CHAPTER 9 ALCOHOL.pptx

Nutrition & You
Sixth Edition
Chapter 9 Lecture
Alcohol
Copyright © 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Learning Outcomes for Chapter 9
9.1 Explain what alcohol is and how it is made.
9.2 Explain why people drink alcohol.
9.3 Describe how alcohol is absorbed and metabolized in
the body.
9.4 List the harmful effects of alcohol in the body.
9.5 Describe alcohol use disorder.

What Is Alcohol, and How Is It Made?
• Alcohol is not an essential nutrient
• Ethanol is the type of alcohol consumed in alcoholic
beverages
– Methanol (in antifreeze) and isopropanol (rubbing
alcohol) are both poisonous to humans
– Ethanol is safe for consumption, but excessive
amounts are toxic and can be fatal
– Made by fermentation of yeast and natural sugars in
grains (beer) and fruits (wine)
▪ Liquor is concentrated alcohol collected through
distillation

Why Do People Drink Alcohol? (1 of 2)
• People drink to relax, celebrate, and socialize
• Social drinking: drinking patterns that are considered
acceptable by society
• Moderate alcohol consumption may have health benefits: may
reduce risk of heart disease
– Moderate alcohol consumption: no more than one drink
daily for adult women, two for men
– Alcohol can increase HDL cholesterol and may make blood
platelets less "sticky": less likely to form unwanted blood
clots
– Health benefits only shown in women 55
 years of age
and men 45
 years old, not in younger people

Why Do People Drink Alcohol? (2 of 2)
• Moderate consumption is based on standard drink sizes, which
contain about half an ounce of alcohol.
• A standard drink is one of the following:
– 12-ounce serving of beer
– 1.5-ounce shot of liquor
– 5-ounce glass of wine
• Moderate drinkers should pay attention to:
– Size of drinks
– Frequency of drinking
▪ Abstaining from alcohol for several days, then
overdrinking one day is not moderate drinking

Figure 9.2 When a Drink Is More Than a
Drink…

Figure 9.1 What Is a Standard Drink?

What Happens to Alcohol in the
Body? (1 of 3)
• Alcohol is a toxin, and the body works quickly to metabolize and
eliminate it
• You absorb alcohol in your stomach and small intestine
– Some alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase
enzyme in the stomach before it's absorbed
– Women are more susceptible to effects of alcohol than men
▪ Have 20 to 30 percent less alcohol dehydrogenase than
men, so absorb more alcohol in stomach
– Food in stomach slows alcohol absorption
– About 80 percent of alcohol is absorbed in the small intestine

Body? (2 of 3)
• You metabolize alcohol primarily in your liver: one standard
drink is metabolized in 1
2
1 to 2 hours
– Alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to
acetaldehyde (eventually metabolized to 2
CO
and water)
– The microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
also metabolizes alcohol and is revved up when
chronically high levels of alcohol are present in liver
• Alcohol circulates in your blood until metabolized
– Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) correlates with
amount of alcohol in your breath

Figure 9.3 The Metabolism of Alcohol

Table 9.1 Blood Alcohol Concentration
Tables (1 of 2)
Drinks per Hour For
Women
Body
Weight in
Pounds
100
For
Women
Body
Weight in
Pounds
120
For
Women
Body
Weight in
Pounds
140
For Women
Body
Weight in
Pounds
160
For
Women
Body
Weight in
Pounds
180
For
Women
Body
Weight in
Pounds
200
1 0.05 004 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02
2 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05
3 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07
4 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.11 0.10 0.09
5 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.11
6 0.27 0.23 0.19 0.17 0.15 0.14
7 0.32 0.27 0.23 0.20 0.18 0.16
8 0.36 0.30 0.26 0.23 0.20 0.18
9 0.41 0.34 0.29 0.26 0.23 0.20
10 0.45 0.38 0.32 0.28 0.25 0.23

Table 9.1 Blood Alcohol Concentration
Tables (2 of 2)
Drinks per Hour For Men
Body
Weight in
Pounds
100
For Men
Body
Weight in
Pounds
120
For Men
Body
Weight in
Pounds
140
For Men
Body
Weight in
Pounds
160
For Men
Body
Weight in
Pounds
180
For Men
Body
Weight in
Pounds
200
1 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02
2 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04
3 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06
4 0.15 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.08 0.08
5 0.19 0.16 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.09
6 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.13 0.11
7 0.26 0.22 0.19 0.16 0.15 0.13
8 0.30 0.25 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15
9 0.34 0.28 0.24 0.21 0.19 0.17
10 0.38 0.31 0.27 0.23 0.21 0.19
Notes: The darkly shaded areas indicate legal intoxication.
Blood alcohol concentrations are expressed as a percentage, meaning grams of alcohol per 10 millilitres (per deciliter) of blood.

Body? (3 of 3)
• Effects of alcohol on your brain
– Depressant of central nervous system
– Slows down transmission of nerve impulses and
reaction time to stimuli
– Impairs thoughts, actions, behavior
– The more consumed, the more areas of brain affected
– If enough consumed, activities of brain stem are
suppressed (breathing, heart rate), resulting in death

Table 9.2 Progressive Effects of
Alcohol
Blood Alcohol
Concentration
Changes in Feelings and
Personality
Brain Regions
Affected
Impaired Functions
(continuum)
0.01–0.05 Relaxation, sense of well-
being, loss of inhibition
Cerebral cortex Alertness; judgment
0.06–0.10 Pleasure, numbing of
feelings, nausea, sleepiness,
emotional arousal
Cerebral cortex and
forebrain
Coordination
(especially fine motor
skills); visual tracking
0.11–0.20 Mood swings, anger,
sadness, mania
Cerebral cortex,
forebrain, and
cerebellum
Reasoning and depth
perception; appropriate
social behavior
0.21–0.30 Aggression, reduced
sensations, depression,
stupor
Cerebral cortex,
forebrain, cerebellum,
and brain stem
Speech; balance;
temperature regulation
0.31–0.40 Unconsciousness, coma,
death possible
Entire brain Bladder control;
breathing
0.41 and greater Death
Blank
Heart rate

Figure 9.4 The Brain and Alcohol

How Can Alcohol Be Harmful? (1 of 5)
• Alcohol can disrupt sleep and cause hangovers
– Even moderate amount in late afternoon/evening can
disrupt sleep cycle
• Alcoholic beverages may contain congeners, which
contribute to hangover symptoms
– Symptoms: headache, fatigue, nausea, increased thirst,
rapid heart beat, tremors, sweating, dizziness,
depression, anxiety, irritability
• Alcohol is a diuretic; can cause dehydration and electrolyte
imbalances

• Alcohol can interact with hormones
– Interferes with insulin and glucagon that regulate
blood glucose level
– Negatively affects parathyroid hormone and other
bone-strengthening hormones; can increase risk of
osteoporosis
– Can increase estrogen levels in women; may
increase risk of breast cancer
– Affects reproductive hormones and associated with
both male and female sexual dysfunction

• Alcohol may lead to overnutrition and malnutrition
– Provides 7 calories per gram, contributing to weight
gain
▪ Increases fat and weight around stomach
– Alcohol calories can displace nutritious foods
– Excessive alcohol can interfere with absorption
and/or use of protein, zinc, magnesium, thiamin,
folate, and vitamins 12
B , A, D, E, K
▪ Thiamin deficiency affects brain function and
increases risk of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Table 9.3 Calories in Selected Alcoholic
Drinks
Beer
Serving size: 12 ounce
Calories per drink: 150
Light Beer
A beer mug.
Mudslide
Calories per drink: 820 A glass of mudslide with a straw in it.
Distilled Spirits (e.g.,
whiskey, vodka, gin,
rum)
Serving size: 1.5 ounce
A glass of distilled spirit with a slice of lemon on top of it.
Bloody Mary
Calories per drink: 97 A glass of bloody Mary.
Wine (white or red)
Calories per drink: 100–
105
A wine glass.
Wine (white or red)
Calories per drink: 100–
105
A glass of white wine.
Cosmopolitan
Calories per drink: 131 A glass of cosmopolitan with a slice of lemon on the side.
Mojito
Calories per drink: 260 A glass of mojito with a straw in it.

Figure 9.5 Too Much Alcohol Costs You
Good Nutrition

• Alcohol can harm your digestive organs, heart, and liver
• Excessive amounts of alcohol can cause:
– Inflammation of esophagus
– Cancers of the esophagus, mouth, and throat
– Gastritis and stomach ulcers
– Hypertension and damage to heart tissue
– Increased endotoxin
– Alcoholic liver disease
▪ Three stages: fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis,
cirrhosis

Figure 9.6 Alcoholic Liver Disease

Figure 9.7 Effects of Alcohol on the
Body

• Alcohol can put a healthy pregnancy at risk
– Exposure to alcohol prenatally can cause fetal alcohol
spectrum disorders (FASDs)
▪ Most severe form is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
– Causes physical, mental, and behavioral
abnormalities
▪ Effects of FASDs are permanent
▪ The only proven, safe amount of alcohol a pregnant
woman can consume is none

Figure 9.8 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Examining the Evidence: Alcohol and
Advertising
• In some media, including popular magazines like Sports
Illustrated, alcohol ads can outnumber nonalcohol ads by
almost 3 to 1
• Studies have shown that advertisements for alcoholic
beverages are associated with an increase in drinking
amongst some adolescents

Alcohol and Advertising

What Is Alcohol Use Disorder? (1 of 4)
• Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the continuation of
alcohol consumption even though this behavior has
created social, psychological, and/or physical health
problems.
• Binge drinking: the consumption of 5 or more
alcoholic drinks by men or 4 or more drinks by
women, in a very short time. Drinking and driving, and
underage drinking are situations in which alcohol is being
abused.

Table 9.4 In the past Year, Have You: (1 of 3)
1. Had times when you ended up drinking more or for longer than
you intended?
2. More than once wanted to cut down or stop drinking or tried to
but couldn’t?
3. Spent a great deal of time in activities necessary to obtain
alcohol, use alcohol, or recover from its effects?
4. Spent a lot of time drinking? Or being sick or getting over other
aftereffects?
5. Found that drinking—or being sick from drinking—often
interfered with taking care of your home or family? Or caused
job troubles? Or school problems?

6. Continued to drink even though it was causing trouble with
your family or friends?
7. Given up or cut back on activities that were important or
interesting to you or gave you pleasure in order to drink?
8. More than once gotten into situations while or after drinking
that increased your chances of getting hurt (such as driving,
swimming, using machinery, walking in a dangerous area, or
having unsafe sex)?
9. Continued to drink even though it was making you feel
depressed or anxious or adding to another health problem?
Or after having had a memory blackout?

10. Had to drink much more than you once did to get the effect you want? Or
found that your usual number of drinks had much less effect than before?
11. Found that when the effects of alcohol were wearing off, you had withdrawal
symptoms, such as trouble sleeping, shakiness, restlessness, nausea,
sweating, a racing heart, or a seizure? Or sensed things that were not there?
The presence of at least 2 of these symptoms indicates an Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD).
The severity of the AUD is defined as:
Mild: The presence of 2 to 3 symptoms
Moderate: The presence of 4 to 5 symptoms
Severe: The presence of 6 or more symptoms
Source: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 2016. Alcohol Use Disorder:
A Comparison Between DSM- IV and DSM-5. Available at
https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/dsmfactsheet/dsmfact.htm . Accessed November 2018.

• Binge drinking: consumption of 5 or more drinks by men,
4 by women, in about two hours
– Increased likelihood of injuries, car accidents,
drowning, unplanned sexual activity, death
– Associated with sexual aggression, assaults, suicide,
homicide, child abuse, and health problems
(hypertension, heart attack, sexually transmitted
disease)

• Binge drinking
– Can cause blackouts and lead to alcohol poisoning
– Chronic drinking can lead to alcohol tolerance
▪ Brain becomes less sensitive to alcohol, needing
more to get same intoxicating effect

Figure 9.9 Consequences of College
Binge Drinking

• Drinking and driving: illegal to drive with BAC of 0.08
– One drink impairs alertness, judgment, coordination
• Underage drinking
– Increases risk of violence, injuries, health risks
– Can also interfere with brain development and lead to
cognitive and memory damage in teenagers
– Underage drinking and driving is extremely risky
– The earlier in life a person starts drinking, the higher
the risk for alcoholism

“Buzzed Driving Is Drunk Driving”

How to Get Help for AUD
• Research has shown that support from a health care
provider can reduce alcohol consumption for those with
mild AUD
• Those with more severe AUD may need to seek
specialized counseling as well as medical support
• Some individuals have found success with ongoing
support programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

Some People Should Avoid Consuming
Alcohol
• According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the
following people should also abstain from drinking alcohol:
– Women of childbearing age who may become pregnant
– Pregnant women
– Anyone younger than age 21 years
– Those taking medications that can interact with alcohol,
which include prescription and over-the-counter medications
– Those with specific medical conditions
– Those engaging in activities that require attention, skill, or
coordination, such as driving or operating machinery
– Those who cannot restrict their alcohol intake

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