2. RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
NON RENEWABLE RENEWABLE
The energy sources which The energy sources
when once finished cannot which are either
be got again or will take a unlimited or can be got
long time to get back back again in a short
Fossil fuels like coal, time once finished
petroleum, natural gas,
Solar energy, wind
wood, dung cakes, nuclear
energy (fission) energy, hydro energy,
tidal energy, bio-gas,
Petroleum will last till
2020 while coal for another geothermal energy,
250 years nuclear energy (fusion)
3. RENEWABLE & NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
NON RENEWABLE RENEWABLE
They cause pollution They do not cause
They should be used pollution
judiciously They are expensive in
short run but are
cheaper in long run.
New research required
7. RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
SOLAR ENERGY
WIND ENERGY
HYDAL ENERGY
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
TIDAL
GEOTHERMAL
BIO ENERGY
8. SOLAR ENERGY
Thermo nuclear fusion reaction going on in interior
of sun release lots of energy
This energy radiated by sun in space
Earth and planets receive only a small portion
Sun releases 3.8 x 1026 joules/sec of heat energy
Only 1.7 x 1017 joules/sec reaches Earth which is only
0.000000045792% of total suns energy
9. SOLAR ENERGY
Radiation from sun reaches in the form of heat and
visible light
Solar energy reaching the outer surface of
atmosphere is called Solar Constant – taken as
reference
10. SOLAR CONSTANT
Average distance between sun and earth is 1.5 x 108
km
Solar Constant: The intensity of solar radiation
incident on the earth on a unit cross-sectional area,
exposed perpendicularly to the rays of the sun at an
average distance is termed as Solar constant
Its value is: 1.353 KW/m2
Around 47% (0.66kw)of energy that strikes the outer
atmosphere will reach the earths surface
From the remaining, some is reflected back in space
and some absorbed by atmosphere
11. SOLAR CONSTANT
Most UV rays are eliminated and solar energy
reaching earth is in form of heat (infrared radiation)
and visible light
Land and water absorbs this energy
This energy passes through many biological and
physical processes
12. COMPOSITION OF ENERGY SOURCES
Light consisting of electromagnetic waves with
different wavelengths give different sensations to our
eyes.
Red light has longest wavelength
Violet light has shortest wavelength
Visible light range: 4000A to 8000A
1A = 10-10 m (A = Angstrom)
So 4 x 10-7 m to 8 x 10-7 m
Or 400 nm to 800 nm
13. COMPOSITION OF ENERGY SOURCES
Violet light has wave length: 4000A
Red light has wave length: 8000A
Radiations with wavelength more than that of red
color are called Infrared rays
Radiations with wavelengths less than that of violet
are called Ultraviolet rays
X-rays and Gamma rays also have wavelength less
than Ultraviolet rays
14. COMPOSITION OF ENERGY SOURCES
One-third of sunlight passing through atmosphere is
in form of Infrared rays (give heat)
Rest in form of visible light (violet to red)
Infrared rays transmit heat which we feel
16. SOLAR APPLIANCES
Two categories on basis of working:
1) the solar energy is converted in form of heat. Eg.
Solar cooker, solar water heater
2) solar energy is converted into electricity. Eg. Solar
cells
In 1885, Gunter, an Austrian scientist used a concave
mirror in solar boiler
In 1876, John Ericson, an American scientist used
solar energy to get hot air to run engines.
17. SOLAR APPLIANCES
We get 0.66 kw solar energy per square metre of
earths surface
It is very less
We need to collect solar energy over large region and
for large period
Devises should be able to collect and store energy
until needed
21. SOLAR COOKER
Body made of wood, plastic or a fibrous material
which is a bad conductor of heat
Coated with insulating material on outer surface to
prevent loss of heat
Plane mirror is fixed on top of box – reflects light
into the box
Box covered with glass sheet – retains heat inside
due to green house effect
Inside box – painted black – to absorb heat
Cooking vessels (painted black) put inside box
22. SOLAR COOKER
Temperature ranges from 100 to 140 c when placed
for 2-3 hours in sun
Used to prepare foods like rice, dal, pulses and
vegetables
In 1962, India was first country to industrially
prepare solar cookers
23. SOLAR COOKER - Advantages
No fuel required for combustion
Maintenance is negligible
Pollution free
It conserves all the nutrients and vitamins
Maintains natural taste of food
No personal attention to be given while food being
prepared
24. SOLAR COOKER - Limitations
Food cannot be cooked on cloudy as well as rainy day
Takes more time for cooking
Cannot do frying, roasting, baking where high and
fast heat and cooking required
26. SOLAR WATER HEATER
Same principle as solar cooker
A copper pipe with its outer surface painted black is
fixed in form of a coil in a box
This increases the surface area for water to heat
A reservoir (water tank) kept at a higher level from
the ground is used to store cold water, which is
connected to a smaller tank slightly above the water
heater
27. SOLAR WATER HEATER
One end of the copper pipe is connected to the
bottom of the small tank whose other end is
connected halfway between the top and bottom
Due to such arrangement, water in the tank
repeatedly circulates through copper pipes due to
difference of pressure at both ends
As water moves through the pipe, it absorbs solar
energy, gets heated, and this hot water goes into the
tank while cold water replaces it.
Hot water being lighter, remains in the upper part of
the tank which can be removed by a tap
29. SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
When a parallel ray of light is focused on a concave
mirror, after reflection it is focused on the Principal
Focus.
Using this fact, solar appliances are made which
receive energy from a large area and concentrate into
a small area.
Such device is called a Solar Concentrator
Higher temperature is obtained
They can be rotated to face the suns direction
30. SOLAR CONCENTRATORS
Temperature ranging from 180C – 200C can be
obtained
Commercial designs use large number of small
mirrors fitted together. It brings down the cost
Using concentrator kept at height of 50 – 70 metre
from ground, water is vapourised and this moves the
turbine in generator to generate electricity
Such is known as Solar Tower
Solar furnace at Mount Louis in France attains
temperature of 3000 c and has more than 3500
small mirrors
35. SOLAR CELLS
Device which converts solar energy directly into
electrical energy is called a Solar Cell
Simpler compared to converting solar heat into
electricity
Few hundred years ago – found – solar energy falls
on thin wafer of Selenium – electricity produced
Only 0.7% conversion – hence impractical
36. SOLAR CELLS
First solar cell – year 1954 – conversion 1%
Modern solar cells – efficiency upto 25%
Silicon is normally used – it is ecofriendly and easily
available
R&D efforts – bought down the cost of production
Modern solar cells can convert energy from visible
light and infrared radiation into electricity
37. SOLAR CELLS
Typical solar cell – 2 x 2 cm square piece – work
efficiency 10% - can produce 0.7 watt electricity –
which is very small
Solar cells – connected to one other – Solar Panel
Gives more energy – can be used anywhere – many
uses – ecofriendly
Limitations: expensive – high grade silicon in less
amount – use of silver in connection – lack of good
storage devices (batteries) because conversion of DC
into AC wastes energy
38. SOLAR CELLS - Uses
Artificial satellites
Radio wireless transmissions
TV transformers
Traffic signals
Street lights
Solar cars
Domestic use
45. WIND ENERGY
Modern wind mills are designed to convert Wind
energy into Mechanical energy.
Modern wind mill – structure similar to large fan –
located at a height
Necessary parameters: Number of blades, shape and
height of windmill.
When wind blows the blades rotate, this rotational
motion of the blades can be utilised for mechanical
work
46. WIND ENERGY
Number of wind mills erected over a large area is
known as Wind Energy Farm
In Gujarat, Wind farms located at Lambha near
Porbandar, Okha, Mandvi and Dhank
Largest wind farm at Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu
which generates 300MW electricity
Advantage: Renewable source
Limitation: Can be established only where wind
speed is high, velocity of wind atleast 16 km/h, cost
of installing high, lots of land required, creates noise
pollution
48. HYDEL ENERGY
Energy of flowing water is utilised to produce
electricity on large scale by hydro electric power
stations
High rise dams built to collect water (potential
energy)
Water from bottom of dam is allowed to flow
through turbines (kinetic energy) to produce
electricity
50. HYDEL ENERGY
In Gujarat, Hydroelectric plant of 300 MW capacity
of river Tapi at Ukai
Also Sardar Sarovar dam on river Narmada
Mini or micro hydro electric plants can be
constructed in hilly areas where water falls at height
of at least 10 metres
51. HYDEL ENERGY
Advantages:
Once plant is installed then needs only maintenance
Dam has other uses like irrigation and flood control
Limitations:
Very costly to instal
Large amount of land is lost in the lake thus formed,
so forests are destroyed and imbalance is created in
nature
52. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY(OTEC)
Oceans cover 70% of earths surface
During day, water of ocean absorbs very large
amount of solar energy
Due to this, temperature of water on surface is more
while that at depth is less
This temperature difference can be used to convert
thermal energy into electric energy by Ocean
Thermal Energy Conversion Process (OTEC) also
known as SRPP (Solar Run Power Plant)
53. OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY(OTEC)
Temperature difference should be atleast 20C which
is available at depth of 700m – 900m
Such places found between 20N and 20S latitudes
Benefit: energy is available round the clock, whereas
in solar energy it is available during the day only
55. TIDAL ENERGY
Level of water in sea keeps changing near the coast,
twice a day
This everyday movement of water level is called
Tides
Energy can be obtained by this rising and falling
tides
56. TIDAL ENERGY
Usually a dam is constructed across a narrow
opening of a sea
Water moves in and out through the openings and
flows over the turbines fixed inside the dams which
generate electricity
High tides are found only at few places
Hence tidal energy not considered as major source of
energy
58. ENERGY OBTAINED FROM OCEAN WAVES
Waves can also be used to generate energy
Motion of waves can move turbines kept in their
path, thus generating electricity
Limitations:
They have to be kept far in the sea, thus need lots of
maintenance hence not economically cheap
59. GEO THERMAL ENERGY
Energy obtained from within the earth is called
Geothermal energy
At certain places the magma in the interior of earth
comes up through cracks. It is called Hot spots. It
heats the underground water. This water (steam)
comes up to surface in form of geysers, it is very hot
and can be used to generate electricity
Average temperature of hot water geysers is 70C and
are found at depth of 800m to 3500m
60. GEO THERMAL ENERGY
Av. Temperature of steam:150 to 400C
Advantages:
Most eco-friendly source of energy
Cost is half than that of other sources
Can be used 24 x 7 throughout the year
Is clean (pollution free)
61. GEO THERMAL ENERGY
In India: Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh. Our
country has nearly 300 hot water resources
World: USA and New Zealand
Gujarat: Unai near Valsad, Tulsi Shyam in
Saurashtra and Lasundra and Tuva villages in
Godhra districts
64. BIO ENERGY
A small fraction of solar energy which reaches the
earths surface gets converted into chemical energy
by plants during the process of photosynthesis which
becomes available in form of Bio-mass
Solar energy – photosynthesis – bio mass - energy
65. NON RENEWABLE ENERGY
SOURCES
WOOD
BIO GAS
HYDROGEN AND ALCOHOL
COAL
PETROLEUM
NATURAL GAS
66. WOOD
Main source of energy in most villages
Inefficient way to utilise energy source
Only 8% to 10% efficiency
Smoke formed is harmful to health and polluting
Invention of smoke less chulha has helped
70. DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF WOOD
Arrange apparatus as shown in figure
Put a few pieces of wood in hard glass test tube and water
in other
Heat the tube containing wood in absence of air
Observe: black liquid begins to drip in other test tube
containing water and settles at bottom
This thick black semifluid is Tar
Bring a lighted match stick near the open end.
Observe: it starts burning. This is Coal Gas
Residue left in test tube is Charcoal
Ammonia is also left which is dissolved in water
71. BIO GAS
Contains 65 to 75% methane, 30 to 40% carbon
dioxide and traces of hydrogen, hydrogen sulphide
and nitrogen
Produced in absence of oxygen during decay of
biomass
Methane is excellent fuel
Calorific value of bio gas: 35 to 40 kJ/gm
Traditionally known as Gobar gas as it is made from
animal dung, sewage, crop residue
72. BIO GAS
Two designs of bio-gas plants in India:
1) Fixed dome type
2) Floating dome gas holder type (prepared by Khadi
and Village Industry Commission KVIC)
Fixed dome type more popular
Its dome can by constructed by bricks
Has longer life. So economical
73. BIO GAS - Working
Slurry (semi fluid mixture) of dung, water, waste is
prepared in mixing tank
Now fed into digestor which is underground tank
Biomass decompose into biogas
Biogas is used as fuel in industries and also for
housing purposes
Slurry left behind is good manure
Biogas advantages: provides energy, good fertilizer,
cleans village, avoids air pollution as no need to burn
residue
76. HYDROGEN AS FUEL
Hydrogen can be used as alternate to traditional fuel
It has great potential for future
Burning of hydrogen produces large amount of heat
and water is by-product
It does not cause pollution
Still uses are limited. Used in space ships and high
temperature flames (welding)
Reasons: highly explosive nature, lack of technology
at present
77. ALCOHOL AS FUEL
Good option to traditional sources
Manufactured by fermentation of sugar and even
other cereal crops
Can be mixed with petrol and used as fuel
79. COAL
Used since centuries
First coal mine in India: Raniganj at West Bengal in
1854
Main constituent: carbon
Other constituents: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium in compound form
Coal burns in air to produce carbon dioxide and large
amount of heat is liberated
80. COAL
Types of coal:
Anthracite: 94-98% carbon. Best quality. No ash as
residue when burnt
Bituminous: 78-87% carbon.
Lignite: 28-30% carbon
Peat: 27% or less of carbon.
Coal is converted into coke by destructive distillation
process.
Coke is used as a reducing agent in metallurgy, especially
for extracting metals from their ores and in making steel
82. PETROLEUM
Blackish, oily liquid
In Greek the word „petro‟ means rock and „oleum‟ means
oil
Normally formed under sedimentary rocks
In 1855 Professor Benjamin proved that crude oil can be
used as substitute of coal
In 1859 Smith and his two sons dug the first oil well in
the world in Pennsylvania in USA
In 1867 the first oil well in India was dug at Makkum in
Dibrugarh district in Assam. This was first oil well of Asia
too
83. PETROLEUM
Normally obtained at depth of 1500m
In india it is found in Assam, Gujarat mainly and in
small amounts in Rajasthan, Kashmir, WB,
Arunachal pradesh, Tripura and near the banks of
Godavari and Krishna rivers
In Gujarat: Ankleshwar, Khambat, Navagam,
Sanand, Kalol, Jotna, and Bombay High near South
Gujarat in the sea
50% of oil comes from Gujarat
85. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM
Petroleum purified in Fractional Distillation Tower
Tower: 31m high and 3m wide
Made of iron. Inner part is lines with specially
designed bricks in tray shape, they are porous
86. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF PETROLEUM
Process:
Petroleum is introduced from base of tower at
temperature of 400 – 430 c.
All hydrocarbons are vaporised
Residue of tar and bitumen remains at bottom
Hot vapour rises up the tower and product having
highest ignition temperature first gets condensed to
liquid form
Hence main components are seperated
87. PETROLEUM – MAIN COMPONENTS
Petroleum gases
Petrol
Kerosene
Diesel
Lubricating oil
Petroleum wax
Tar (asphalt)
88. PETROLEUM GASES
Usually contains hydrocarbons like methane, ethane,
propane, butane
Butane is easily combustible
At high pressure it is converted to liquid, filled in
cylinders and used in households and industries.
It is called Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
LPG is highly inflammable. Should be used with care
Foul smelling chemical gas Mercapton is added to
detect leakage
89. PETROL
Temperature range: 40 to 200 c
Proportion in petroleum is 45%
Calorific value: 47 kJ/g
Carbon atoms: 5 – 10
Also called Gasoline
Uses: as fuel in automobiles
90. KEROSENE
Temperature range: 200 – 300 c
Calorific value: 48 kJ/g
Carbon atoms: 10 - 14
Uses: fuel in kitchen and in lantern
Highly refined kerosene is used as fuel in Jet planes
91. DIESEL
Temperature range: 300 – 350 c
Calorific value: 45 kJ/g
Carbon atoms: 14 - 20
Uses: As fuel in heavy vehicles like trucks, bus, etc. ,
in pumps, railway engines, generators and steamers
Diesel engine was invented by Rudolf Diesel
92. LUBRICATING OIL
temperature range: 350 400 c
It is in semi fluid state
Carbon atoms: more than 20
Uses: to prepare grease and wax
93. PETROLEUM WAX & ASPHALT
Petroleum wax: obtained at temperature of more
than 400 c. it is semi fluid. Used to prepare candles
Tar (Asphalt): the left over residue, thick, black,
viscous liquid, called Asphalt (bitumin or tar) is used
in the preparation of roads and as water repellent so
used in terraces of buildings for water proofing.
94. NATURAL GAS
Mainly contains Methane
Ecofriendly gas. Produces carbon dioxide and water
with no hazardous effects on environment
India has 100 billion cubic metres of natural gas
found in Khambat, Tripura, Jaiselmer, Bombay
High and basins of Godavari and Krishna rivers
Hydrogen can be extracted to prepare ammonia and
urea as artificial fertilizers
Dhuvaran power plant in Gujarat runs on gas.
95. COMBUSTION OF FUELS
Fuel is a source of energy
The process in which a substance is burnt in
presence of air is termed as Combustion
Oxygen is required in this process. Heat and light are
produced as it is an Exothermic process
96. CONDITIONS FOR BURNING
1) Ignition Temperature
The minimum temperature at which a substance starts
burning in presence of air is called Ignition temperature
A substance does not catch fire if it is heated below its
ignition temperature
2) Adequate supply of oxygen
Yellow or smoky flame indicates incomplete combustion
Blue flame indicates complete combustion
3) Maintaining the minimum level of fuel supply
97. HOW TO STOP COMBUSTION
If any of the above three conditions are not met, the
process of combustion will stop
Spray water – increase ignition temperature
Cover with sand, carbon dioxide – cut off supply of
air
Stop the fuel supply
98. CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL FUEL
Available easily & in enough quantity
Rate of combustion should be higher than room
temperature. It should burn completely
Should have high calorific value
Ignition temperature according to need
Minimum amount of non-volatile material
Economical
Storage and transportation easy and safe
Minimum pollution
No poisonous gases in combustion
99. CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUELS
We can find out quality of fuels by knowing how
much heat they produce
Calorific Value: The heat liberated in joule on
complete combustion of 1g of fuel.
Unit: kilo joule per gram
Hydrogen has highest calorific value
Among hydrocarbons – methane has highest value
Wood – hydrocarbon – also has oxygen – so burns
well due to oxygen – but low calorific value
100. CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUELS
State of fuel Name of fuel Calorific value kJ/g
Solid Charcoal 33
Coal 25-33
Wood 17
Dung cake 7-8
Liquid Kerosene 48
Fuel Oil 45
Ethanol 30
Gas Hydrogen 150
Methane 55
Butane (LPG) 55
Biogas 35-40
101. EXPERIMENT: TO FIND OUT THE CALORIFIC
VALUE OF WAX
Let W1 be the weight in gram of candle
Take 100 ml water in beaker
Note its initial temperature: t1
Ignite the candle, heat the water
Note down final temperature: t2
Find out final weight of candle: W2
Calculate rise in temperature: t = t2 – t1
Calculate loss of weight in candle: W = W1 – W2
102. EXPERIMENT: TO FIND OUT THE CALORIFIC
VALUE OF WAX
Mass of water is 100 gms
Specific heat of water is 4.186 J/g C
Heat absorbed by water: Q = m x s x t
By burning 1g of wax candle the heat generated will
be Q/W, which is its calorific value
104. UNITS OF MASS & ENERGY
UNITS OF MASS:
In solid state physics or Nuclear Physics the units of
mass is considered as Atomic Mass Unit
Symbol: u
One atomic mass unit is defined as the mass
equivalent to 1/12th the mass of unexcited carbon
atom of C12 isotope
1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
105. UNITS OF MASS & ENERGY
UNITS OF ENERGY:
In Solid State Physics and Nuclear Physics, “
electron volt” is the unit of energy.
It is defined as the change in the energy of an
electron when it passes through two points having
potential difference 1V
Expressed as eV
1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 joule
106. UNITS OF MASS & ENERGY
k.eV = kilo electron volt
MeV = mega electron volt
As per Einsteins theory of Relativity, if „m‟ is the
change of mass and E is the energy, relation between
m and E is E = mc2 where c is the speed of light in
vacuum
This shows that mass can be converted into energy
and vice versa.
Energy obtained from 1 u mass is given by
1 u (mass) = 931.48 MeV (energy)