking the test. If 200 or more than 200
mg/dl of blood glucose it probably indicates
diabetes but has to be reconfirmed.
Fasting plasma glucose test:
 • There should be eight hours fasting before taking
this test.Blood glucose more than 126 mg/dl on
two or more tests conducted on different days
confirm diabetes.

25.  Oral glucose tolerance test
When random plasma glucose test is 160-200
mg/dl and the fasting plasma test is 110-125
mg/dl, then this test is conducted.• This blood test
evaluates body’s response to glucose.
Fructosamine test
Albumin is the main component of plasma
proteins. As albumin also contains free amino
groups, non-enzymatic reaction with glucose in
plasma occurs. Therefore glycated albumin can
similarly serve as a marker to monitor blood
glucose. Glycated albumin is usually taken to
provide a retrospective measure of average blood
glucose concentration over a period of 1 to 3
weeks.

26.  diabetes-focused examination includes vital signs,
funduscopic examination, limited vascular and
neurologic examinations, and a foot assessment. Other
organ systems should be examined as indicated by the
patient's clinical situation.
Differentiation of type 2 from type 1 diabetes
 Type 2 diabetes mellitus can usually be differentiated
from type 1 diabetes mellitus on the basis of history
and physical examination findings and simple
laboratory tests (see Workup: Tests to Differentiate
Type 2 and Type 1 Diabetes). Patients with type 2
diabetes are generally obese, and may have acanthosis
nigricans and/or hirsutism in conjunction with thick
necks and chubby cheeks.

27.  Assessment of vital signs
Baseline and continuing measurement of vital signs is
an important part of diabetes management. In
addition to vital signs, measure height, weight, and
waist and hip circumferences.
 In many cases, blood pressure measurement will
disclose hypertension, which is particularly common
in patients with diabetes. Patients with established
diabetes and autonomic neuropathy may have
orthostatic hypotension. Orthostatic vital signs may
be useful in assessing volume status and in
suggesting the presence of an autonomic neuropathy.

28.  Binamide
Initial: 500mg twice daily or 850 mg once daily
Range: 500-2550mg
Dose: Taken two or three times daily
• Sulfonylure: e.g Tobultamide
500 mg tablets
Initial: 1000 mg – 2000 mg daily
Range: 250-3000 mg (Seldom need > 2000mg/day)
Dose: Taken two or three times daily
Meglitinide deriatives
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors

29. Insulin and other medication
 Short acting (Regular) insulin
 Rapid acting insulin
 Intermediate acting (NPH) insulin
 Long acting insulin

30.  Nutritional modifications
 Regular exercise
 Regular glucose monitoring
 Drug therapy
 Client’s education