Mais conteúdo relacionado Semelhante a Notes week one (20) Mais de Erin Yesenosky (19) Notes week one1. Mosby items and derived items © 2012 Mosby, Inc., an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 1
Cellular Structures, Genes,
Immunity, and Diseases
Week One Lecture
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Cellular Functions
Movement
Conductivity
Metabolic absorption
Secretion
Excretion
Respiration
Reproduction
Communication
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Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleolus
DNA
• DNA replication, repair, and transcription
Histone proteins
Cell division
Genetic information
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Eukaryotic Cell (cont’d)
Nucleus (cont’d)
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Eukaryotic Cell (cont’d)
Nucleus (cont’d)
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Eukaryotic Cell (cont’d)
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasmic matrix
Cytosol
Function
Cytoplasmic organelles
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Eukaryotic Cell (cont’d)
Cytoplasm (cont’d)
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Eukaryotic Organelles
Ribosomes
RNA protein
Free ribosomes
Attached ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Site of protein synthesis
Smooth vs. rough endoplasmic reticulum
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Eukaryotic Organelles (cont’d)
Golgi complex
Flattened, smooth membranes
Secretory vesicles
Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are
packaged in the Golgi complex
Cisternae
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Eukaryotic Organelles (cont’d)
Lysosomes
Originate from the Golgi
Catalyze proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and
carbohydrates
Role in autodigestion
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Eukaryotic Organelles (cont’d)
Peroxisomes
Contain oxidative enzymes
Break substances down into harmless
products
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Eukaryotic Organelles (cont’d)
Mitochondria
Surrounded by a double lipid–bilayer
membrane
Participates in oxidative phosphorylation
Increased inner membrane surface area
provided by cristae
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Eukaryotic Organelles (cont’d)
Cytoskeleton
“Bones and muscles” of cell
Maintains the cell’s shape and internal
organization
Permits movement of substances within the
cell and movement of external projections
Microtubules
• Centrioles
Macrofilaments
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Plasma Membrane
Controls the composition of a space or
compartment they enclose
Structure
Caveolae
Lipids
• Amphipathic lipids
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
• Phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol
Carbohydrates
• Glycoproteins
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Plasma Membrane (cont’d)
Proteins
Integral, peripheral, transmembrane
Functions
• Receptors
• Transport
• Enzymes
• Surface markers
• Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
• Catalysts
Fluid mosaic model
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Plasma Membrane (cont’d)
Fluid mosaic model
Flexibility
Self-regulating
Impermeability to some substances
Fluidity impacted by temperature, amount of
cholesterol
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Membrane Fluidity
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Plasma Membrane
Plasma membrane protein functions
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Cellular Communication
Plasma membrane bound receptors
Intracellular receptors
Gap junctions (contact signaling)
Chemical signaling
Paracrine
Autocrine
Hormonal
Neurohormonal
Neurotransmitters
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Cellular Communication
(cont’d)
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Cellular Communication
(cont’d)
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Cellular Metabolism
Metabolism
Chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular
functions
Anabolism
• Energy using
Catabolism
• Energy releasing
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Adenosine Triphosphate
Created from the chemical energy
contained within organic molecules
Used in synthesis of organic molecules,
muscle contraction, and active transport
Stores and transfers energy
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Cellular Energy
Digestion
Extracellular breakdown of proteins, fats,
polysaccarides to subunits
Glycolysis
Intracellular breakdown of subunits to pyruvate,
then to acetyl CoA
Anaerobic
Limited ATP produced
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Cellular Energy (cont’d)
Citric acid cycle
Also called Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid
cycle (TCA)
Much ATP produced via oxidative
phosphorylation if oxygen present
Waste products excreted
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Cellular Energy (cont’d)
Oxidative phosphorylation
Occurs in the mitochondria
Mechanism producing energy from fats, CHO,
proteins
Involves the removal of electrons from various
intermediates via a co-enzyme such as
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to
transfer electrons
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Cellular Energy (cont’d)
Oxidative phosphorylation (cont’d)
Anaerobic glycolysis: if oxygen not available,
CHO is converted to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) in
cytoplasm with production of two ATP
molecules which is insufficient for energy
needs; pyruvate then converted to lactic acid
Process reverses when oxygen becomes
available and lactic acid is converted back to
either pyruvic acid or glucose, which moves
into the mitochondria and enters the citric acid
cycle
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CellularCellular Energy (cont’d)
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Cellular Energy (cont’d)
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Membrane Transport
Cellular intake and output
Cells continually take in nutrients, fluids, and
chemical messengers from the extracellular
environment and expel metabolites, or the
products of metabolism, and end products of
lysosomal digestion
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Body Fluids
Electrolytes, which are electrically
charged, make up 95% of solutes
Cations are positively charged and migrate
toward the negative pole (e.g., Na+)
Anions are negatively charged and migrate
toward the positive pole (e.g., Cl-)
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Movement of Body Fluids and
Electrolytes
Water and electrolytes move across cell
membranes via multiple passive (no
energy required) and active (energy
required) mechanisms
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Membrane Transport
Passive transport (small uncharged
solutes)
No energy expended
Diffusion of solutes
• Concentrated gradient
Filtration
• Hydrostatic pressure (BP)
Osmosis of water
• Osmolarity vs. osmolality
Tonicity
• Isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
Passive mediated transport
• Integral or transmembrane proteins
• Channel protein (ion channels) (gating)
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Membrane Transport (cont’d)
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Membrane Transport (cont’d)
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Membrane Transport (cont’d)
Active mediated transport (active
transport)
Energy expended
Protein transport pumps
• Na/K ATPase pump
Transport by vesicle formation
• Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor mediated
Caveolae
• Exocytosis
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Active Transport
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Membrane Transport
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Electrical Impulses
Resting membrane potential
Action potential
Depolarization
Threshold potential
• Hyperpolarized vs. hypopolarized
Repolarization
Refractory period
• Absolute and relative
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Propagation of an Action Potential
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Theory of AgingTheory of Aging
Accumulation of injurious eventsAccumulation of injurious events
Genetically controlled programGenetically controlled program
Theories:Theories:
Genetic and environmental lifestyle factorsGenetic and environmental lifestyle factors
Alterations of cellular control mechanismsAlterations of cellular control mechanisms
Degenerative extracellular and vascularDegenerative extracellular and vascular
changeschanges
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AgingAging
Cellular agingCellular aging
Atrophy, decreased function, and loss of cellsAtrophy, decreased function, and loss of cells
Tissue and systemic agingTissue and systemic aging
Progressive stiffness and rigidityProgressive stiffness and rigidity
SarcopeniaSarcopenia
FrailtyFrailty
Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motorMobility, balance, muscle strength, motor
activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls,activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls,
fractures, and bone densityfractures, and bone density
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Tissue Formation
Extracellular matrix
Pattern formation
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Types of Tissue
Epithelial tissue
Simple vs. stratified squamous
Transitional
Cuboidal
Simple vs. stratified columnar
Pseudostratified ciliated
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Types of Tissue (cont’d)
Connective tissue
Dense regular or irregular
Fibers
Loose and dense connective tissue
Elastic and reticular connective
Cartilage, bone, vascular, and adipose
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Types of Tissue (cont’d)
Muscle tissue
Smooth
Striated (skeletal)
Cardiac
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DNADNA
Pentose sugar (deoxyribose)Pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
Phosphate moleculePhosphate molecule
Four nitrogenous bases:Four nitrogenous bases:
Pyrimidines: cytosine and thyminePyrimidines: cytosine and thymine
Purines: adenine and guaninePurines: adenine and guanine
Double helix modelDouble helix model
NucleotideNucleotide
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RNARNA
RNA is synthesized from the DNARNA is synthesized from the DNA
templatetemplate
RNA polymerase binds to promoter siteRNA polymerase binds to promoter site
Results in the formation of messengerResults in the formation of messenger
RNA (mRNA)RNA (mRNA)
RNA polymerase detachesRNA polymerase detaches
mRNA moves out of the nucleus and intomRNA moves out of the nucleus and into
the cytoplasmthe cytoplasm
Transcription continues until terminationTranscription continues until termination
sequence is reachedsequence is reached
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ChromosomesChromosomes
Somatic cells:Somatic cells:
Contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)Contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
Diploid cellsDiploid cells
Gametes:Gametes:
Contain 23 chromosomesContain 23 chromosomes
Haploid cellsHaploid cells
• One member of each chromosome pairOne member of each chromosome pair
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ChromosomesChromosomes
MeiosisMeiosis
Formation of haploid cells from diploid cellsFormation of haploid cells from diploid cells
MitosisMitosis
Formation of somatic cellsFormation of somatic cells
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Autosomal AneuploidyAutosomal Aneuploidy
Partial trisomyPartial trisomy
Only an extra portion of a chromosome isOnly an extra portion of a chromosome is
present in each cellpresent in each cell
Chromosomal mosaicsChromosomal mosaics
Trisomies occurring only in some cells of theTrisomies occurring only in some cells of the
bodybody
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Down SyndromeDown Syndrome
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Single-Gene DisordersSingle-Gene Disorders
EpigeneticsEpigenetics
Same DNA sequence can produce differentSame DNA sequence can produce different
phenotypes due to chemical modification thatphenotypes due to chemical modification that
alters expression of genesalters expression of genes
Genomic imprintingGenomic imprinting
One parent imprints (inactivates) the geneOne parent imprints (inactivates) the gene
during transmission to offspringduring transmission to offspring
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Single-Gene Disorders (cont’d)Single-Gene Disorders (cont’d)
Autosomal recessive disorderAutosomal recessive disorder
Abnormal allele is recessive and a person mustAbnormal allele is recessive and a person must
be homozygous for the abnormal trait tobe homozygous for the abnormal trait to
express the diseaseexpress the disease
The trait usually appears in the children, notThe trait usually appears in the children, not
the parents, and it affects the genders equallythe parents, and it affects the genders equally
because it is present on a pair of autosomesbecause it is present on a pair of autosomes
Cystic fibrosis gene encodes a chloride ionCystic fibrosis gene encodes a chloride ion
channel in some epithelial cells that alterschannel in some epithelial cells that alters
sodium balancesodium balance
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Sex-Linked DisordersSex-Linked Disorders
Sex-linked (X-linked) disorders are usuallySex-linked (X-linked) disorders are usually
expressed by males because femalesexpressed by males because females
have another X chromosome to mask thehave another X chromosome to mask the
abnormal geneabnormal gene
Can you name a disorder that is a sex-Can you name a disorder that is a sex-
linked disorder?linked disorder?
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ImmunityImmunity
First line of defenseFirst line of defense
Innate (natural) (native) immunityInnate (natural) (native) immunity
Second line of defenseSecond line of defense
InflammationInflammation
Third line of defenseThird line of defense
Adaptive (acquired) immunityAdaptive (acquired) immunity
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First Line of DefenseFirst Line of Defense
Physical barriers:Physical barriers:
SkinSkin
Linings of the gastrointestinal,Linings of the gastrointestinal,
genitourinary, and respiratory tractsgenitourinary, and respiratory tracts
• Sloughing off of cellsSloughing off of cells
• Coughing and sneezingCoughing and sneezing
• FlushingFlushing
• VomitingVomiting
• Mucus and ciliaMucus and cilia
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PhagocytesPhagocytes
NeutrophilsNeutrophils
Also referred to as polymorphonuclearAlso referred to as polymorphonuclear
neutrophils (PMNs)neutrophils (PMNs)
Predominate in early inflammatory responsesPredominate in early inflammatory responses
Ingest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debrisIngest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris
Cells are short lived and become a componentCells are short lived and become a component
of the purulent exudateof the purulent exudate
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Phagocytes (cont’d)Phagocytes (cont’d)
Monocytes and macrophagesMonocytes and macrophages
Monocytes are produced in the bone marrow,Monocytes are produced in the bone marrow,
enter the circulation, and migrate to theenter the circulation, and migrate to the
inflammatory site, where they develop intoinflammatory site, where they develop into
macrophagesmacrophages
Macrophages typically arrive at theMacrophages typically arrive at the
inflammatory site 24 hours or later afterinflammatory site 24 hours or later after
neutrophilsneutrophils
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Phagocytosis (cont’d)Phagocytosis (cont’d)
Steps:Steps:
AdherenceAdherence
EngulfmentEngulfment
Phagosome formationPhagosome formation
Fusion with lysosomal granulesFusion with lysosomal granules
Destruction of the targetDestruction of the target
Notas do Editor Elsevier items and derived items ©2012, 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.