layers of the earth

1. Who among you here have experienced an
earthquake?

2. Is the intense of shaking the same all
through out?

3. What does this implies?

4. What are the different types of seismic
waves?

5. Why is it important that we need to study
seismic waves?

6. STAHEOSHRENE
P
Jumbled word:

7. ASTHENOSPHER
E

8. LAYERS OFTHE
EARTH

11. How will the mixture of corn-starch and
water react?

12. 1. How does the mixture behave?

13. Answer:
It behaves like solid

14. 2. How is the mixture of cornstarch and
water similar to the earth’s mantle?

15. Answer:
The mixture of cornstarch and water
behaves like the mantle. It has the ability to
flow slowly.

16. 3. How is it different from the Earth’s
mantle?

17. Answer:
The cornstarch gain mobility due to addition
of water while the mantle’s plasticity is due
to partial melting aided by the heat of the
inner layers of the earth.

18. 4. How does the plasticity of the earth’s mantle
influence the movement of the lithosphere
plates?

19. Answer:
Since the mantle is capable of flowing
slowly, it carries and facilitates the
movement of lithospheric plates above as it
moves

20. Activity 2:
OUR DYNAMIC EARTH

21. Q3.What element is the most abundant
in the Earth’s crust?
■Oxygen is most abundant element in
the Earth’s crust.

22. Q4.What elements make up most of the
mantle?
■ The element silicon, oxygen, iron and magnesium
make up the mantle.

23. Q5.What is the special feature of the
upper mantle?
■ The upper mantle has with it a soft weak layer called
asthenosphere, which is capable of flowing.This
properties facilitates the movement of the
lithospheric plates.

24. Q6. How did scientists come to know
that the outer core is liquid?
■ The scientists were able to show that the outer core
is liquid due to the fact that S-waves cannot travel
through this Earth’s layer as proven by the S-wave
shadow zone.

25. Q7.What materials make up the inner
core?
■ The inner core is mostly made up of iron and
nickel.

26. Q8. Is the inner core solid, liquid, or gas?
What keeps it in this phase?
■ The inner core is solid.This is due to the very high
pressure that keeps it compacted together even if
the temperature is really very high.

27. Q9. Compare the inner core and the
outer core.
■ The outer and the inner core are made mostly of iron and
nickel.The outer core reaches a temperature of 2000
degreeCelsius.With this temperature the iron and nickel
melt thus, this layer is liquid.The inner core has a
temperature as high as 5000 degree Celsius. It is compact
despite of the very hot temperature because of the very
great pressure that keeps this layer in the solid phase.

28. The Crust
■ Is the thinnest and the outermost layer of the earth.
■ 32 kilometers from the surface.
■ 72 kilometers in thickness underneath the mountain.
■ Crust is divided into two regions the continental and
oceanic crust.

29. The Crust
■ Consist of two layers the Upper layer and the lower layer.
UPPER LAYER – composed of GRANITE and found in
continental crust.
LOWER LAYER – Composed of Basalt.

30. Continental crust
■ Made up of silicon, oxygen, aluminum, calcium,
sodium and potassium.
■ Thickness is mostly 35-40 kilometers.
■ Made of less dense rock such as granite.

31. Oceanic crust
■ 7-10 kilometers thick.The average is 8
kilometers.
■ It is made of dense rock such as basalt.

32. Element Percentage
Oxygen 46.60
Silicon 27.72
Aluminum 8.13
Iron 5.00
Calcium 3.63
Sodium 2.83
Potassium 2.59
Magnesium 2.09
Titanium 0.40
Hydrogen 0.14
Elements in the Earth’s crust

33. The Mantle
■ 2900 kilometers from the Earth’s surface.
■ Made up of silicate rocks, and contrary to common belief, is
solid, since both S-waves and P-waves pass through it.
■ Mostly made up of the elements silicon, oxygen, iron and
magnesium.
■ The temperature and the pressure increase with depth.
■ The temperature and pressure in the mantle allows the solid
rock to flow slowly.

34. ■ Beneath the lithosphere lies the soft, weak layer
known as the asthenosphere, made of hot molten
material. Its temperature is about 300-800 oC.
■ This property of the asthenosphere facilitates the
movement of the lithospheric plates.The
lithosphere, with the continents on top of it, is being
carried by the flowing asthenosphere.

36. The Core
■ Divided into two layers: the inner and the outer core.The
outer core is 2900 kilometers below the Earth’s surface. It is
2250 kilometers thick and is made up of iron and nickel.
■ The temperature in the outer core reaches up to 2000 oC at
this very high temperature, iron and nickel melt.
■ The outer core is mainly made up of iron and nickel moving
around the solid inner core, creating Earth’s magnetism.

37. ■ The inner core is made up of solid iron and nickel and
has a radius of 1300 kilometers. Its temperature
reaches to about 5000 oC.
■ The extreme temperature could have molten the
iron and nickel but it is believed to have solidified as
a result of pressure freezing, which is common to
liquids subjected under tremendous pressure.

38. What tells us that the inner core is made
up of iron?
■ Aside from the fact that the Earth has a
magnetic field and that it must be iron or other
materials which are magnetic in nature, the
inner core must have a density that is about 14
times that of water.

39. Some clues that the inner core and outer
core are made up of iron include the
following:
■ Iron and nickel are both dense and magnetic
■ The overall density of the earth is much higher than the density of
the tocks in the crust.This suggests that the inside must be made
up of something denser than rocks.
■ Meteorite analysis have revealed that the most common type is
chondrite. Chondrite contains iron, silicon, magnesium and
oxygen; some contains nickel.The whole earth and the meteorite
roughly have the same density, thus the Earth’s mantle rock and a
meteorite minus its iron, have the same density.

40. QUIZ NO. ___

41. Test I - Identification
Directions: Below are the statements that describe the
layer of the Earth. Identify what layer is being
described.Write your answer at space provided before
the number.

42. 1. The outermost layer of the Earth.
2. The part of the earth where basey is located.
3. The middle part of the mantle.
4. The weak layer of the mantle.
5. The deepest layer of the earth.
6. The layer that made up of molten materials
7. The thickest part in the lithospheric plate.
8. The thinnest part of the lithospheric plate.
9. The part of the earth where saob cave.
10.The upper part of the mantle and crust.

43. Test II – MatchingType
Directions: Match the description given with the
correct layer of the earth.

44. Description Layers of the Earth
1. A solid layer whose temperature reaches a. Crust
5000 oC.
2.The outermost and the thinnest layer of the b. Inner core
Earth.
3. Consists of the lower layer portion of the c. lower mantle
rigid lithosphere.
4. A molten or liquid layer whose temperature d. Outer core
reaches up to 2000 oC.
5. Layer composed chiefly of magnesium and e. upper mantle
iron- bearing silicates. F. moho