Open Science: Building Transparent, Collaborative, and Accessible Pathways to Knowledge
1. Open Science
Building Transparent, Collaborative, and
Accessible Pathways to Knowledge
Mark Clemente, Scholarly Communications Librarian
Evan Meszaros, Research Services Librarian
Kelvin Smith Library
2. Overview
1) Open science—its origins, values, and ethical
framework
2) Current universe of open science—how it
works, what its methods, practices, and
platforms are
3) Tangible action—what we are doing / what you
can do to advance openness in science
3. Historical Context: Scientific / Scholarly
Communication Since the 1600s
● Academies & scholarly societies
publish journals; 1665—Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society
● Journals become the dominant
method of disseminating scholarship
for centuries
● Peer review used to ensure quality
and rigor
Richard Valencia, Frontispeice to vol. 1 of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Philosophical_Transactions_Volume_1_frontispiece.jpg
Henry Oldenburg [CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)]
4. Historical Context: Massive Changes in Late 20th
Century
● Commercialization of
scholarly publishing and
consolidation of publishing
entities
● “Serials Crisis” in the 1990s &
onward
● Global wealth disparities
reflected in journal
publishing and accessImage from Van Noorden, R. "Nature owner merges with publishing giant Macmillan science and education looks set to
gain from Springer’s scale." Nature (January 15, 2015). Available at doi:10.1038/nature.2015.16731.
5. Historical Context: Massive Changes in Late 20th
Century
● Networked information creates
new possibilities for scientific
research, collaboration,
dissemination
● The Web highlights the limitations
of the scientific journal as the
primary means of
scientific/scholarly communication
● Increase in size and complexity of
data and methods of analysis
Felix Burton. “Change” [CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en)]
Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neon_sign,_%22CHANGE%22.jpg
6. “Early” Responses to These Changes
● arΧiv (est. 1991): Physics, math, and
computer science researchers sharing
pre-prints on the web
● SSRN (est. 1994): same practice with
social scientists
● Budapest Open Access Initiative, 2002
● Bethesda Statement on Open Access
Publishing, 2003
● Berlin Declaration of Open Access to
Knowledge in the Sciences and
Humanities, 2003
Flickr user Avette, “Free University at Madison Square Park,” Occupy CUNY News, May 1 2012,
https://www.flickr.com/photos/occupycunynews/6992598966/. [CC BY-NC 2.0
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/]
7. Recent Responses to These Changes
● Amsterdam Call for Action
on Open Science, 2016
● Publisher boycotts, e.g.
“The Cost of
Knowledge”—
17,000
researchers
boycotting
Elsevier
● Increase in institutional & funder
policies for openness
● Plan S (EU initiative), 2018
8. Open Science as a
Comprehensive Solution?
Open Science Federation. CC-BY 2.0.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/openscience/10813661054
9. Open Science Schools of Thought (Fecher &
Friesike, 2014)
Fecher, Benedikt and Sascha Friesike. ”Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of Thought”. May 30 (2013). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2272036 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2272036
11. Imposing Some Order on this Mess...
“Open Science Taxonomy” from: Pontika, Nancy; Knoth, Petr; Cancellieri, Matteo and Pearce, Samuel. (2015). Fostering Open Science to Research using a Taxonomy and an eLearning Portal. In: iKnow: 15th International Conference on Knowledge Technologies and Data Driven Business, 21-22 Oct 2015,
Graz, Austria. Accessible at: https://doi.org/10.1145/2809563.2809571
12. Imposing Some Order on this Mess...
Parsons, John. "Welcome to Science 2.0 | Open Access in Action." Library Journal. March 15 (2016).
Available at: https://www.libraryjournal.com/?detailStory=welcome-to-science-2-0-open-access-in-action
Image credit: Robin Champieux, as seen in:
Mehler, David and Kevin Weiner. “Open science: Sharing is caring, but is privacy theft?” PLOS Neuro Community. January 31
(2018). Available at:
https://blogs.plos.org/neuro/2018/01/31/open-science-sharing-is-caring-but-is-privacy-theft-by-david-mehler-and-kevin-weiner/
13. Imposing Some Order on this Mess...
Andreas E. Neuhold. “Die sechs Prinzipien von Open Science” CC-BY 3.0 [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/]
Accessible at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_science
14. Imposing Some Order on this Mess...
Andreas E. Neuhold. “Die sechs Prinzipien von Open Science” CC-BY 3.0 [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/]
Accessible at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_science
15. Open Access
●Why?
●What?
●How?
○ Green OA
○ Gold OA
○ Bronze/hybrid OA
○ APC funds
○ Statements/agreements/policies
■ Institutional, funder, governmental policies
18. Open Data
Data repositories:
● Re3data.org
● Data repositories in the Open
Access Directory
● Nature recommended data
repositories
● “Generalist” data repositories
● Subject/discipline-specific
repositories
19. Open Science Tools and Workflows
“Heatmap of tool combinations used together more (green) or less (red) often than expected by chance.”
Innovations in Scholarly Communication blog, 11/6/2016.
Accessible here: https://101innovations.wordpress.com/2016/11/06/tools-that-love-to-be-together/
20. Open Science Tools and Workflows
CC-BY 4.0 [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/]
Available at: https://cos.io/our-products/osf/
“The Frontiers Open Science Platform — innovations and services”
Available at: https://blog.frontiersin.org/2017/12/05/frontiers-open-science-platform-enables-scientific-excellence-at-scale/
21. Barriers To / Arguments Against
Open Science
● Privacy and ethical issues
● Copyright and licensing restrictions—who
owns the rights to scholarship?
● Competing solutions, inertia, challenge of
creating shared infrastructure
● Potential misuse, public misunderstanding,
low-quality science as a result
Barrier. CC-0
Available at:
https://www.publicdomainpictures.net/en/view-image.php?image=220
010&picture=barrier
22. Substantive Action to Advance Open Science
What are we (i.e. at KSL / CWRU) doing?
● Offer a platform for sharing open scholarship
(Digital Case)
● Copyright & author rights advocacy, education
on open licenses—talk to Mark!
● Journal license negotiation program to obtain
widest possible scope of rights for CWRU
community
● ORCID and researcher ID training
● Consultations on other tools in the open science
workflow that may be useful to researchers
23. Substantive Action to Advance Open Science
What can you do?
● Explore and use open science tools
● Share your research data, protocols, code, etc.
● Share your published research openly, retain your copyright
when publishing, and use open licenses
● Try to win The Open Science Prize!
● Come chat with a librarian
for more ideas!
