Ericsson Technology Review: Issue 2/2019

ERICSSON
TECHNOLOGY
C H A R T I N G T H E F U T U R E O F I N N O V A T I O N | V O L U M E 1 0 0 I 2 0 1 9 – 0 2
TECHNOLOGYTRENDS
MANIFESTING THE
INNOVATION PLATFORM
CLOUD-NATIVE
APPLICATION DESIGN
IN THE TELECOM DOMAIN
BLOCKCHAINS
FACILITATINGTRUST
ONLINE

CONTENTS ✱
#02 2019 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 5
08 FACILITATING ONLINE TRUST WITH BLOCKCHAINS
Blockchain technology remains highly relevant a decade after its launch because
it is still one of very few internet-age technologies that can facilitate trust online.
At Ericsson, we see significant value in blockchains as a trust enabler and potential
disruptorthatcanenablecompletelynewbusinessmodelsinthedigitalassetmarket.
18 SERVICE EXPOSURE: A CRITICAL CAPABILITY IN A 5G WORLD
To meet the requirements of use cases in areas such as the IoT, AR/VR,
Industry 4.0 and the automotive sector, operators need to be able to provide
computing resources across the whole telco domain, all the way to the edge
of the mobile network. Service exposure and APIs will play a key role in
creating solutions that are both effective and cost efficient.
40 CLOUD-NATIVE APPLICATION DESIGN
The rise of the cloud-native paradigm is driving the transformation
of virtual network functions into cloud-native applications (CNAs).
Ericsson’s application development framework eases the transition by providing
a set of architecture principles, design rules, and best practices
that guide the fundamental design decisions for all our CNAs.
50 MEETING 5G LATENCY REQUIREMENTS WITH INACTIVE STATE
The Radio Resource Control (RRC) state model in the standalone version of the
5G New Radio standard features a new, Ericsson-developed state called inactive.
On top of overcoming latency and battery consumption challenges, the new state
also increases overall system capacity by decreasing the processing effort
in the network.
60 5G-TSN INTEGRATION MEETS NETWORKING REQUIREMENTS
FOR INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) is becoming the standard Ethernet-based
technology for converged networks of Industry 4.0. Future industrial
automation will depend to a large extent on a combination of TSN features
and 5G URLLC capabilities to provide deterministic connectivity end to end.
FEATURE ARTICLE
Six key trends manifesting the platform
for innovation
Ericsson CTO Erik Ekudden shares his insights into how six key trends are
influencing the evolution of the future network platform. Trends 1 and 2 – the
Internet of Skills and cyber-physical systems – are demanding use cases
that the platform will need to support, while trends 3-6 are technology
areas that are crucial to the platform’s ongoing evolution.
28
50
Cloud
native
Culture
OrganizationArchitecture
Automation
28
40
Devices/
local network
Access sites
Application cloud
Network slices
Management and monetization
Web-scale player platform and device SDK
Mobile
Fixed Cloud infrastructure
Access, mobility and network applications
Transport
Distributed sites National sites Web-scale
player
SDK
SDK
SDK
SDK
Market-
place
18
LTE/NR RAN
Legacy idle-to-connected transition New inactive-to-connected transition
NR RANCN UEUE
RRC connnection request
Initial radio synchronization
RRC resume request
RRC resume
RRC resume complete
UL/DL user data
RRC connection setup
RRC connection complete
(service request)
RRC security setup
RRC security complete
UL/DL user data
RRC reconfiguration
(bearer setup)
RRC reconfiguration
complete
Initial UE message
(service request)
UE context setup
(keys, bearers)
UE context setup complete
60
08

EDITORIAL ✱
#02 2019 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 7
✱ EDITORIAL
ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ #02 2019
Ericsson Technology Review brings you
insights into some of the key emerging
innovations that are shaping the future of ICT.
Our aim is to encourage an open discussion
about the potential, practicalities, and benefits
of a wide range of technical developments,
and provide insight into what the future
has to offer.
a d d r e s s
Ericsson
SE -164 83 Stockholm, Sweden
Phone: +46 8 719 00 00
p u b l i s h i n g
All material and articles are published on the
Ericsson Technology Review website:
www.ericsson.com/ericsson-technology-review
p u b l i s h e r
Erik Ekudden
e d i t o r s
Tanis Bestland, lead editor (Nordic Morning)
tanis.bestland@nordicmorning.com
Liam James (Nordic Morning)
liam.james@nordicmorning.com
e d i t o r i a l b o a r d
Håkan Andersson, Anders Rosengren,
Mats Norin, Erik Westerberg,
Magnus Buhrgard, Gunnar Thrysin,
Håkan Olofsson, Dan Fahrman, Robert Skog,
Patrik Roseen, Jonas Högberg,
John Fornehed, Jan Hägglund, Per Willars and
Sara Kullman
f e at u r e a r t i c l e
Six key trends manifesting the platform
for innovation by Erik Ekudden
a r t d i r e c t o r
Liselotte Stjernberg (Nordic Morning)
p r o j e c t m a n a g e r
Susanna O’Grady (Nordic Morning)
l ay o u t
Liselotte Stjernberg (Nordic Morning)
i l l u s t r at i o n s
Jenny Andersén (Nordic Morning)
s u b e d i t o r s
Ian Nicholson (Nordic Morning)
Paul Eade (Nordic Morning)
i s s n : 0 0 1 4 - 0 17 1
Volume: 100, 2019
■ there’s no doubt about it: society and
industry are transforming at an unprecedented rate in
response to new technologies in areas such as the IoT,
distributed computing and AI, and connectivity is
playing a pivotal role. Self-driving vehicles, intelligent
manufacturing robots and real-time drone control are
just a few examples.
The trends I highlighted in 2018 as the five to watch
were right on target, and they have only continued
to grow in strength and relevance over the course
of the past year. In this year’s trends article,
which you can find on page 28, I build on last year’s
conclusions and share my view of the future net-
work platform in relation to an updated list that now
includes six trends. The evolution characterized by
this year’s trends points to 5G and beyond, toward
the future definition of 6G.
I truly believe that the defining characteristic of the
future network platform will be its ability to
instantaneously meet any application need, anytime.
Achievingthisrequiresubiquitousradioaccess,security
assurance, zero-touch networks, and distributed
compute and storage – four of this year’s six trends.
The other two trends – the Internet of Skills and cyber-
physical systems – are important examples of use
cases that a future network platform needs to support.
The other articles in this issue of the magazine
address critical issues such as trust enablement,
the extension of computing resources all the way
to the edge of the mobile network, the growing
impact of the cloud in the telco domain, overcoming
latency and battery consumption challenges,
and the need for end-to-end connectivity.
THE RISE OF
THE INNOVATION
PLATFORM
At Ericsson, we see significant value in blockchains
as a trust enabler and potential disruptor that can
enable completely new business models in the digital
asset market. A decade after its launch, blockchain
technology is still one of very few internet-age
technologies that can facilitate trust online. In this
issue, we explore its potential in telco.
Service exposure and APIs will play a key role in
creating solutions that enable operators to provide
computingresourcesacrossthewholetelcodomain
to the edge of the mobile network – a capability
that is essential to meet the requirements of use
cases in areas such as the IoT, AR/VR, Industry
4.0 and the automotive sector.
The transformation of virtual network functions
into cloud-native applications (CNAs) is already
underway, and we are determined to make it as
smooth as possible. We’ve developed an application
development framework that includes a set of
architecture principles, design rules, and best
practices that guide the fundamental design
decisions for all our CNAs.
As the IoT continues to expand, latency and
battery consumption issues are a growing
challenge. The new ‘inactive state’ in the
standalone version of the 5G NR standard
overcomes those challenges, and increases
overall system capacity by decreasing the
processing effort in the network.
We know that future industrial automation will be
highly dependent on operators’ ability to provide
deterministic connectivity end to end, and
Time-Sensitive Networking is quickly becoming the
standard Ethernet-based technology for converged
networks of Industry 4.0. Our TSN article explores
the benefits of combining TSN features with 5G
URLLC capabilities.
Ibelievethatthecontentsofthisissuedemonstrate
that the network platform has the potential to
offer all the connectivity, processing, storage
and security needed by current and future
applications. Please feel free to share it with
your colleagues and business partners.
You can find both PDF and HTML versions of it at:
www.ericsson.com/ericsson-technology-review
THEEVOLUTIONCHARACTERIZED
BYTHISYEAR’STRENDSPOINTSTO
5GANDBEYOND
ERIK EKUDDEN
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT,
CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER AND
HEAD OF GROUP FUNCTION TECHNOLOGY

8 #02 2019 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEWERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ #02 2019 9
✱ BLOCKCHAINS AND ONLINE TRUST BLOCKCHAINS AND ONLINE TRUST ✱
2 APRIL 4, 2019 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEWERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ APRIL 4, 2019 3
A decade after its launch, blockchain is still the only internet-age technology
that is able to facilitate online trust using mathematics and collective
protocolling exclusively.
DANIEL BERGSTRÖM,
BEN SMEETS,
MIKAEL JAATINEN,
JAMES KEMPF,
JONAS LUNDBERG,
NICKLAS SANDGREN,
GASPAR WOSA
Terms and abbreviations
ABI – Application Binary Interface | IOT – Internet of Things | JSON – JavaScript Object Notation
| POW – Proof of Work | REST– Representational State Transfer | SOFIE – Secure Open Federation
for Internet Everywhere | TEE – Trusted Execution Environment
blockchains
FACILITATING ONLINE TRUST WITH
intermsofthroughput.Whiledigitalcurrenciesare
stronglyassociatedwithblockchains–the“coins”
aregeneratedbycontributingresourcestothe
networksandspentbymakingtransactionsthatare
processedbythenetworks–thevalueofblockchains
goesbeyonddigitalcurrencies.
Publicversusprivateblockchains
BitcoinandEthereumarebothclassifiedaspublic,
permissionlessblockchains.Thesesystemshave
threepropertiesthatformthebasisoftrust.Firstly,
anyonecanbecomeaparticipantbycontributing
computingresources–thereisnoneedtohavea
priorrelationtoanyothernodeinthesystem.
Secondly,generatinganewblockontheblockchain
iscomputationallyexpensive,astheconsensus
mechanismisdesignedtorequireacertainamount
ofwall-clocktimetocompleteregardlessofthesize
ofthenetwork.Andlastly,itisimpossibletopredict
whichcontributorwillbethefirsttocompletethe
nextblock.
Ifmorethanhalfofthecomputationalresources
inthesystemaretechnicallywell-behaved,their
resultswilldominateanymaliciousor
malfunctioningnodesthatmaytrytoalterthe
historyofthesysteminanerroneousdirection.In
theconsensusmethodusedinthesesystems,known
asproofofwork(PoW),therearenoshortcutsto
generatingnewblocks;itcanonlybedonethrougha
computationallyintensivehashingprocess.Other
schemesforconsensusarebeingdevelopedand
discussed,butthesehaveyettoseewidespreaduse.
Thedifferencebetweenpublicblockchainsand
private,permissionedonesisthatthelatteremploy
strongidentities,usermanagementandaprotected
datastructure.Privateblockchainstargetusecases
somewherebetweenapublicblockchaininan
untrustedpublicenvironmentandadistributed
databasehostedinafullytrustedinternal
deployment.Thissegmentincludesbankconsortia,
forexample,thathaveamutualrelianceandatleast
somelevelofpreestablishedtrust,butwherea
privatelymanagedbackendfortransaction
managementisnotafeasiblealternative.Duetothe
differenceinnetworkconstitutionandthepresence
ofatleastpartialtrust,thecomputationallyexpensive
PoWschemeisnotrequiredinprivateblockchains.
Instead,theycanusethesameconsensusalgorithms
thatareusedinotherdistributedsystems,designed
tocompensateforbothmaliciousandmalfunctioning
nodes.
Thedifferencesinscopebetweenpublicand
privateblockchainshavealargeimpacton
technologychoices.Fromatechnicalstandpoint,
thereisvirtuallynooverlapbetweenthetwodifferent
typesofblockchains.Itisalsosignificanttonotethat
publicblockchainsarebydesignverydifficultfor
companiestomonetize,whichiswhymostfirmshave
chosentofocusonprivateblockchainsinstead.
One of the fundamental challenges in the
online, digital world is that implicit,
fundamental concepts in the off-line,
physical world need to be formalized and
made explicit. Trust is a prime example.
■ Inthephysicalworld,trustisintangiblebutitis
nonethelesscentraltoourinteractionswithother
peopleandtoourconsumptionofservices.Creating
anonlineenvironmentinwhichpeoplefeelsecure
wheninteractingandconsuminginasimilarway
requiresthedevelopmentoftechnologiesand
protocolsthatformalizeanddigitalizetrust.
Thecurrentsolutiontothechallengeoffacilitating
trustonlineistorelyontrustedthirdpartiessuchas
banksandmajorinternetcompaniestoactastrust
anchors,creatingandattestingcertificatesfor
peopleorweb-basedservices.Eachdevice,browser
andoperatingsystemcomespreconfiguredwitha
listofthesetrustedthirdpartiesandtheir
certificates–theirdigitalfingerprints.Byinstructing
ourdevicestotrusttherootcertificateofthetrusted
thirdparty,theyareabletocomputationallyinfer
trustinallunderlyingentities.
Theprimaryweaknessofthishierarchical
approachtoestablishingtruststemsfromthe
underlyingstructureofcentralizedpower.Theroot
keysofeachcertificateauthorityareacoreassetof
today’sinternet,buttheyareprivatelymanagedand
sensitivetoexposure.Blockchainwasoriginally
designedtouprootthishierarchyandcreateanew
kindoftrustsystemforelectronictransactions.In
essence,theblockchainitselfbecomesitsowntrust
anchorbasedonadistributed,transparentand
community-driveninfrastructure.
Ablockchainremovestheneedfortrustedthird
parties,distributesthecentralizedpowerofthe
certificateauthorities,andallowsanonymous
memberstojoinandcontributetotheinfrastructure
attheirowndiscretion–althoughataveryhighcost
[PRIVATEBLOCKCHAINS]
EMPLOYSTRONGIDENTITIES,
USERMANAGEMENTANDA
PROTECTEDDATASTRUCTURE

Hashgraphs
ThedrawbacksofthePoWconsensusalgorithm
usedbypublicblockchains(intermsofdelay,
throughput,energyefficiencyandtransactioncosts)
haveinspiredthedevelopmentofothertechnologies
targetingthechallengeofdistributedtrust.
Hashgraphsareonesuchexample.Hashgraphs
reorganizethetransactionblocksfromachainof
blockstoadirectedacyclicgraphofblocks,which
enablesnewblockstobeaddedtothesystemwithout
waitingforallpreviousblockstobeorganized.
Theorganizationofblocksenablesmultiplelines
oftransactionstoberuninparallel,andintheory
allowsforasystemthathasconsiderablylower
delaysandhigherthroughputcomparedwitha
conventionalblockchain.Hashgraphsalsotryto
replacethecomputationallyexpensivePoW
consensusalgorithmswithotherapproachesto
increasethethroughputandenergyefficiencyofthe
system.Smartcontractscanrunonhashgraphsina
waythatissimilartohowtheyrunonblockchains.
Hashgraphsrepresentaboldtechnologicalleap
thatstrivestoovercomeallthedrawbacksofpublic
blockchains.However,currenthashgraph
technologiesarenotopenandavailableinthesame
wayaspublicblockchaintechnologiesare,which
arguablymakesthembettersuitedtosolvedifferent
usecasesthatareclosertothoseofprivate
blockchains.Somehashgraphtechnologiesarealso
designedaroundpatentedalgorithmsandbuilt-in
claimstopartsoftherevenue,whichgoesagainstthe
originalintentionofblockchaintocreatea
decentralizedanddemocraticinfrastructure.
TrustedExecutionEnvironments
ATrustedExecutionEnvironment(TEE)is
establishedwithinanindividualdevicebyusingan
enclave–ahardware-protectedpartoftheCPU
chipsetthatoperatesonencryptedmemoryand
storageforsecuritypurposes.Thisapproachenables
theexecutionofselectedsoftwareinisolationfromthe
underlyingoperatingsystemlayers,effectivelyin
isolationfromanyattacksoriginatingfromhacking
orexploitingoperatingsystemsoftware.The
technologywasinitiallylaunchedforsomechipsetsin
theearly2000sbuthasonlyrecentlyreachedwide-scale
deploymentindevice,desktopandserverhardware.
Fromapublicblockchainperspective,TEEsmay
offerabreakthroughintermsofconsensus
algorithms.AkeyfeatureofmodernTEEsisthe
abilitytoattestthecoderunninginsidetheenclave
throughahardware-supportedasymmetrickey
exchange.Theabilitytoexecutetrustedand
verifiablecodeonotherwisecompromisedsystems
laysthefoundationforanewgenerationofconsensus
algorithms,anchoringthetrustinthesignatureofthe
codebeingexecutedratherthanintheworkbeing
carriedoutortheidentityofthenodeowner.Early
resultsofthisdevelopmentinpublicblockchainsshow
considerablyincreasedtransactionspeedsandreduced
energyconsumption.Theimplicationsareyettobe
fullydeterminedforprivateblockchainsthatrelyon
classicaldistributedsystemalgorithmsforconsensus.
Usecasesandapplications
AtEricsson,webelievethatarobustblockchain
foundationcanincreaseecosysteminvolvementand
enablenewbusinessmodelsforrevenuegeneration.
Inlightofthis,wehavebeentestingtheapplication
ofblockchaintechnologyintherealmof
telecommunicationforsometime,andwehave
identifiedthreeusecasesthatareparticularly
promisingintermsofserviceswithmonetization
potential.Oneiscalledthesmartcontractplatform,
thesecondisknownasIDbrokering,andthethirdis
aNubo-basedvirtualservicesmarketplace.
Themostcommonlyusedsoftwaretechnology
torealizeprivateblockchaininstallationsis
HyperledgerFabric.
Keytechnicalpropertiesofsuitableusecases
Wehaveidentifiedfourkeytechnicalproperties
ofthepartial-trustusecasesthatweexpecttobe
suitableforblockchains:(1)asharedtrustedhistory,
(2)structurebuiltonmultiplestakeholdersof
equalstanding,(3)largelyindependentnodes,
and(4)accesstodatahistory.
Sharedtrustedhistory
Thekeybenefitoftheblockchainistrustbetween
stakeholders,andtoestablishahistoryof
transactionsthatisveryhardtotamperwith.
Multiple,equalstakeholders
Themainnicheofblockchainsliesintheareaof
partialtrustbetweenroughlyequalstakeholders.
Largelyindependentnodes
Usecaseswhereeachnodeoperatesindependently
andusestheblockchainforsupportaredesirable
duetotherelativelyhighcostand/ordelayofrunning
transactionsontheblockchain.
Accesstodatahistory
Becausethehistoricaldataisnormallyretained
indefinitely,itishighlybeneficialifthereisavalueto
theusecaseinhavingaccesstohistorical
transactions.
Relatedtechnologies
Thetechnicaldevelopmentandbroadeningof
blockchainsisconstantlyongoing.Byalteringor
extendingthecorefunctionality,wecanbothwiden
thescopeandapplicabilityofblockchainsasa
technologyandmitigatethelimitationsofexisting
offerings.
Smartcontracts
Withtraditionaldatabases,itisstraightforwardto
createsoftwarethatmonitorsadatabase,determines
whetherornotacertainconditionhasbeenfulfilled,
andupdatesthedatabaseaccordingly.Thisisexactly
whatsmartcontractsdoaswell,butinthetrusted
environmentofblockchains.Asmartcontractis
neithersmartnoralegalcontract;rather,itisan
agreementbetweentwoormorepartiesthatis
formulatedandenforcedwithimmutable
cryptographiccode.Thiscodeisexecutedonevery
nodewithintheblockchainnetworkanddetermines
howdatainthedistributedledgerismodified.Ifa
smartcontractdependsonexternalinformation,an
oraclemustbeusedtofeedthisinformationintothe
ledgertomakeitaccessibletothesmartcontracts.
Smartcontractsremoverelianceontrusted
intermediarieswhenmakingbusinessagreements.
Typically,asmartcontractincludestermsand
conditions,performancemetricsandpossibly
penalties.Duringexecution,thesmartcontractwill
monitor,verifyandenforceagreedconditions
automatically,whichcanpotentiallysavetimeand
moneyforthepartiesinvolved.
Thetechnologybehindsmartcontractsis
promising,buttherearesomecaveats;smart
contractsneedtobeverycarefullydesignedand
implementedtoensurethattheresultingcontract
actsexactlyasintendedgivenanyinputorevent.
Misconfiguredsmartcontractsarevirtually
impossibletocancel(unlesstheyhavebeendesigned
forrenegotiationfromthestart),whichconsiderably
increasesthedemandsofdeployingasmartcontract.
TEEsMAYOFFERA
BREAKTHROUGHIN
TERMSOFCONSENSUS
ALGORITHMS
THESMARTCONTRACT
WILLMONITOR,VERIFY
ANDENFORCEAGREED
CONDITIONS
AUTOMATICALLY

canbedistributedandgoverninadecentralized
mannerandthroughdataintegrityandtransparency
supportedbetweenthecounterparties.
IDbrokering
Wehavedesignedandimplementedadecentralized
systemforIDbrokeringbasedonaconceptthat
createstrustrelationsbetweendigitalidentities
andthesystemsthathandlethem.Thesystem
capitalizesonthestrengthofblockchainsto
expressandmanagetrustrelationsinindustry-
widesolutionsandcreatesaunifiedmechanism
forIDmanagementacrossunderlying
heterogeneousIDtechnologies.
IDbrokeringmakesiteasytoestablishencrypted
andtrustedconnectivityforIoTdevicesthatare
onthemove,orforpersonaldevicesthatarecarried
acrossdifferentadministrativenetworkdomains.
Forexample,byallowingdeviceIDstoactasdigital
passportsandregisteringthe(non-sensitive)
passportIDsofdeviceswhenbookingatrip,the
networksthedevicespassthrough(including
airports,hotelsandconferencefacilities)canuse
theirowntrustedIDstograntsecureinternet
accesswithoutmanualauthentication.
TheIDbrokeringconceptisbasedon
threekeyaspects:
1. the self-sovereignty of ID domains, where
devices are provisioned with any secure ID
technology deemed appropriate, and where the
ID secret is securely stored in a TEE
2. authentication utilizes the trust relation
expressed in a blockchain-based backend,
where instantaneous access rights for specific
devices in specific networks are managed
3. the blockchain backend enables the system to
reach a shared consensus on a global scale, as
no single party is the main controller or
beneficiary of the system.
EricssondemonstratedanIDbrokering
implementation–inthiscaseacustomlayerontopof
HyperledgerFabricusingblockchainsandTEEs–at
MobileWorldCongressin2017.Init,eachIoTdevice
isrepresentedbyanode,belongstoadomain,and
hasrelationswithownersexpressedbylinks,as
illustratedinFigure2.Withthisapproach,we
emphasizethedecentralizednatureofapplications
enabledbytheblockchain.EachdomainownerSmartcontractplatformforservicesproviders
Thesmartcontractplatformisaninnovation
platformdrivenbyEricssonthatallowsoperators
whoareinnovatingwithustoexploreblockchain
andsmart-contracttechnologytooffernew
services,evaluateplatformbusinessopportunities
andaddressinternalefficienciestoreduce
thecostofdoingbusiness.Oneinteresting
usecasefortheplatformisitsapplicationto
roamingclearanceandsettlementservices[1]
asdepictedinFigure1.
Thehandlingofroamingsubscriberstoday
reliesontrustedthirdparties(dataclearing
companies,forexample)tomanagetheclearing
processesandsettlementrelatedtobilling.
Thesmartcontractplatformroamingsettlement
applicationreplacesthese(oftenexpensive)third
partieswithatrusted,distributedanddecentralized
blockchainsolutionthatincludessmartcontracts
(forexample,HyperledgerFabricchaincode).
Thesmartcontractplatformcantakeadvantage
ofcoreattributesofblockchain’ssharedledger
approachtoprovidetrust,securityandtransparency
acrosstheparticipatingecosystem.Smartcontracts
canbeusedtosupportthefollowingthreemain
groupsofservices:
❭ roaming management, including agreement
definition and archiving
❭ data clearing, such as billing record creation,
conversion services and fraud management
❭ financial clearing and settlement services
for voice, SMS, MMS and data transactions.
Theinsightsfromsmartcontractplatformexperiments
willvalidatethekeytechnicalpropertieswheretrust
Figure 1 Roaming clearance and settlement, with and without third-party support
Roaming
settlement via data
clearing house Roaming
settlement based
on blockchain
and smart
contracts
Operator A
Operator C
Operator C
Operator B Operator BOperator A
With data clearing house Without data clearing house
(blockchain enabled)
Figure 2 ID domain creation and ID crosslinking with the support of blockchain
Owner1 Owner2 Owner3
OwnerD3
User3D1
User2D1
User3D1
User1D3
User2D3
Blockchain
Domain D1 Domain D2 Domain D3
Owner 1
User1D1 User2D1
User3D1
Owner2 Owner3
OwnerD2 User1D3
User2D3

microservice(knownasSaranyu)utilizestheJ.P.
MorganQuorumblockchain,whichsupportssmart
contractswritteninSolidity.
Tenantsandserviceshavecontractaccountson
theblockchain,whichgoverntheirinteractionwith
themarketplaceandeachother.Serviceslisttheir
resourceofferingsontheblockchainthrough
SaranyuintheformofaJSON(JavaScriptObject
Notation)documentdescribingtheattributesofthe
resources.Attributescanbequotalimitedorhave
chargesassociatedwiththem.Tenantsrequestthe
delegationofresourcesandmustcryptographically
signtheJSONdocument,indicatingthatthey
committoabidebythechargingandquota
advertisedintheresourceofferings.
Servicesrecordtenantusageandsendusage
recordstoSaranyu,whichSaranyustoresinthe
Cassandradistributeddatabase,depositingasigned
hashoftherecordintotheblockchaintoensurethe
recordsarenotchanged.Periodically,Saranyuruns
abillingcycleinwhichtenantchargesforservices
aretotaledupandsubmittedtoasettlement
processor,whichcanbeacreditcardprocessorora
cryptocurrencyaccount.
Nubocanalsosupportcloudcompute/
networking/storageservicesaswellasserverless
functionsordistributedoperatingsystemtypesof
services.AprototypeofNubowasdevelopedat
Ericssonin2018,featuringanexperimental
cryptocurrencychargingsystemthatchargedfor
servicesusingaprivateEthereumaccountdeployed
intheEricssonResearchDataCenterinLund,
Sweden.ServiceslistedincludedtheNefeleCloud
3.0distributedoperatingsystem,theEthereum
serverlessfunctionsystem,andtheUniversityof
California,Berkeley,RISELabartificialintelligence
executionenvironmentRay.
Standardizationandexternalcollaboration
The massadoptionofblockchainswillrequireboth
technicalandbusiness-modelinteroperability
betweenorganizations,permissionedblockchain
consortia,andevenpermissionlessblockchains.
Consequently,blockchainstandardizationis
underwayandseveralindustryconsortiahave
formedtostriveforinteroperabilityandharmonized
processes.Ericssoniscontributingtothe
standardizationprocessthroughouractive
involvementintheGSMAandallmajortelecom
andICTstandardizationbodies,aswellasby
becomingafoundingmemberinanETSI
(EuropeanTelecommunicationsStandards
Institute)workinggrouponpermission
distributedledgers.
Withrespecttocollaboration,theEUand
severalnationalgovernmentsarecurrently
sponsoringacademicandindustrialcollaboration
forblockchainresearchandbusinessacceleration.
EricssonhaschosentoparticipateintheEUH2020-
IoTSOFIE(SecureOpenFederationforInternet
Everywhere)project2018-2020togetherwith
severalindustry-leadingcompaniesandacademic
institutionstoresearchblockchaininteroperability
acrosssiloedIoTapplications,includingthe
demonstrationofresultsthroughseverallivepilots.
Wearealsocollaboratingdirectlywithglobal
technologycompaniesintheareasoftrusted
computingandblockchains.
Conclusion
Ericssonseessignificantvalueinblockchainsasa
trustenablerandpotentialdisruptorthatcanenable
completelynewbusinessmodelsinthedigitalasset
market.Theusecaseswehaveevaluatedforprivate
blockchainssofar,bothin-houseandtogetherwith
hasfullsovereigntyoftheirdomain,andshared
contextoftheblockchainenablesadomainto
interactandtograntandrevokeaccessdynamically.
TheIDbrokeringsolutionsharestheconceptof
self-sovereigntywiththeSovrinsystem[2],andis
oblivioustothespecificIDtechnologiesusedfor
authenticationandIDprovisioning.Since2017,
wehavebeenworkingonIDbrokeringandits
coexistencewithpublickeyinfrastructuresolutions.
Nubo virtualservicesmarketplace
New5Gfeaturesenableoperatornetworkstobe
virtuallysegmentedintodifferentlogicalnetworks
(slices)similarlytohownetworkresourcesincloud
infrastructurecanprovidedifferentvirtualnetworks
fordifferenttenants.Theriseofvirtualnetwork
functions–thatis,virtualizedandsoftware-based
routersorfirewalls–hascreatedthefoundationfora
marketofnetworkserviceswherethesetof
componentscanbecomposedspecificallyforeach
tenant.Withslicingandvirtualizationofnetwork
componentsin5G,weenvisionthatfuture5G
operatorservicesarelikelytohavesimilar
characteristics,withatailoredcompositionof
servicesforeachnetworkslice.
WedesignedtheNubovirtualservices
marketplacetomeetthespecificrequirementsof
virtualizationusecases.Itsarchitectureisillustrated
in Figure3.TheNubomarketplaceismadeupof
buyersofvirtualizedservices,referredtoas“tenants”,
andthesellersofthoseservices,referredtoas
“serviceproviders”.Thetenantscanbeindividual
users,enterprisecustomersorevenoperators.A
blockchainwithsmartcontractsprovidesthetenants
withthebasictrustplatformforpricediscoveryon
theservices.Nubo’stenantandservicemanagement
Figure 3 Nubo virtual services marketplace architecture
Nubo portal
Tenant
Service
provider
Settlement
processor
Saranyu
tenant
REST
Saranyu
tenant
REST
Web3
ABI
Bulk
service
usage data
Saranyu
Dapp
Cassandra
Quorum
Service
manager
Non-multi-
tenant
services
Multi-tenant
services
Saranyu
service
REST
Service
manager
REST
Saranyu
service
REST
THEMASSADOPTION
OFBLOCKCHAINSWILL
REQUIREBOTHTECHNICAL
ANDBUSINESS-MODEL
INTEROPERABILITY

Daniel Bergström
◆ is a senior researcher
in distributed computing
at Ericsson Research. He
joined Ericsson in 2014
and works with all things
distributed. His current focus
is on secure infrastructures
for artificial intelligence
workloads. He holds a Ph.D.
in computing science from
Umeå University, Sweden.
Ben Smeets
◆ is a senior expert in trusted
computing at Ericsson
Research. He holds a Ph.D.
in information theory from
Lund University, Sweden,
where he also serves as
a professor. He joined
Ericsson in 1998, working on
security solutions for mobile
phone platforms. Smeets is
currently working on trusted
computing technologies in
connection with containers
and secure enclaves.
Mikael Jaatinen
◆ is a security specialist at
Business Area Technologies
and New Businesses. He
joined Ericsson in 1996
and has been working
with blockchains since
2014. He holds an M.Sc. in
computer science from Åbo
Akademi University in Turku,
Finland. Jaatinen is currently
responsible for work
packages in the blockchain
project SOFIE and with
artificial intelligence/
machine learning-based
security analytics.
James Kempf
◆ worked for Ericsson
Research in Silicon Valley as
a principal researcher from
2008 to 2018. He earned a
Ph.D. in systems engineering
from the University of
Arizona in Tucson, the US,
in 1984, holds 21 patents
and is the author of three
books and many papers.
He currently works as a
senior principal architect
for Equinix in Sunnyvale,
California.
Jonas Lundberg
◆ joined Ericsson in 1997
and currently serves as a
senior researcher at Ericsson
Research. His research
interests include distributed
computing and blockchain
technology, and his current
focus is blockchain platforms
for rapid prototyping.
Lundberg holds an M.Sc. in
computer science from Luleå
University of Technology,
Sweden.
Nicklas Sandgren
◆ is a senior researcher
in the field of distributed
computing at Ericsson
Research. He joined
Ericsson in 1998 and has
worked in many different
areas, including speech
and channel coding, VoIP
prototyping, WebRTC and
DevOps. He holds an M.Sc. in
computer science from Luleå
University of Technology.
Gaspar Wosa
◆ currently serves as
innovation manager at
Ericsson ONE in Business
Area Technologies and
New Businesses. He joined
Ericsson in 1997 and his
primary interest at present
is the business model
impact of blockchain and
smart contracts. He holds a
B.Sc. in telecommunication
engineering from
Polytechnic University of
Indonesia and an MBA from
IPMI International Business
School in Kalibata, Indonesia.
theauthOrs
Further reading
❭ Ericsson, blog, Secure brokering of digital identities, available at:
https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2017/7/secure-brokering-of-digital-identities
❭ Ericsson, blog, Smart contracts for identities, available at:
https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2017/10/smart-contracts-for-identities
❭ Ericsson, blog, Secure IoT identities, available at:
https://www.ericsson.com/en/blog/2017/3/secure-iot-identities
References
1. Monitor Deloitte, Blockchain @ Telco: How blockchain can impact the telecommunications industry
and its relevance to the C-Suite, 2016, available at: https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/za/
Documents/technology-media-telecommunications/za_TMT_Blockchain_TelCo.pdf
2. White paper, Evernym in cooperation with the Sovrin Foundation, What Goes on the Ledger?, September
2018, available at: https://sovrin.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/What-Goes-On-The-Ledger.pdf
globaltelcoandenterprisecustomers,haveachieved
promisingresults.Todate,wehavedemonstrated
thevalueofblockchainforroamingsettlementand
otherusecasessuchasIoTdatamonetization,supply
chainmanagement,handlingofprivacy-sensitive
data,licensemanagementandIDmanagement.
OURNEXTSTEPS
WILLINCLUDEFURTHER
EXPLORATIONOFTHE
POTENTIALOFPUBLIC
BLOCKCHAINSAND
HASHGRAPHS
Ournextstepswillincludefurtherexplorationof
thepotentialofpublicblockchainsandhashgraphs.
Whilewearekeentoaccelerateourblockchain
effortsfromexplorationtocommodificationand
massadoption,werecognizethatanumberof
fundamentalissuesmustberesolvedbefore
wegetthere.Appropriategovernancemodels
aroundblockchainconsortiamustbeestablished,
forexample,alongwithtechnologyandbusiness
modelinteroperability.Thequestionsofhowto
createaviableplatformbusinessandhowto
ensurethatcontractsactontrustworthydata
mustalsobeanswered.Wewillcontinuetowork
ontheseaspectsinclosecollaborationwithour
customersandotherindustrystakeholders
throughstandardizationandjointinnovation.

18 #02 2019 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEWERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ #02 2019 1918 #02 2019 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEWERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ #02 2019 19
✱ SERVICE EXPOSURE IN 5G SERVICE EXPOSURE IN 5G ✱
2 MAY 7, 2019 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEWERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ MAY 7, 2019 3
Exposure – and service exposure in particular – will be critical to the creation
of the programmable networks that businesses need to communicate
efficiently with Internet of Things (IoT) devices, handle edge loads and pursue
the myriad of new commercial opportunities in the 5G world.
JAN FRIMAN,
MATTIAS EK,
PETER CHEN,
JITENDRA MANOCHA,
JOÃO SOARES
While service exposure has played a notable
role in previous generations of mobile
technology – by enabling roaming, for
example, and facilitating payment and
information services over the SMS channel –
its role in 5G will be much more prominent.
■ Thehighexpectationsonmobilenetworks
continuetorise,withnever-endingrequestsfor
higherbandwidth,lowerlatency,increased
predictabilityandcontrolofdevicestoservea
varietyofapplicationsandusecases.Atthesame
time,wecanseethatindustriessuchashealthcare
andmanufacturinghavestarteddemandingmore
customizedconnectivitytomeettheneedsoftheir
services.Whilesomeofthesedemandscanbemet
throughimprovednetworkconnectivitycapabilities,
thereareotherareaswherethoseimprovements
alonewillnotbesufficient.
Forexample,inrecentyears,contentdelivery
networks(CDNs)havebeenusedinsituationswhere
deploymentswithintheoperatornetworkbecamea
necessitytoaddressrequirementslikehigh
bandwidth.Morerecently,however,newuse-case
categoriesinareassuchasaugmentedreality(AR)/
virtualreality(VR),automotiveandIndustry4.0
havemadeitclearthatcomputingresourcesneedto
beaccessibleattheedgeofthenetwork.This
developmentrepresentsagreatopportunityfor
operators,enterprisesandapplicationdevelopersto
Service
exposure:A CRITICAL CAPABILITY
IN A 5G WORLD
introduceandcapitalizeonnewservices.The
opportunityalsoextendstoweb-scaleproviders
(Amazon,Google,Microsoft,Alibabaandsoon)
thathaveinvestedinlarge-scaleanddistributed
cloudinfrastructuredeploymentsonaglobalscale,
therebybecomingthemass-marketproviderof
cloudservices.
Severalweb-scaleprovidershavealreadystarted
providingon-premisessolutions(acombinationof
full-stacksolutionsandsoftware-onlysolutions)to
meettherequirementsofcertainusecases.
However,theabilitytoexpandtheavailabilityof
web-scaleservicestowardtheedgeoftheoperator
infrastructurewouldmakeitpossibletotacklea
multitudeofotherusecasesaswell.Suchascenario
ismutuallybeneficialbecauseitallowstheweb-scale
providerstoextendthereachofservicesthatbenefit
frombeingattheedgeofthenetwork(suchasthe
IoTandCDNs),whileenablingtelecomoperatorsto
becomepartofthevaluechainofthecloud
computingmarket.
SUCHASCENARIO...[ENABLES]
TELECOMOPERATORSTOBECOME
PARTOFTHEVALUECHAINOFTHE
CLOUDCOMPUTINGMARKET
Defining exposure
Exposure in the IT/telecom sphere can be divided into a number of subareas.
Data exposure is the process by which any kind of consumer (human or machine) can access data in a
system via secure and controlled mechanisms. Data is normally exchanged in one direction only. Common
examples of data exposure include accessing data via an application programming interface (API),
downloading a file or retrieving observations from a server.
Service exposure goes beyond data exposure to also include the ordering of execution of operations in
the underlying system. Using an API to initiate operations and/or processes is a good example of service
exposure. Services can be invoked bidirectionally by triggering events, for example. Data can also be
updated via a service.
Service exposure can be applied in a domain, as in network exposure, which exposes both data and
services of the network. Enterprise resource planning (ERP) and customer relationship management
(CRM) are other examples of domains where service exposure can be applied.
To maintain security, the details of the underlying system are typically hidden in exposure scenarios.

above10Gbps,whilemassivemachine-type
communications(mMTC)cansupportmorethan1
millionconnectionspersquarekilometer.Ultra-
reliablelow-latencycommunications(uRLLC)
guaranteeslessthan1mslatency.
FulfillingtheseeMBB,mMTCanduRLLC
requirementsnecessitatessignificantchangesto
boththeRANandthecorenetwork.Oneofthemost
significantchangesisthatthecorenetworkfunctions
(NFs)inthe5GCore(5GC)interactwitheachother
usingaService-basedArchitecture(SBA).Itisthis
changethatenablesthenetworkprogrammability,
therebyopeningupnewopportunitiesforgrowth
andinnovationbeyondsimplyaccelerating
connectivity.
Service-basedArchitecture
TheSBAofthe5GCnetworkmakesitpossiblefor
5GCcontrolplaneNFstoexposeService-based
Interfaces(SBIs)andactasserviceconsumersor
producers.TheNFsregistertheirservicesinthe
networkrepositoryfunction,andservicescanthen
bediscoveredbyotherNFs.Thisenablesaflexible
deployment,whereeveryNFallowstheother
authorizedNFstoaccesstheservices,which
providestremendousflexibilitytoconsumeand
exposeservicesandcapabilitiesprovidedby5GC
forinternalorexternalthirdparties.Thissupportof
theservicessubscriptionmakesitcompletely
differenttothe4G/5GEvolvedPacketCorenetwork.
Becauseitisservice-driven,SBAenablesnew
servicetypesandsupportsawidevarietyof
diversifiedservicetypesassociatedwithdifferent
technicalrequirements.5GprovidestheSBIfor
differentNFs(forexampleviaSBIHTTP/2Restful
APIs).TheSBIcanbeusedtoaddressthediverse
servicetypesandhighlydemandingperformance
requirementsinanefficientway.Itisanenablerfor
shorttimetomarketandcloud-nativeweb-scale
technologies.
The3GPPisnowworkingonconceptualizing5G
usecasestowardindustryverticals.Manyusecases
canbecreatedon-demandasaresultoftheSBA.
Distributedcloudinfrastructure
Theabilitytodeploynetworkslices–animportant
aspectof5G–inanautomatedandon-demand
mannerrequiresadistributedcloudinfrastructure.
Further,theabilitytorunworkloadsattheedgeof
thenetworkrequiresthedistributedcloud
infrastructuretobeavailableattheedge.Whatthis
essentiallymeansisthatdistributedcloud
deploymentswithintheoperatornetworkwillbean
inherentpartoftheintroductionof5G.Thescale,
growthrate,distributionandnetworkdepth(howfar
outinthenetworkedge)ofthosedeploymentswill
varydependingonthetelconetworkinquestionand
thefirstusecasestobeintroduced.
Ascloudbecomesanaturalassetoftheoperator
infrastructurewithwhichtohostNFsandservices
(suchasnetworkslicing),theabilitytoallowthird
partiestoaccesscomputingresourcesinthissame
infrastructureisanobviousnextstep.Contraryto
thetraditionalclouddeploymentsoftheweb-scale
players,however,computingresourceswithinthe
operatornetworkwillbescarcerandmuchmore
geographicallydistributed.Asaresult,resources
willneedtobeusedmuchmoreefficiently,and
mechanismswillbeneededtohidethecomplexityof
thegeographicaldistributionofresources.
Cloud-nativeprinciples
Theadoptionofcloud-nativeimplementation
principlesisnecessarytoachievetheautomation,
optimizedresourceutilizationandfast,low-cost
introductionofnewservicesthatarethekeyfeatures
ofadynamicandconstrainedecosystem.Cloud-
nativeimplementationprinciplesdictatethat
softwaremustbebrokendownintosmaller,more
manageablepiecesaslooselycoupledstateless
Figure1illustrateshowacollaborationwithweb-
scaleprovidersontelecomdistributedcloudscould
bestructured.Wearecurrentlyexploringa
partnershiptoenablesystemintegratorsand
developerstodeployweb-scaleplayerapplication
platformsseamlesslyontelecomdistributedclouds.
Distributedcloudabstractionontheweb-scale
playermarketplaceencompassesedgecompute,
latencyandbandwidthguaranteeandmobility.
InterworkingwithIoTsoftwaredevelopmentkits
(SDKs)anddevicemanagementprovides
integrationwithprovisioningcertificatehandling
servicesandassignmenttodistributedcloudtenant
breakoutpoints.
Inthemidtolongterm,serviceexposurewillbe
criticaltothesuccessofsolutionsthatrelyonedge
computing,networkslicinganddistributedcloud.
Withoutit,thegrowingnumberoffunctions,nodes,
configurationsandindividualofferingsthatthose
solutionsentailrepresentsasignificantriskof
increasedoperationalexpenditure.Thekeybenefit
ofserviceexposureinthisrespectisthatitmakesit
possibletouseapplicationprogramminginterfaces
(APIs)toconnectautomationflowsandartificial
intelligence(AI)processesacrossorganizational,
technology,business-to-business(B2B)andother
borders,therebyavoidingcostlymanualhandling.
AIandanalytics-basedservicesareparticularly
goodcandidatesforexposureandexternal
monetization.
Keyenablers
The5Gsystemarchitecturespecifiedby3GPPhas
beendesignedtosupportawiderangeofusecases
basedonkeyrequirementssuchashighbandwidth/
throughput,massivenumbersofconnecteddevices
andultra-lowlatency.Forexample,enhancedmobile
broadband(eMBB)willprovidepeakdatarates
Figure 1 Collaboration with web-scale providers on telecom distributed clouds
Devices/
local network
Access sites
Application cloud
Network slices
Management and monetization
Web-scale player platform and device SDK
Mobile
Fixed Cloud infrastructure
Access, mobility and network applications
Transport
Distributed sites National sites Web-scale
player
SDK
SDK
SDK
SDK
Market-
place
CORENETWORKFUNCTIONS
INTHE5GCINTERACTWITHEACH
OTHERUSINGASERVICE-BASED
ARCHITECTURE

Functionalarchitectureforserviceexposure
Thefunctionalarchitectureforserviceexposureis
builtaroundfourcustomerscenarios:
❭ internal consumers
❭ business-to-consumers (B2C)
❭ business-to-business (B2B)
❭ business-to-business-to-business/consumers
(B2B2X).
Inthecaseofinternalconsumers,applicationsfor
monitoring,optimizationandinternalinformation
sharingoperateunderthecontrolandownershipof
theenterpriseitself.InthecaseofB2C,consumers
directlyuseservicesviaweborappsupport.B2C
examplesincludecallcontrolandself-service
managementofpreferencesandsubscriptions.
TheB2Bscenarioconsistsofpartnersthatuse
servicessuchasmessagingandIoTcommunication
tosupporttheirbusiness.TheB2B2Xscenariois
madeupofmorecomplexvaluechainssuchas
mobilevirtualnetworkoperators,webscale,gaming,
automotiveandtelcocloudthroughweb-scaleAPIs.
Figure2illustratesthefunctionalarchitecturefor
serviceexposure.Itisdividedintothreelayersthat
eachactasaframeworkfortherealization.Domain-
specificfunctionalityandknowledgeareappliedand
addedtotheframeworkasconfigurations,scripts,
plug-ins,modelsandsoon.Forexample,theaccess
controlframeworkdeliversthebuildingblocksfor
specializingtheaccesscontrolsforaspecificarea.
Theabstractionandresourcelayerisresponsible
forcommunicatingwiththeassets.Ifsomeassetsare
locatedoutsidetheenterprise–atasupplieror
partnerfacilityinafederationscenario,forexample
–B2Bfunctionalitywillalsobeincludedinthislayer.
Thebusinessandservicelogiclayerisresponsible
fortransformationandcomposition–thatis,when
servicesandstatefulbackingservices.Thisisusually
achievedbyusingamicroservicearchitecture,
whereeachpiececanbeindividuallydeployed,
scaledandupgraded.Inaddition,microservices
communicatethroughwell-definedandversion-
controllednetwork-basedinterfaces,which
simplifiesintegrationwithexposure.
Threetypesofserviceexposure
Therearethreemaintypesofserviceexposureina
telecomenvironment:
❭ network monitoring
❭ network control and configuration
❭ payload interfaces.
Examplesofnetworkmonitoringservice
exposureincludenetworkpublishinginformationas
real-timestatuses,eventstreams,reports,statistics,
analyticinsightsandsoon.Thisalsoincludesread
requeststothenetwork.
Serviceexposurefornetworkcontroland
configurationinvolvesrequestingcontrolservices
thatdirectlyinteractwiththenetworktrafficor
requestconfigurationchanges.Configurationcan
alsoincludetheuploadofcompletevirtualnetwork
functions(VNFs)andapplications.
Examplesofservice-exposure-enabledpayload
interfacesincludemessagingandlocalbreakout,but
itshouldbenotedthatmanyconnectivity/payload
interfacesbypassserviceexposureforlegacy
reasons.EventhoughIPconnectivitytodevicesisa
servicethatisexposedtotheconsumer,forexample,
itiscurrentlynotachievedviaserviceexposure.The
mainbenefitofaddingserviceexposurewouldbeto
makeitpossibletointeractwiththedatastreams
throughlocalbreakoutforoptimizationfunctions.
Leveragingsoftwaredevelopmentkits
AtEricsson,wearepositioningserviceexposure
capabilitiesinrelationtodeveloperworkflowsand
practices.DevelopersaretheoneswhouseAPIsto
createsolutions,andweknowtheyrelyheavilyon
SDKs.Therearecurrentlyadvanceddeveloper
frameworksforallsortsofadvancedapplications
includingdrones,AR/VR,theIoT,roboticsand
gaming.Beyondtheintrinsicvalueinexposing
nativeAPIs,anSDKapproachalsocreates
additionalvalueintermsofenablingtheuseof
softwarelibraries,integrateddevelopment
environments(IDEs)plug-ins,third-partyprovider
(3PP)cloudplatformextensionsand3PPruntimes
onedgesites,aswellascloudmarketplacesto
exposethesecapabilities.
Softwarelibrariescanbecreatedbyprepackaging
higher-levelservicessuchaslow-latencyvideo
streamingandreversecharging.Thiscanbe
achieved,forexample,byusingthecapabilitiesof
networkexposurefunctions(NEF)andservice
capabilityexposurefunctions(SCEF),creating
ready-to-deployfunctionsorcontainersthatcanbe
distributedthroughopenrepositories,oreven
marketplaces,insomecases.Thispossibilityis
highlyrelevantforedgecomputingframeworks.
SupportforIDEplug-inseasestheintroductionof
3PPserviceswithjustafewadditionalclicks.
Selectedcapabilitieswithin3PPcloudplatform
extensionscanalsocreatevaluebyextendingIoT
devicelife-cyclemanagement(LCM)forcellular
connecteddevices,forexample.Theautomated
provisioningofpopular3PPedgeruntimesontelco
infrastructureenables3PPruntimesonedgesites.
Finally,cloudmarketplacesareanidealplaceto
exposeallofthesecapabilities.Thedeveloper
subscribestocertainservicesthroughtheirexisting
account,gainingtheabilitytoactivateavarietyof
libraries,functionsandcontainers,alongwithaccess
toplug-instheycanworkwithand/ortheautomated
provisioningrequiredforexecution.
Figure 2 Functional architecture for service exposure
API gateway
Operator's
internal
applications
Operator’s
consumer
services
Operator’s services
to enterprises
Enterprises’ services to
consumers/enterprises
Developer portal,
marketplace & SDK
API management
Exposed service execution APIs & exposed management
BSS/OSS
Transformation Composition Orchestration
Business & service logic
Protocol stacks
Radio Core OSS BSS Cloud CoS Partner/
supplier
Routing Adaptation
Abstraction and resource layer
Internal B2B B2B B2B2X
In-house assets providing raw capabilities
CLOUDMARKETPLACES
AREANIDEALPLACETO
EXPOSEALLOFTHESE
CAPABILITIES

❭ scalability (configurable latency and scalable
throughput) to support different deployments
❭ diversified API types for payload/connectivity,
including messaging APIs (request-response
and/or subscribe-notify type), synchronous,
asynchronous, streaming, batch, upload/
download and so on
❭ multiple interface bindings such as restful,
streaming and legacy
❭ multivendor and partner support (supplier/
federation/aggregator/web-scale value chains)
❭ security and access control functionality.
Deploymentexamples
Serviceexposurecanbedeployedinamultitudeof
locations,eachwithadifferentsetofrequirements
thatdrivemodularityandconfigurabilityneeds.
Figure3illustratesafewexamples.
InthecaseofOperatorBinFigure3,service
exposureisdeployedtoexposeservicesinafullB2B
context.BSSintegrationandsupportisrequiredto
handleallcommercialaspectsoftheexposureand
LCMofcustomers,contracts,orders,servicesand
soon,alongwithchargingandbilling.OperatorB
alsousesthedeployedB2Bcommercialsupportto
acquireservicesfromasupplier.
InthecaseofOperatorA,serviceexposureis
deployedbothatthecentralsiteandattheedgesite
tomeetlatencyorpayloadrequirements.Services
areonlyexposedtoOperatorA’sownapplications/
VNFs,whichlimitstheneedforB2Bsupport.
However,duetothefactthatOperatorAhostssome
applicationsforanexternalpartner,bothcentrally
andattheedge,fullB2Bsupportmustbedeployed
fortheexternallyownedapps.
TheaggregatorinFigure3deploystheservice
exposurerequiredtocreateservicesputtogetherby
thereisaneedtoraisetheabstractionlevelofa
servicetocreatecombinedservices.
TheexposedserviceexecutionAPIsandexposed
managementlayerareresponsibleformakingthe
servicediscoverableandreachablefortheconsumer.
ThisisdonethroughtheAPIgateway,withthe
supportofportal,SDKandAPImanagement.
Businesssupportsystems(BSS)andoperations
supportsystems(OSS)playadoubleroleinthis
architecture.Firstly,theyserveasresourcesthatcan
exposetheirvalues–OSScanprovideanalytics
insights,forexample,andBSScanprovide“charging
onbehalfof”functionality.Atthesametime,OSS
areresponsibleformanagingserviceexposureinall
assurance,configuration,accounting,performance,
securityandLCMaspects,suchasthediscovery,
orderingandchargingofaservice.
Oneofthekeycharacteristicsofthearchitecture
presentedinFigure2isthattheserviceexposure
frameworklifecycleisdecoupledfromtheexposed
services,whichmakesitpossibletosupportboth
short-andlong-tailexposedservices.Thisisrealized
throughtheinclusionandexposureofnewservices
throughconfiguration,plug-insandthepossibilityto
extendtheframework.
Anotherkeycharacteristictonoteisthatitis
possibletodeploycommonexposurefunctionsboth
inadistributedwayandindividually–in
combinationwithothermicroservicesforefficiency
reasons,forexample.Typicalcasesaredistributed
cloudwithedgecomputingandweb-scalescenarios
suchasdownload/upload/streamingwheretheedge
siteandterminalareinvolvedintheoptimization.
Theexposureframeworkisrealizedasasetof
looselyconnectedcomponents,allofwhichare
cloud-nativecompliantandmicroservicebased,
runningincontainers.Thereisnotaone-size-fits-all
deployment–someofthecomponentsareavailable
inseveralvariantstofitdifferentscenarios.For
example,componentsintheAPIgatewaysupport
B2Bscenarioswithfullchargingbuttherearealso
scaled-downversionsthatonlysupportreporting,
intendedfordeploymentininternalexposure
scenarios.
Otherkeypropertiesoftheserviceexposure
frameworkare:
Figure 3 Service exposure deployment (dark pink boxes indicate deployed components)
Operator A
Customer
app
Operator
app/VNF
Customer
app
Operator
app/VNF
Customer
Access/local site Regional/national site
Supplier
B2B
Operator B
Aggregator
Customer
App
Direct
exposed
services
Aggregated
services
Operator
app
Hosted
app
Services at
the edge
Federated/
roaming
services
Supplied
service
B2BB2BB2B
B2B
B2B
COMMONEXPOSURE
FUNCTIONS[CANBEDEPLOYED]
BOTHINADISTRIBUTEDWAY
ANDINDIVIDUALLY
3PP – Third-party Provider | 5GC – 5G Core | AI – Artificial Intelligence | API – Application Programming
Interface | AR – Augmented Reality | B2B – Business-to-Business | B2BCX – Business-to-Business-to-
Business/Consumers | B2C – Business-to-Consumers | BSS – Business Support Systems | CDN – Content
Delivery Network | CoS – Communication Services | CRM – Customer Relationship Management |
eMBB – Enhanced Mobile Broadband | ERP – Enterprise Resource Planning | IDE– Integrated Development
Environment | IOT – Internet of Things | LCM – Life-cycle Management | mMTC – Massive Machine-type
Communications | NEF – Network Exposure Functions | NF – Network Function | ONAP – Open Network
Automation Platform | OSS – Operations Support Systems | SBA – Service-based Architecture |
SBI – Service-based Interface | SCEF – Service Capability Exposure Functions | SDK – Software
Development Kit | uRLLC – Ultra-reliable Low-latency Communications | VNF – Virtual Network Function
| VR – Virtual Reality

Further reading
❭ Ericsson web page, Service enablement, available at:
https://www.ericsson.com/en/portfolio/digital-services/cloud-core/service--enablement
❭ Ericsson web page, Cloud core exposure server, available at:
https://www.ericsson.com/en/portfolio/digital-services/cloud-core/cloud-unified-data-management-and-
policy/cloud-core-exposure-server
❭ Ericsson web page, Cloud packet core, available at:
https://www.ericsson.com/en/portfolio/digital-services/cloud-core/cloud-packet-core
morethanonesupplier.UnifiedDeliveryNetwork
andweb-scaleintegrationbothfallintothiscategory.
Asexposuretotheconsumerisdonethroughthe
aggregator,thisalsoservesasaB2Binterfaceto
handlespecificrequirements.Examplesofthis
includetheadvertisinganddiscoveryofservicesvia
theportalsofweb-scaleproviders.
AsubsetofB2Bsupportisalsodeployedto
providetheserviceexposurethathandlesthe
federationrelationshipbetweenOperatorAand
OperatorB,inwhichbothpartiesareonthesame
levelintheecosystemvaluechain.
Conclusion
Thereareseveralcompellingreasonsfortelecom
operatorstoextendandmodernizetheirservice
exposuresolutionsaspartoftherolloutof5G.One
ofthekeyonesisthedesiretomeettherapidly
developingrequirementsofusecasesinareassuch
astheInternetofThings,AR/VR,Industry4.0and
theautomotivesector,whichwilldependon
operators’abilitytoprovidecomputingresources
acrossthewholetelcodomain,allthewaytotheedge
ofthemobilenetwork.Serviceexposureisakey
componentofthesolutiontoenabletheseusecases.
Recentadvancesintheserviceexposurearea
haveresultedfromthearchitecturalchanges
introducedinthemovetoward5Gandtheadoption
ofcloud-nativeprinciples,aswellasthecombination
ofService-basedArchitecture,microservicesand
containertechnologies.Asoperatorsbegintouse
5Gtechnologytoautomatetheirnetworksand
supportsystems,serviceexposureprovidesthem
withtheadditionalbenefitofbeingabletouse
automationincombinationwithAItoattract
partnersthatareexploringnew,5G-enabled
businessmodels.Web-scaleprovidersarealso
showinginterestinunderstandinghowtheycan
offertheircustomersaneasyextensiontowardthe
networkedge.
Modernizedserviceexposuresolutionsare
designedtoenablethecommunicationandcontrol
ofdevices,providingaccesstoprocesses,data,
networksandOSS/BSSassetsinasecure,
predictableandreliablemanner.Theycandothis
bothinternallywithinanoperatororganizationand
externallytoathirdparty,accordingtothetermsofa
ServiceLevelAgreementand/oramodelfor
financialsettlement.
Serviceexposureisanexcitingandrapidly
evolvingareaandEricssonisplayinganactiverolein
itsongoingdevelopment.Asacomplementtoour
standardizationeffortswithinthe3GPPand
Industry4.0forums,wearealsoengagedinopen-
sourcecommunitiessuchasONAP(theOpen
NetworkAutomationPlatform).Thisworkis
importantbecauseweknowthatmodernized
serviceexposuresolutionswillbeatheartof
efficient,innovativeandsuccessfuloperator
networks.
Jan Friman
◆ is an OSS/BSS expert
in the Architecture and
Technology team within
Business Area Digital
Services, where he is driving
the architecture of service
exposure. Since joining
Ericsson in 1997, he has
held various OSS/BSS-
related positions within the
company’s R&D, system
management and strategic
product management
organizations. He holds an
M.Sc. in computer science
from Linköping University,
Sweden.
Mattias Ek
◆ joined Ericsson in 1996
and currently serves as a
strategic product manager.
He has extensive experience
in service delivery platforms
and service enablement
domains, specializing in
consumer interaction,
mobile commerce and
consumer self-service. His
focus in recent years has
shifted toward exposure
and enablement solutions
for cellular IoT, massive
IoT and machine-type
communications. Today,
Ek leads the IoT Enabler and
Network Exposure team
in Solution Area Packet
Core with responsibility for
commercial and product
strategies.
Peter Chen
◆ is the technical product
manager leading the
technical solution and
evolution for the network
exposure area in Product
Development Unit UDM &
Policy. He has been working
in different areas within the
core network at Ericsson
since 2006 including IMS,
voice over Wi-Fi and Unified
Data Management (UDM),
and he has contributed more
than 10 patents in these
areas in recent years. He
holds a B.Sc. in materials
science and engineering
from Dalian University of
Technology, China.
Jitendra Manocha
◆ is strategic product
manager (5G Core) in
Solution Area Packet
Core within Business Area
Digital Services, where he
is responsible for the Cloud
Core Exposure Server, a
component of Ericsson’s
5G Cloud Core solution. He
joined Ericsson in 2004 and
has held various leading
positions in product lines,
R&D and services. He holds
an M.Sc. from KTH Royal
Institute of Technology in
Stockholm, Sweden.
João Soares
◆ is a solution manager for
distributed cloud, leading
Ericsson’s strategic solution
development for edge
computing. Before joining
the company in 2014, he
worked for Portugal Telecom
(now Altice Portugal),
during the introduction of
cloud technologies within
the operator’s network.
He holds both an M.Sc.
and a Ph.D. in electronics
and telecommunications
engineering from the
University of Aveiro,
Portugal.
theauthOrs

✱ FEATURE ARTICLE FEATURE ARTICLE ✱
six key trends
manifesting
the platform
for innovation
TECHNOLOGY TRENDS 2019
Affordable and efficient connectivity
is a fundamental component of
digitalization and has become as
important as clean water and
electricity in creating a sustainable
society of the future. Recognition of
this fact is of critical importance as we
enter a new era that is defined by the
combinatorial effects of a multitude of
transformative technologies in areas
such as mobility, the Internet of Things
(IoT), distributed computing and
artificial intelligence (AI).
Theuniversalconnectivitynetworkthat
weusetodayisbuiltonvoiceandmobile
broadbandservicesthatcurrentlyserve
9billionconnecteddevicesglobally.
Thistechnologyisrecognizedand
acknowledgedforitsavailability,reliability,
integrityandaffordability,anditistrusted
tohandlesensitiveandimportant
information.Today’snetworkprovides
pervasiveglobalcoverageonascalewith
whichnoothertechnologycancompete.
Ithasquicklybecomeamultipurpose
network,readyandabletoonboardall
typesofusers,aswellassupportingalarge
numberofnewusecasesandaplethoraof
newtechnologiestomeetanyconsumer
orenterpriseneed.Assuch,itisideally
suitedtoserveasthefoundationforfuture
innovationinanyapplication.
APPROPRIATEANDUNIVERSAL
CONNECTIVITY
Themultipurposenetworkissignificantly
morecost-efficientthanspecializedor
dedicatednetworksolutions,makingit
themostaffordablesolutiontoaddress
society’sneedsacrossthespectrum
fromhuman-to-humantohuman-to-thing
andthing-to-thingcommunication.
Itsupportseverythingfromtraditional
voicecallstoimmersivehuman-to-human
communicationexperiences.Intermsof
human-to-thingcommunication,
itenableseverythingfromdigital
paymentstovoice-controlleddigital
assistants,aswellasreal-timesensitive
dronecontrolandhigh-qualitymedia
streaming.
WithregardtoIoTcommunication,the
ubiquitousconnectivityprovidedbythe
multipurposenetworkenablesthe
creationofaphysicalworldthatisfully
automatedandprogrammable.Examples
ofthisincludemassivesensormonitoring,
fullyautonomousphysicalprocessessuch
asself-drivingcarsandmanufacturing
robots,aswellasdigitally-embedded
processessuchasautonomousdecision-
makingintaxreturns.
KEYTECHNOLOGYTRENDS
Inmyview,theongoingevolutiontoward
thefuturenetworkcontinuestorely
heavilyonthefivekeytechnologytrends
thatIoutlinedinlastyear’strendsarticle.
Therefore,inthisyear’stechnologytrends
article,Ihavechosentobuildonlastyear’s
conclusionsandsharemyviewofthe
futurenetworkplatforminrelationtothose
fivetrends,withoneaddition:distributed
computeandstorage.
BY: ERIK EKUDDEN, CTO

TREND#1:
INTERNETOFSKILLS
TheInternetofSkillshasthepotentialto
bridgethegeographicaldistancebetween
humansaswellasbetweenhumansand
things.Ahighqualityofexperience(QoE)
isessentialtocreateimmersive
interactionsthatallowhumanstoattend
meetingsremotelywiththesameabilityto
participateasiftheywerephysically
present.Humanshavetotrustthe
networktoenablecriticalremote
operationsandinteractionwiththings.
Self-drivingvehicleswillrequirea
remotepersontotakeoverthedriving
orsupportinthedecision-makingifthe
autonomoussystemfails.Hence,tele-
operationofrobotsandvehiclesisneeded
atsea,onlandandunderground,aswellas
intheair.Remotehumanassistanceisalso
requiredfortaskssuchasmaintenance,
troubleshootingandrepairingacross
industrial,enterprise,healthcareand
consumerdomains.TheInternetofSkills
alsoappliestotheabilitytoexperience
physicalitemsremotelyinapplications
suchasonlineshoppingandgaming.
High-qualityandefficientcapturing,
transmissionandrenderingofvisual,audio
andhapticinformationisessentialtothe
InternetofSkills.Thisinformationwillbe
capturedbymultipledevicesanditmust
befusedtogethertobereproducedremotely.
Adistributedenvironmentforaccess,
computeandstorageofthisinformation
isthereforehighlyadvantageous.
Hapticcommunicationsrequirelatencies
below10msinthemostdemanding
scenarios.Largevolumesof3Dvisualdata
andhigh-frequencyhapticdataimpose
highnetworkbandwidthandlatency
demands,bothintheuplinkanddownlink.
Anetworkplatformwithlow-latency
characteristicsallowsforlargeamountsof
datatobequicklytransmittedbetween
devices.Thismeansthatmoretimecanbe
spentonprocessingandperforming
analyticsontheavailableinformationto
enhancetheexperience.
Securityandprivacyareveryimportant
sincethedevicesmaycapturesensitive
visual,audioandhapticinformation.This
informationcanrelatetotheuserofthe
deviceorotherusersthatsharethesame
environment,includingdetailed
characteristicsoftheuser’sphysical
environmentsuchastheirhomeoroffice,
aswellasinsightsintotheuser’sdaily
activities.
Thenetworkplatformwillalsobevery
beneficialforenablingthepositioningof
devices,bothoutdoorsandindoors.The
networkradiopositioninginformationcan
befusedwithinformationfromthedevice’s
onboardsensorssuchasthecameraand
inertialsensors.
Demanding use cases
exemplified by trends 1 and 2
Today’s networks are transforming into a platform where applications, processes and other technologies
are developed, deployed and enhanced. For me, it is fundamental that the platform ensures affordable,
reliable and trusted operation. Two use cases that I expect the network platform will need to support
are trends 1 and 2: the Internet of Skills and cyber-physical systems (CPSs).
PORTSOFTHEFUTURE
Terminalportoperationswill
increasinglyconsistofamixtureof
physicalmachinery,roboticssystems,
automatedvehicles,human-operated
digitalplatformsandAI-based
softwaresystems.Theseelements
willtransformfutureportsintoCPSs,
creatingadigitalecosystem
comprisedofvariousintelligent
agentshighlyspecializedinspecific
aspectsofcargoloading/unloading
andofthelogisticchains.
AUTOMOTIVE
Allnewfeaturesinmoderncars,
suchasadvanceddriverassistance
systemsandconnectedvehicle
services,arebasedonelectronics
andsoftwareratherthanon
mechanicalengineeringinnovations.
Safety-criticalfunctions,driver-
assistancesoftwareandinfotainment
applicationswillruninspecificand
highlycompartmentalizedonboard
modulesthatinteractwithaplethora
ofsensorsandactuators.Inthis
context,thefuturevehiclewill
increasinglytaketheformofaCPS
forwhichthepreventionofaccidents
isthemaingoal.
SMARTMANUFACTURING
Thefactoryofthefuturewillbeaset
ofinteractingCPSs,wherehighly
skilledworkerswillhavedirectinsight
intotheoperationsofcoordinated
intelligentmachinesfromacentral
controlentity.Everyfunctionalaspect
ofaproductionchainwillbeaffected
–fromdesign,tomanufacturing,
throughtosupplychains,andlater
extendingtocustomerserviceand
support.Thesmartfactorywillbe
hyper-connected,data-intensive
andhighlysecure.
EXAMPLES OF
CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
TREND#2:
CYBER-PHYSICALSYSTEMS
CPSresultsfromtheintegrationof
differentsystemstocontrolaphysical
processandusesfeedbacktoadapttonew
conditionsinrealtime.Thisisachievedby
integratingphysicalprocesses,networking
andcomputation.ACPSgeneratesand
acquiresdata,sothattherelevant
elementsinvolvedhaveaccesstothe
appropriateinformationattherighttime.
Therefore,theCPScanautonomously
determineitscurrentoperatingstatus,
andcorrectiveactionsarerealizedby
theactuators.Informationcomesfrom
sensorsandfromotherrelatedCPSs.
Theroleofhumansistosupervisethe
operationoftheautomatedand
self-organizingprocesses.
CommunicationisvitalinCPSstoallow
differentandheterogeneousobjectsto
exchangeinformationwitheachotherand
withhumans,atanytimeandinany
conditions.Deterministiccommunication
(intermsoflatency,bandwidthandreliability)
largelyimpactsthedynamicinteractions
betweensubsystemsinCPSs.Minimizing
thetimeittakestoperformcontroltasks
iscriticaltoensuringthatasystem
functionscorrectly.
Thefuturenetworkplatformshould
providethespecificconnectivity
performancetoguaranteeCPS-critical
requirements.Asanexample,latency
criticalityisanissueforallcaseswhere
acontrollerorcomplexAImusttake
decisionsandactionsinrealtime.
EachCPShasaspecificarchitecture
thatrequiresanadaptivenetworkplatform.
Hence,aspecificad-hocdesignofindoor
and/oroutdoorcoverageisrequired.
Inaddition,networkslicingwillenable
satisfyingheterogeneousconnectivity
requirementsonthesamenetwork,
foranyindoororoutdoorscenarios.

FEATURE ARTICLE ✱✱ FEATURE ARTICLE
MAINCHARACTERISTICS
Theinterconnectbetweendifferentkinds
ofnetworks,fromlocaltowide-area
coverage,buildsaglobalnetworkthat
providesaplatformforpervasiveglobal
services.Theinherentmobilitywithinand
betweenthenetworkscreates
unprecedentedcoveragebothindoors
andoutdoors.Utilizingallthesenetwork
assetsenablesadistributedenvironment
foraccess,computeandstorage.These
assetsarevirtualized,distributedacross
thenetwork,andaremadeavailablewhere
theyareneededandaremostefficient.
Applicationsandprocessesare
dynamicallydeployedthroughout
thenetwork.Networkslicingenables
streamlinedconnectionsfordifferent
applications,enhancingtheefficiency
ofthetotalusageofthenetwork.
Autonomousdeployment,operation
andorchestrationisanessentialcapability
ofthenetworkplatformtoenable
cost-efficiency.Justasimportantare
thereliabilityandresiliencetofulfill
expectationsfromindustryandsociety.
Built-in,automatedsecurityfunctions
protectthenetworkandtheintegrity
ofitsusersfromexternalthreats.
THENETWORKPLATFORMOFFERING
Thenetworkplatformoffersawiderange
ofcapabilitiestoallitsusers.
Itprovidesaseamlessuniversal
connectivityfabricwithalmostunlimited,
scalableandaffordabledistributed
computeandstorage.Sensorsand
actuatorscanbeattachedanywhere
throughoutthenetwork.Latencycanbe
optimizedbyinteractingwiththecontrol
ofaccess,computeandstorage.
Embeddedintotheplatformisa
distributedintelligencethatsupports
userswithinsightsandreasoning.
Theaddressabilityandreachability
capabilitiesmakeitpossibletoconnect
anyoneoranythingregardlessoflocation
andtime.Togetherwiththeinherent
securityandavailability,thenetwork
platformcanalsomeetcommunication
needsrelatingtosecureidentificationof
usersandnetworks.Italsoprovidesthe
scalabilitytoautomaticallyadapttothe
exactneedsofindividualusersand
applications.Asanexample,adaptive
powerconsumptionisenabledbyaflexible
airinterface.Anotherexampleisautomated
life-cyclemanagementofdevices,users
andapplications.Thisguaranteesthemost
cost-efficientsolutionforusers,inboththe
longandshortterm.
Thenetworkplatformofferingis
consumedthroughanautomateddigital
marketplace.Networkservicesanddata
areavailablethroughconsistentandopen
businessinterfacesfortheapplications
(APIs).Data,suchaslocation,connectivity
conditionsanduserbehavior,canbemade
availablefromthenetworkplatform.
Withallthesecapabilities,thenetwork
platformoffersthemostaccessibleand
valuablefoundationforfutureinnovation.
My vision of the future
network platform
As I see it, the future network platform is characterized by its capability to instantaneously meet any
application needs. It can handle huge amounts of data, scarce amounts of data, and everything in
between. It will meet requirements for both open data and sensitive data, as well as all manner of needs
related to uplink and downlink transmission. From real-time critical to non-critical, predefined to flexible
air interface, preset to adaptive routing – the future network platform has it covered. Anyone and
anything that can benefit from a connection should be able to access and use the network.

FEATURE ARTICLE ✱✱ FEATURE ARTICLE
TREND#3:
DISTRIBUTEDCOMPUTE
ANDSTORAGE
Futureapplicationswillrequirenewpro-
cessingcapabilitiesfromthenetworkin
ordertoreducetheamountofdatathat
needstobecommunicated,providelow
latency,andincreaserobustnessandsecurity.
Today’sprocessorsandacceleratorswill
eventuallyexperiencetheendofMoore’s
Law,andnewheterogeneouscomputing
solutionswillemerge.Commodity
hardwarehasbeenjoinedbyahighly
heterogeneoussetofspecializedchipsets
–oftenreferredtoasaccelerators–thatare
optimizedforacertainclassofapplications.
Forexample,data-intensiveapplications
suchasmachinelearning(ML)/AIor
augmentedreality/virtualrealitycantake
advantageofthemassiveparallelization
offeredbyGraphicalProcessingUnits
orTensorProcessingUnits.Latency-
sensitiveapplicationscan utilize
computationpatternreuseofferedby
eithercustom-designedintegratedcircuits
orfield-programmableintegratedcircuits.
Thenextstepofheterogeneous
computingwillinvolvenewcomputing
paradigmssuchasneuromorphic
processorsthatyieldlowpower
consumption,fastinferenceandevent-
driveninformationprocessing.Another
emergingtechnologyisphotonic
computing.Photonsareusedinsteadof
electrons,thusavoidingthelatency
oftheelectron-switchingtimes.
Quantumprocessor-basedacceleration
ofcompute-intensiveandlatency-sensitive
algorithmswilleventuallybecomeareality.
Byexploitingthequantummechanics
principlessuchassuperpositionand
entanglement,quantumprocessors
promiseexponentialgrowthofcomputing
powerforacertainclassofproblems.
Theemergenceofuniversalmemories
willofferthecapacityandpersistency
featuresofstorage,combinedwith
byte-addressabilityandincreasedaccess
speedofmemory.Programswritten
forpersistentmemoriescanremove
thedistinctionbetweenruntimedata
structuresandofflinedatastorage
structures,resultinginfasterstart-up
timesandrecoveryincaseoffailover.
Advancementsinnon-volatilememory
technologieswillbecrucialtomeet
strictlatencyrequirements.
Theincreasingdisparityofcentral
processingunitspeedsversusmemory
accessspeedswillleadtomemory-centric
computearchitectures.Computeunits
willbeembeddedinsidethememoryorthe
storagefabrics.Thiswillnotonlyincrease
performance,butalsoleadtosignificant
energy-efficiencygainsbyreducingthe
datamovementoftraditionalcompute-
centricarchitectures.
Efficientlydevelopingapplications
foradistributedcomputeenvironment
willrequirenewprogrammingmodels.
Programswillbenefitfromseparating
theintentoftheapplicationfromthehow
Four technologies evolving
the network platform:
Trends 3-6
In my view, four technology areas are crucial to the evolution of the future network platform, represented
by trends 3 to 6: distributed compute and storage, ubiquitous radio access, security assurance and
zero-touch networks.

technologiesandvirtualization,whichare
introducingrequirementsforcontinuous
complianceverificationinadynamic
environment.Atthesametime,security
assuranceneedstoberootedinthe
evidencecollectedinthenetworkslices
supportingdifferentindustries.AIandML
technologieswillbringautomationof
assuranceandcomplianceverificationto
thenetworkplatform.
Intheworldofcloudcomputing,enclave
andconfidentialcomputinghardware
solutionsthatprovidearootoftrustare
currentlybeingpackagedinpre-commercial
cloudsolutions.Thesetechnologieshave
thepotentialtobecomeprevalentwhen
addressingsecurityconcernsfor
processinginthecloud.Conceptually
similartrustedcomputingtechnologies
arealsomovingintoIoTdevices.
Thetrendtowardencryption
everywherecontinueswithreports
ofupto90percentusageofHTTPS.
Asubstantiallydifferentprotocolstackon
theinternetisexpectedinafewyears,with
QUICandDoHasthedominantprotocols,
protectedbynewlystandardizedpost-
quantumalgorithms.Sincecurrent
securityprotocolsarenotsuitedfor
constrainedIoTnodesanddevices,the
industryisworkingtostandardizenew
lightweightapplicationlayerprotocols.
Atthesametime,remotelymanaged
eUICC(embeddedUniversalIntegrated
CircuitCard)basedSIMidentitiesinIoT
devicesareincreasinglybeingdeployed
fornetworkaccess.ModernSIMsbased
ontheeUICC,andlatertheevenmore
cost-effectiveiUICC(integratedUniversal
IntegratedCircuitCard),willformthetrust
anchorsforsecureidentitiesandnetwork
accessinfivetosevenyears.
Mission-criticalusecasesandregulatory
demands,aswellascloudandedge
computing,arethedrivingforcesbehind
thetrustandassurancetechnologiesthat
arebeingdevelopedandbecoming
integralpartsofthenetworkplatform.
TREND#6:
ZERO-TOUCHNETWORKS
Azero-touchnetworkiscapableofself-
managementandiscontrolledbybusiness
intents.Data-drivencontrollogicmakesit
possibletodesignthesystemwithoutthe
needforhumanconfiguration,aswellas
toprovideahigherdegreeofinformation
granularity.ApplyingAItechnologieswill
enablezero-touchautomationofnetwork
life-cyclemanagement,includingoptimizing
systemperformance,predictingupcoming
faultsandenablingpreventiveactions.
Theperformanceofadata-driven
zero-touchfunctioncanincreaseby
utilizingthewidernetworkdatafrommany
localclients,butthisneedstobebalanced
againstthecostandtimeassociatedwith
transferringlargevolumesofdata.
OneapproachistodesigndistributedML
solutions,suchasfederatedlearning,which
makesitpossibletogenerateanetwork-
wideglobalMLmodel.Trainingisdoneon
localclients,andtheneedtotransferdatais
limitedtomodelupdates,insteadofrawdata.
Withreinforcementlearning,itis
possibletodesignasolutionthatresponds
tounforeseenenvironments,whichcanbe
usedtoautomateoroptimizeaspecific
process.Areinforcementlearningagent
learnshowtoactoptimallygiventhe
systemstateinformationandreward
function,focusingonfindingabalance
betweenexplorationofunchartedterritory
andexploitationofcurrentknowledge.
Therequirementsonreliabilityandsafety
will,however,setlimitsontheapplicability.
Robotsareusedtointerfacewiththe
networkinfrastructure,collaboratewith
humansandutilizeAItoperformphysical
inspections,determinefaultcauses,
predictfuturefaultsandplanmaintenance
work.Computer-visiontechniquesenable,
forexample,automatedcelltower
inspection,whilemachinereasoningis
usedtoplanandexecutedroneflight.
Techniquestogeneralizeandtransfer
lessonslearnedcanbeusedtoincrease
performancefromonetowerinspectionto
another.TheseAI-basedrobotsystems
willcollaboratewithhumans,thereby
increasingtheirsafetyandefficiency.
Anintent-basedapproachsimilartothe
onereferencedintrend3(distributed
computeandstorage)allowshumanusers
tointeractwiththeAIsystemthatispartof
zero-touchapplications.Domainmodeling,
knowledgerepresentationandreasoning
(togetherwithML)areusedtocreatea
cognitivelayerforhumanstointeractwith
thesystemusinghigh-levelintents.
Thesystemiscapableofevaluatingand
executingstrategiesinlinewithanintent,
basedonlower-levelkeyperformance
indicator(KPI)predictions.Bycomplementing
MLwithmachinereasoning,thesystem
canbedesignedtoexpresswhycertain
decisionsweretakenandisawayto
implementexplainableAI.
TrustworthyMLmodelsthatfulfillzero-
touchaspectsneedtobebuiltinlinewith
theneedforprivacyandlegislativerules
forhowdatacanbeexposedormoved.
Newspecializedhardwareforaccelerating
MLtrainingandinferencewillimprove
performanceandreduceenergy
consumptioninawell-designedzero-touch
networkplatform.RecentprogressinAI
hasshownnewpromisingpossibilitiesto
designforzerotouch.Manychallengesneed
tobeovercome,however,andthevalue
andefficiencyoftraditionallydesigned
controllogicshouldnotbeunderestimated.
andwhereofthephysicalnetwork.
Today,intent-basednetworkinguses
ServiceLevelAgreementsandpolicies
todefinetheintentofnetworkoperations.
Thenetworkconfigures,monitorsand
troubleshootsissuesinthenetworkto
fulfilltheseintents.Inthefuture,therewill
bemorecloudservicesmanagedbyintent-
basedoperationstoevolvetowardmore
advancedautomation.
Thenetworkplatformwillbenefitfrom
theseamlessintegrationofspecialized
computeandstoragehardwaretoboost
performanceforawiderrangeof
emerging,complexapplications.
Theadvancedcomputeandstorage
capabilitieswillbemovedtotheedgeof
thenetwork,closertowherethedatais
generated.Further,thenetworkwillbe
abletosupportdeveloperswithefficient
andtransparentprogrammingmodels.
Edge-nativeapplicationswillbedesigned
fromthegrounduptofullycapitalizeon
computeandstorageresourcesanywhere.
TREND#4:
UBIQUITOUSRADIOACCESS
Improvedindoorcoverage,maximal
energyefficiency,fiber-likeperformance
andsupportforbothsmallcellsandawide
rangeofnewusecasesarekeyfeaturesof
the5Gnetworksthatarecurrentlybeing
rolledout.Thesenetworkswillbethe
baselineforfutureradionetworksand
thenetworkplatformitself.
Futurewirelessaccessnetworkswill
consistofawiderangeofdifferenttypesof
nodesjointlyprovidingwirelessaccess
coverage.Deviceswillinmanycaseshave
simultaneousconnectivitytomultiple
networknodes,includingdifferentaccess
technologies,forenhancedperformance
andreliability.Wirelesstechnologywill
alsobeusedfortheconnectivitybetween
thenetworknodes,asacomplementto
fiber-basedconnectivity.
Networkcoveragewillbefurther
extendedbymakinguseofintermediate
devicestoforwarddatatodevicesoutside
thecoverageofthebasicnetwork.Device
cooperationcanbeusedtocreatevirtual
largeantennaarraybycombiningthe
antennasofmultipledevices,which
requirestightsynchronization.Asthe
networkisbecomingincreasinglydense
withagreateramountofsmalllow-power
networknodes,andwithdevices
contributingtotheoverallconnectivity,the
borderbetweendevicesandnetwork
nodesmaybemorediffuse.
Keytothemanagementofthiskindof
massiveheterogenousnetwork,withamuch
moremesh-likeconnectivity,willbethe
developmentandutilizationofadvanced
AIfunctionality.Thiswillenablethenetwork
toevolveandadaptovertimetonewrequire-
mentsandchangesintheenvironment.
Operationabove100GHzwillenable
terabit-per-seconddatarates,although
onlyfortrulyshort-rangeconnectivity.
Therearecurrentlyimplementation
challengesforthisfrequencyrange,such
ashowtogeneratesubstantialpowerand
theheatdissipation,consideringthe
inherentlysmalldimensionsofthe
components,includingantennas.The
extensiontohigher-frequencyoperation
anduseofbeam-formedtransmissionswill
enableenhancementsinspectrumsharing.
InthehigherlayersofRANsandcore
networks,theevolutiontowardcloud-
nativeimplementationandautomation
continues.Networkinterfacesaremoving
awayfromtraditionalpoint-to-point
interfacestowardmoreservices-based
applicationinterfacesdecoupledfrom
underlyingtransportconnections.
Cloud-nativeimplementationofstateless
networkfunctionsuseexternalcontext
storageforredundancyandcontext
managementfordifferentevents,
suchascontextrelocationwhenmobile.
Beyondtheprimarytaskofproviding
wirelessconnectivity,theradio-access
infrastructurewillalsobecapableof
deliveringotherservices.Thisisalready
happeningtoday,inpart,withtheintroduction
oflocation-basedservicesasacomplement
toGPS.Thecombinationofhigh-frequency
bandnetworksanddensedeploymentswill
makeitpossibletodramaticallyenhance
theaccuracydowntosub-meterlevel.
Otherserviceexamplesincludetime
synchronization,time-sensitivenetworking,
thecollectionofcomplementary
informationaboutlocalweather
conditionsandthecreationofradar-like
scansoftheenvironment.
TREND#5:
SECURITYASSURANCE
Theneedforprotectionandassurance
(orevencompliance)isgrowingrapidly
asbusinessandsocietyincreasinglyrely
onuniversalconnectivityandcompute.
Today,thereisintenseactivitytoexplore
thepotentialofAIandMLtoprotectsystems
andnetworks.Thereislarge-scale
adoptionofthesetechnologiesinareas
suchasnetworkthreatdetectionand
threatintelligenceextraction,whileother
areassuchascontinuousauthentication
appearlessmature.WhileAItechnologies
canprovideawiderangeofbenefits,itis
importanttonotethattheycanalsobe
usedbyadversariestofindavenuesof
attackthatspecificallytargetMLsystems.
Intheseautonomousnetworks,security
assuranceproceduresplaytheimportant
roleofverifyingsecuritypropertiesofthe
networkplatform.Onechallengeliesinthe
networkarchitectures,basedoncloud

Muchmorecost-efficientthanspecialized
ordedicatednetworksolutions,thenetwork
platformisclearlythemostaffordable
solutiontoaddresssociety’sneedsacross
thespectrumfromhuman-to-humanto
human-to-thingandthing-to-thing
communication.Oneofitsmajor
advantagesisthatitisavailablethrough
anopenmarketplacethatisaccessibleto
anyone,anywhere,atanytime.
Themultipurposenetworkisrapidly
emergingasasecure,robustandreliable
platformwhereapplications,processes
andothertechnologiescanbedeveloped,
deployedandmanaged.TheInternetof
Skillsandcyber-physicalsystems–
trends1and2–areimportantexamples
ofusecasesthatitneedstosupport.
Akeycharacteristicofthefuture
networkplatformwillbeitsabilityto
instantaneouslymeetanyapplication
need,anytime.Fourtechnologyareas–
trends3-6–areplayingcriticalrolesinits
ongoingevolution:distributedcompute
andstorage,ubiquitousradioaccess,
securityassuranceandzero-touch
networks.
Self-drivingvehicles,intelligent
manufacturingrobotsandreal-timedrone
controlarejustafewexamplesofthe
myriadofwaysinwhichthemultipurpose
networkisenablingtheautomationofthe
physicalworldand,ultimately,thecreation
ofasustainablesocietyofthefuture.
CONCLUSION
◆ As Group CTO, Erik Ekudden is responsible for setting the direction of technology leadership
for the Ericsson Group. His experience of working with technology leadership globally influences
thestrategicdecisionsandinvestmentsin,forexample,mobility,distributedcloud,artificialintelligence
andtheInternetofThings.Thisbuildsonhisdecades-longcareerintechnologystrategiesandindustry
activities.EkuddenjoinedEricssonin1993andhasheldvariousmanagementpositionsinthecompany,
including Head of Technology Strategy, Chief Technology Officer Americas in Santa Clara (USA),
and Head of Standardization and Industry. He is also a member of the Royal Swedish Academy
of Engineering Sciences and the publisher of Ericsson Technology Review.
ERIK EKUDDEN
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, CHIEF TECHNOLOGY OFFICER
AND HEAD OF GROUP FUNCTION TECHNOLOGY
No other technology in the world today can provide pervasive global coverage on a scale comparable
to that of the network platform, and it is my firm belief that it is ideally suited to serve as the innovation
platform for both current and future applications. The technology evolution characterized by this year’s
trends points toward the future definition of 6G.
38 ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ #02 201938 #02 2019 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEWERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ #02 2019 39

✱ CLOUD-NATIVE APPLICATION DESIGN CLOUD-NATIVE APPLICATION DESIGN ✱
2 JUNE 5, 2019 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEWERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ JUNE 5, 2019 3
Cloud-native application design is set to become common practice in the
telecom industry in the next few years due to the major efficiency gains that
it can provide, particularly in terms of speeding up software upgrades and
releases.
HENRIK SAAVEDRA
PERSSON,
HOSSEIN KASSAEI
The cloud-native paradigm is driving the
transformation of virtual network functions
into cloud-native applications (CNAs) that
can be commercialized and offered according
to either as-a-service (aaS) or as-a-product
(aaP) models. In either case, the goal is to
provide a seamless and secure deployment,
monitoring and operations experience by
applying a very high degree of automation.
■ Toeasethetransitiontothecloud-nativeapproach,
Ericssonhascreatedanapplicationdevelopment
frameworkthatprovidesasetofarchitecture
principles,designrulesandbestpracticesthatguide
thefundamentaldesigndecisionsforallofourCNAs.
Ourframeworkleveragesweb-scaletechnology
fromtheCloudNativeComputingFoundation
(CNCF)andotheropen-sourceprojectswhile
takingintoconsiderationtheparticularchallenges
ofproduction-gradetelecomapplications.
TheCNCFisanopen-sourcesoftwarefoundation
whosestatedpurposeistomakecloud-native
computing‘universalandsustainable.’Itfosters
collaborationbetweentheindustry’stopdevelopers,
endusers,andvendors,servingasthevendor-neutral
homeformanyofthefastest-growingprojectson
GitHub,includingKubernetes,Prometheusand
Envoy.CNCFtechnologyhasplayedanimportant
roleinoureffortstodevelopandrefineourapproach
toCNAdesign.
Figure1illustratesthefourpillarsofthe
cloud-nativeparadigm.Ourframeworkaddresses
threeofthem:automation,architectureandculture.
Automationisanintegralpartoftheframework,
whichtakesaCI/CD(ContinuousIntegration,
ContinuousDelivery)approachtoapplication
developmentanddelivery.Architecturally,
theframeworkprovidesthesoftwareassets/
componentsthatenableapplicationstofulfillkey
designprinciples[1].Culturally,itpromotes
collaborationwiththeopen-sourcecommunity,
asusingandcontributingtotherelevantopen-
sourcesoftwareprojects(typicallywithinCNCF)
isattheheartofourimplementationstrategy.
Ourapplicationdevelopmentframework
Ourframeworkestablishesasetofprinciplesfor
telecomapplicationsbasedonmicroservices,
containersandstate-optimizeddesign.Itprovidesa
setofbestpractices,designrulesandguidelineson
AAP – As-a-Product | AAS – As-a-Service | ACID – Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability |
CAP – Consistency, Availability and Partition Tolerance | CAT – Configuration Assessment Tool |
CI/CD&D – Continuous Integration, Continuous Delivery and Deployment | CIS – The Center for
Internet Security | CNA – Cloud-native Application | CNCF – Cloud Native Computing Foundation |
DR – Design Rule | ETSI – European Telecommunications Standards Institute | MSA – Microservice
Architecture | NIST – National Institute of Standards and Technology | UI – User Interface
Figure 1 The four pillars of the cloud-native paradigm
Cloud
native
Culture
OrganizationArchitecture
Automation
Cloud-native
application
design

✱ CLOUD-NATIVE APPLICATION DESIGN CLOUD-NATIVE APPLICATION DESIGN ✱
4 JUNE 5, 2019 ✱ ERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEWERICSSON TECHNOLOGY REVIEW ✱ JUNE 5, 2019 5
storeandvisualizelogs,metrics,tracesandother
datapoints,suchasPrometheus,Fluentd,Elastic
Stack,JaegerandGrafana.
Securityisavitalcomponentofcloud-native
development.Ontopofadheringtothebest
practicesandguidelinesprovidedbyprominent
organizationssuchasCIS(TheCenterforInternet
Security)andNIST(theNationalInstituteof
StandardsandTechnology),open-sourcesoftware
projectssuchasKeycloakandHashiCorpVaultcan
helpCNAsdealwithstorageandprovisioning,as
wellasthehandlingofidentities,certificatesandkeys.
Tobreakdownandimplementbusinesslogic
usingstatelessmicroservices,CNAstypicallyneed
torelyonstatefulbackingservicestostoretheirdata.
Thetypeofstatefulbackingservicethatisrequired
dependsonvariousfactors,suchasthetypeand
formatofthedata(suchasstructuredor
unstructured),theamountofdata,theintensity
ofreadandwriteoperations,CAPandACID
properties,andsoon.Amultitudeofopen-source
projectsaimstoaddresstheseneeds,including
databasetechnologiessuchasPostgreSQL,MariaDB,
Couchbase,Redis,MongoDB,Cassandra,MySQL
andHadoop.
ThedesignphilosophybehindEricssonCNAsis
tousepolyglotpersistence[4]whiletakinginto
accountthetotalfootprintandavoidingtechnology
sprawl.Achievingthelatterrequirestheidentification
ofthemostimportantpropertiesthatenable
classificationofdatabaseenginetypesintodistinct
groupsandadoptingaslightlyopinionatedapproach
inselectingoneorafewchoicesineachgroup.
ContinuousIntegration,ContinuousDelivery
andDeployment
Ourframeworkprovidestools,interfacesanddesign
rulesthatenablemicroservicestobenefitfromafully
automatedContinuousIntegration,Continuous
DeliveryandDeployment(CI/CD&D)pipeline,as
illustratedinFigure3.Thepipelineistriggeredfrom
themomentcodeiscommittedandtakesthenew
“candidaterelease”throughthefullcycleofbuild,
verification,packagingandrelease.Thedeployment
howtobuildCNAsbasedonmicroservicearchitecture
(MSA),aswellasguidanceonhowtodeploy,monitor
andoperatethembasedonDevOpsprinciples.
Withthesupportofourframework,itispossible
tobuildtelecomapplicationsthatuseCNCF
technologythroughahighlymodulararchitecture
andclearseparationofconcerns.Theframework
helpsusdrivealignmentacrossallEricssonCNAs,
ensuringthatweaddresskeyconcernsinacommon,
genericway.Theconsistentlife-cyclemanagement,
operationandmaintenancethatresultfromthis
approachenhancethecustomerexperience.
Figure2providesahigh-levelpictureofwhatthe
frameworkoffers.
Designingcloud-nativeapplications
EricssonCNAsarebuiltasasetoflooselycoupled
(micro)serviceswithwell-defined,boundedcontexts
andindividuallifecycles.Eachmicroserviceis
packagedanddeliveredasoneormorecontainers,
independentfromothermicroservices,andprovides
well-definedandversion-controlledapplication
programminginterfacesexposedoverthenetwork.
Toachievefullportabilityacrossvarious
infrastructures,CNAsrelyonKubernetesasthe
choiceofcontainerorchestrationplatformandcan
bedeployedonanycertifiedKubernetes
distribution[2]withaminimumversionadheringto
thecompany’ssecurityandstabilityrequirements.
AllEricssonCNAsarefullyverifiedonEricsson
Kubernetesdistribution.OurCNAsrelyon
Kubernetesfortheautomaticplacement,auto-
scaling,upgradeandauto-healingofindividual
services.OntopofmakinguseofKubernetes,we
alsocontributefeaturesbacktoKubernetesthat
makeitabetterfitfortelco-gradedeployments.IPv6
isjustoneexampleofanimportantareawithinthe
telecomdomainthathasnotyetreceivedenough
attentionwithinthecommunity.
Observability,securityandpersistence
ObservabilityisaprerequisiteforseamlessCNA
monitoringandoperations.TheCNCFlandscape[3]
includesseveralverygoodcandidatestohelpcollect,
Figure 2 Key components of Ericsson’s application development framework
Application-specific services
1
3
4
2
Application development & onboarding environment
Any hardware
Data
services
Security
services
Network
services
Management
services
Monitoring
services
Application
& service
management
Kubernetes-
based reference
container platform
Management
stack
Generic
services
Cloud
platform
Management &
orchestration
functionality for
services and
applications
Common (platform
type/generic)
services for reuse
across applications
Application &
service
development and
onboarding
environment, tools,
DRs and interface
to CI/CD
4
3
1
2
Any Kubernetes cloud platform
Figure 3 Fully automated CI/CD&D
Ericsson Customer
2
1
3
4
56
Software distribution
Continuous
releases
Continuous
integration
Software
upgrades
Acceptance
tests
Data collection
Feedback
0
Automated
software
distribution
Automated
acceptance
test
Automated
software
deployment
Automated data
collection and
analysis
Network CI
for ”systems
of systems”
Automated
release
machinery

Ericsson Technology Review: Issue 2/2019

Ericsson Technology Review: Issue 2/2019

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