2. • Veronica M.B.
Ebo
• monamoursansf
in@yahoo.com
• 09333161116

3. Content
1. Definition
9. Treatment
2. History
3. Distribution 10. Recomendation
4. Epidemiology
5. Life cycle
6. Symptomology
7. Diagnosis
8. Prognosis

4. What is Ebola Virus?
• A notoriously deadly virus that
causes fearsome symptoms
–High Fever
–Internal Bleeding
• kills as many as 90% of the
people it infects

5. • EBOV is a Select Agent, World
Health Organization Risk Group 4
Pathogen
– use of a positive pressure
personnel suit, with a
segregated air supply, is
mandatory

7. • capable of
causing hemorrhagic (bloody)
fever
• belongs to the Filoviridae family
(filovirus)

9. 5 species of ebolavirus
1. Bundibugyo (Uganda)
2. Zaire ( Democratic Republic of
Congo)
3. Sudan
4. Côte d’Ivoire
5. Reston

11. • Zaïre, Sudan and Bundibugyo species
have been associated with large Ebola
haemorrhagic fever (EHF) outbreaks in
Africa with high case fatality ratio (25–
90%)
• Côte d’Ivoire and Reston have not
• Reston can infect humans but no serious
illness or death in humans have been
reported to date.

12. • Ebola Reston subtype, found in
the Western Pacific, has only
caused asymptomatic illness,
meaning that those who contract
the disease do not experience
clinical illness.

15. Medical
personnel
aiding in
ZAIRE

16. History
• The Ebola virus was first identified in
the western equatorial province of
Sudan and in a nearby region of Zaire
in 1976 after significant epidemics in
Nzara, southern Sudan and Yambuku,
northern Zaire.
• Named after a river in Zaire

17. • morphologically identical to
Marburg Virus; the cause of deadly
outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in
Germany and Yugoslavia in 1967,
but serologically distinct.
• The estimated case-fatality rate
was over 50% in Sudan, and more
than 80% in Zaire

18. MARBURG VIRUS

19. • The first case at Kikwit General
Hospital was admitted on 9 April. He
had previously been admitted to
another hospital in Kikwit with a
differential diagnosis of typhoid fever
with intestinal perforation. A
laparotomy was performed on the
patient at Kikwit General Hospital on
10 April. Three days later, on 14 April,
the patient died.

20. • Medical personnel who had taken care
of this patient, either in the operating
theatre or in the hospital wards,
became ill with fever starting 14 April.
About three-quarters of the first 70
patients in the epidemic appear to
have been health workers, and the
case fatality-rate was very high in the
group

21. KIKWIT

23. • In this outbreak, at least four
generations of cases can be
distinguished
• 1st - spouses, other relatives and
close friends of those infected at
the hospital, infected either during
patient care or preparation of
bodies for burial

24. • 2nd&3rd-other relatives and
friends of the first generation
who were infected in a similar
manner
•4 th-those who tended the second
and third generation cases

25. Distribution
• Epidemics of Ebola virus have
occurred mainly in African countries:
Zaire (Democratic Republic of
Congo), Gabon, Uganda, Côte
d’Ivoire, and Sudan
• Ebola virus is a hazard to laboratory
workers and, for that matter, anyone
who is exposed to it.

27. Cases of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in
Africa, 1976 - 2008
Country Town Cases Deaths Species Year
Dem. Rep.
Yambuku 318 280 Ezaire 1976
of Congo
Sudan Nzara 284 151 Esudan 1976
Dem. Rep.
Tandala 1 1 Ezaire 1977
of Congo
Sudan Nzara 34 22 Esudan 1979
Gabon Mekouka 52 31 Ezaire 1994
Ivory Coast Tai Forest 1 0 EIvoryCoast 1994
Dem. Rep.
Kikwit 315 250 Ezaire 1995
of Congo
Gabon Mayibout 37 21 Ezaire 1996

28. Gabon Booue 60 45 Ezaire 1996
South Johannesbu
2 1 Ezaire 1996
Africa rg
Uganda Gulu 425 224 Esudan 2000
Gabon Libreville 65 53 Ezaire 2001
Republic of Not
57 43 Ezaire 2001
Congo specified
Republic of
Mbomo 143 128 Ezaire 2002
Congo
Republic of
Mbomo 35 29 Ezaire 2003
Congo
Sudan Yambio 17 7 Esudan 2004
Dem. Rep.
Luebo 264 187 Ezaire 2007
of Congo
Uganda Bundibugyo 149 37 Ebundi 2007

31. VICTIM OF EBOLA
ZAIRE

32. • The origin in nature and the
natural history of Ebola virus
remain a mystery
• It appears that the viruses are
zoonotic.
– that they are transmitted to
humans from discrete life
cycles in animals or insects

34. • The infection of human cases with Ebola
virus through the handling of infected
chimpanzees, gorillas, and forest
antelopes – both dead and alive – has
been documented in Côte d'Ivoire, the
Republic of Congo and Gabon.
• The transmission of the Ebola Reston
strain through the handling of
cynomolgus monkeys has also been
reported.

36. • person-to-person transmission is
the means by which outbreaks
and epidemics progress
–direct contact with infected
blood, secretions, organs or
semen

37. s

38. • Hospital-acquired infections have been
frequent, and many health care workers
have been infected while attending
patients
– In the 1976 Zairian Ebola epidemic,
many cases could be linked to the use
of contaminated syringes and needles
• Transmission also occurs through
preparation of the dead for burials

39. • lysogenic life cycle. This mean
that the cycle does not
immediately kill the infected host
cells
– The virus just invade the cells and
replicates or make more copies of it
self and spread to other cells and
destroy the host DNA

40. • Ebola virus docks with cell
membrane
• Viral RNA is released into the
cytoplasm where it directs the
production of new viral proteins
and genetic material
• New viral genomes are rapidly
coated in protein to create cores.
–These viral cores stack up in the cell
and migrate to the cell surface

41. • Transmembrane proteins are
produced which are ferried to the
cell surface.
• Cores push their way through the
cell membrane becoming enveloped
in cell membrane and collecting
their transmembrane proteins as
they do so

43. • The Ebola incubation period is the
period of time between infection
with the Ebola virus and the
appearance of symptoms
associated with the disease.
• incubation period can be as short as
2 days or as long as 21 days.
• After four to six days on average,
symptoms of Ebola can begin

44. • Sudden onset of
fever
• Intense weakness
• Muscle pain
• Headache
• Sore throat

45. Then followed by:
• Vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, impaired
kidney and liver function, and in some
cases, both internal and external
bleeding
• Laboratory findings show low counts of
white blood cells and platelets as well
as elevated liver enzymes.

48. EBOLA VICTIM

50. • CBC
• ELECTROLYTES
• Tests of how well the blood
clots (coagulation studies)
• Tests to show whether
someone has been exposed to
the Ebola virus

52. • a high fatality rate for this
disorder (80% to 90%)
• mortality from Ebola has ranged
from 25% to 90% and recovery is
slow in those who survive.
– Morbidity and mortality rates are
very high, and they vary with the
strain of Ebola

53. •
•

56. • There is no known cure for the disorder
at this time
• For people with Ebola, treatment
involves providing relief of Ebola
symptoms while the body fights the
infection.
–Supportive Care
–intravenous fluids, antibiotics, and
oxygen. Treatment may also include
the use of medications to control
fever, help the blood clot, and
maintain blood pressure

57. • DNA vaccines, adenovirus-
based vaccines, and VSIV-
based vaccines have entered
clinical trials

60. • avoiding direct contact with
the body fluid of infected
people. Also, it's important to
avoid direct contact with the
body of an Ebola victim who
has died

61. • For healthcare workers in Africa,
who are most likely to encounter
cases of Ebola, prevention focuses
on being able to recognize cases of
the disease when they appear, as
well as using barrier isolation
techniques to avoid direct contact
with infected people.

62. Recommendations
• Containment
– Those who are infected should be
isolated in order to prevent further
infection
• Make sure staff member should be
informed about the nature of the
disease in order to take proper
precautions
– Wear proper clothing to prevent
contamination

63. Proper
Clothing

65. • Make sure linens or any material
used by an Ebola patient should by
cleaned thoroughly
• Ebola victims should be properly
buried in order to prevent further
infection
• Make sure the community and
neighbouring communities are
aware of the epidemic and inform
them on safety precautions.

67. • Ban eating/hunting of animals that are
most likely carriers of the virus such as
gorillas.
• If you plan on travelling to uganda, DRC,
Cote d’Ivoir and sudan check with the
Center for Disease Control and
Prevention before travelling to these
places to make sure that there hasn't
been an outbreak.

73. THE END?

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7/a-hot-zone-sequel-a-new-ebola-virus-detected-
in-pigs.html
• http://www.rkm.com.au/virus/ebola/
• http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/diseases.a
sp?did=321#Prognosis

75. • http://www.scienceagogo.com/news/201004
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• http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/dise
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