2. Lesson 4.1. Imitation Theory of Art and Beauty
Lesson 4.2. Philosophical Theory of Music
Lesson 4.3. Representation Theory of Art
MODULE 4
Art and Philosophy: Imitationism and Representationism
2
3. At its most basic, the representational theory states that the fundamental, definitive quality
of art is the ability to capture some aspect of reality. In short, if it's not a reflection of
something that actually exists, then it's not art. This means that art can be defined foremost as
an extension of human perception; it's a way to reflect the ways that the mind perceives and
understands reality.
The roots of representational theory date all the way back to ancient Greece, when
imitation theory was the foundation of artistic principles. According to the ancient Greeks, the
definitive role of art is to imitate nature in its most perfect forms.
The aesthetic theory known as imitationalism applies to artworks that look realistic.
These artworks contain recognizable, realistic looking objects and scenes that closely imitate
what we see in the real world.
If the primary purpose of the artwork is to show us how something looks in real life, then
it belongs in this category.
Imitational artworks are sometimes referred to as "representational" because they
represent what we see in the real world.
Chapter Overview
3
4. Readings
Ancient Civilization: Ancient Greece. https://www.ushistory.org/civ/5e.asp.
Bedard, M. (May 31, 2020) Plato’s Allegory of the Cave: Summary and Meaning for Screenwriters.
https://www.studiobinder.com/blog/platos-allegory-of-the-cave/
Plato Allegory of the Cave. Republic, VII 514 a, 2 to 517a, 7. Translation by Thomas Sheehan.
Videos
What is Art? maARTe ako. https://www.youtube. com/results?search_query=ma arte+ako.
1. Examine the imitation theory by Plato as a philosophy of art and beauty.
REFERENCES
Lesson 4.1. Imitation Theory of Art and Beauty
4
5. Can you determine which among the artworks are alive?
https://www.yo
utube.com/wat
ch?v=TjuV7S
A6fj4
What is ART? - maARTe ako
How do arts affects
your perception of
being alive?
5
6. The easiest thing is to imagine Plato as an enemy of art because he viewed art products of
all kinds, whether poetry, theatre or painting as inferior copies of the ultimate reality. But it
should be borne in mind that Plato's primary aim was not to evaluate the worth of aesthetic
pleasure but to point out that representation through art was inferior to the ultimate truth. His
concerns were not artistic but philosophical.
Plato’s theory on art from The Republic claims that art is nothing more than a copy of a
copy of an ideal, thrice removed.
❑ Using a couch as an example, Plato believed that the true artist was god, who then
inspired the carpenter, who then inspired the painter, “thus we have three forms of
couches and three overseers of their manufacture - the painter, the carpenter, and god.”
❑ He believed that art imitates reality, that it imitates the objects and events of ordinary
life, be it images of nature, or a photograph of a ballerina. He saw art is nothing more
than an imitation of people, places, and things that already exist.
6
8. Imitation define as:
▪ Applies to artworks to create a realistic appearance.
▪ Realistic looking objects and scenes that clearly mimic what we see in the world around us.
▪ he main purpose of imitationism is to portray the subject matter as realistic as possible.
Plato discussed art forms like tragedy, along with sculpture, painting, pottery and
architecture, not as 'art' but as 'techne' or skilled craft. He regarded them all as instances of
'mimesis' or imitation. Plato criticised all imitations, including tragedies, for failing to depict
the eternal ideal realities ('Forms' or 'Ideas'). Instead they offered mere imitations of things in
our world, which themselves were copies of the Ideas.
The easiest thing is to imagine Plato as an enemy of art because he viewed art products of
all kinds, whether poetry, theatre or painting as inferior copies of the ultimate reality. But it
should be borne in mind that Plato's primary aim was not to evaluate the worth of aesthetic
pleasure but to point out that representation through art was inferior to the ultimate truth. His
concerns were not artistic but philosophical.
For Plato, the fact that art imitates (mimesis), meant that it leads a viewer further and
further away from the truth towards an illusion. This belief leads Plato to the determination
that art leads to dangerous delusion.
8
9. Raphael, The School of Athens, 1511
Raphael,
The School
of Athens
(Detail)
Leonardo
as Plato
Michelangelo
as Aristotle
IMITATIONISM BY PLATO
9
10. What is beauty?
What is the essence of
beautiful things?
What is art?
What is the essence of
art?
PHILOSOPHY OF BEAUTY
Mona Lisa, 1503-06
Oil &tempera on wood 78 x 52cm
The nature of beauty is one of the most enduring and controversial themes in Western philosophy, and
is—with the nature of art—one of the two fundamental issues in philosophical aesthetics. Beauty has
traditionally been counted among the ultimate values, with goodness, truth, and justice
Leonardo da Vinci was known as the Renaissance Man. He
helped society of the early 1500’s to see artists as genii.
The artist portrayed Mona Lisa as elegantly dressed in the
fashion of the day, and unadorned by jewelry. It is as if the
artist wanted nothing to distract attention from her face, and her
face is the epitome of Renaissance masterwork representing
female beauty at that time. In fact, her gaze is mesmerizing and
yet shyly seductive.
In his paintings like Mona Lisa, few lines are evident
rather, sfumato techniques have been employed. Sfumato is an
Italian word used to describe changes of color, and especially
tone, from light to dark by gradual stages.
ARTIST WHO WAS CONSIDERED TO HAVE WORKED AND FIT WITHIN THE
IMITATIONALISM STYLE OF ART
10
11. But for Plato’s theory on art from The Republic claims that art is nothing more than a
copy of a copy of an ideal, thrice removed.
❑ Using a couch as an example, Plato believed that the true artist was god, who then
inspired the carpenter, who then inspired the painter, “thus we have three forms of
couches and three overseers of their manufacture - the painter, the carpenter, and
god.”
❑ He believed that art imitates reality, that it imitates the objects and events of
ordinary life, be it images of nature, or a photograph of a ballerina. He saw art is
nothing more than an imitation of people, places, and things that already exist.
11
12. AESTHETICS BEAUTY UGLY
is is is
Logic Truth Falsity
Metaphysics Reality Illusion
Epistemology Knowledge Ignorance
Ethics Good Evil
Metaphysics :The branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including such concepts as being,
knowing, substance, essence, cause, identity, time, and space.
Epistemology: comes from the Greek words “episteme” and “logos”. “Episteme” can be translated as “knowledge” or
“understanding” or “acquaintance”, while “logos” can be translated as “account” or “argument” or “reason”
12
13. IMITATIONISM BY PLATO
WORLD OF
BEING
WORLD OF
BECOMING
WORLD OF
ART
REALITY
Unchanging
Eternal
APPEARANCE
Changing
Temporal
IMITATION
Illusory
Universal
FORM
Individual
THING
Illusion
COPY
Material Chair
PHYSICAL
Painting of Chair
ARTISTIC
Idea of Chair
METAPHYSICAL
Philosophy
Art Studies Knowledge
Idea of Beauty
Beautiful Things
Beautiful Artworks
Ignorance
Artist Demiurge
13
14. ART
Beauty of Imitation
ILLUSION
IDEA
Beauty of Forms
REALITY
MATTER
Beauty of Things
APPEARANCE
Metaphysical
Chair: Idea
Physical
Chair: Thing
Copy of
Physical
Chair: Art
IMITATIONISM
Made by a
Painter
Made by a
Carpenter
Contemplated
by Philosopher
14
15. IDEA OF
BEAUTY
ROSE DAWSON
In the Film Titanic
“Artistic Beauty”
KATE WINSLET
In This World
“Physical Beauty”
World of Art
IMITATION
World of Becoming
APPEARANCE
World of Being
REALITY
IDEA
In the World of Ideas
“Real Beauty”
15
16. Is a concept devised by the philosopher to reflect on the nature of belief versus
knowledge. The allegory states that there exists prisoners chained together in a cave. Behind
the prisoners is a fire, and between the fire and the prisoners are people carrying puppets or
other objects. This casts a shadow on the other side of the wall. The prisoners watch these
shadows, believing them to be real.
Plato asserts that one prisoner could become free. He finally sees the fire and realizes
the shadows are fake. This prisoner could escape from the cave and discover there is a
whole new world outside that they were previously unaware of.
This prisoner would believe the outside world is so much more real than that in the
cave. He would try to return to free the other prisoners. Upon his return, he is blinded
because his eyes are not accustomed to actual sunlight. The chained prisoners would see this
blindness and believe they will be harmed if they try to leave the cave.
Plato’s "Allegory of the Cave"
16
17. PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE
Outside the Cave
REAL WORLD
ART
Inside the Cave
THIS WORLD 17
18. PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE
Inside the Cave
THIS WORLD
Outside the Cave
REAL WORLD
ART
18
19. PLATO’S ALLEGORY OF THE CAVE
Outside the Cave
REAL WORLD
ART
Inside the Cave
THIS WORLD 19
20. IMITATIONISM BY PLATO
▪ Things in this world are beautiful as appearances of the reality or idea of beauty or the universal
form of beauty existing in the world of being.
▪ Art is beautiful as imitations of things in this world.
▪ Art is the imitation of the appearance of reality
IMITATION OF THE APPEARANCE OF
THE REAL CHAIR
Van Gogh,
Chair with a Pipe
Leonardo,
Portrait of Ginebra d’Benci
IMITATION OF
A PHYSICAL WOMAN
20
21. Beauty in the Human Form
Ancient Greek sculptures were typically made of either stone or wood and very few of
them survive to this day. Most Greek sculpture was of the freestanding, human form (even if
the statue was of a god) and many sculptures were nudes. The Greeks saw beauty in the naked
human body.
Early Greek statues called kouros were rigid and stood up straight. Over time, Greek
statuary adopted a more natural, relaxed pose with hips thrust to one side, knees and arms
slightly bent, and the head turned to one side.
Other sculptures depicted human action, especially athletics. A good example is
Myron's Discus Thrower Another famous example is a sculpture of Artemis the huntress. The
piece, called "Diana of Versailles," depicts the goddess of the hunt reaching for an arrow
while a stag leaps next to her.
Among the most famous Greek statues is the Venus de Milo, which was created in the
second century B.C.E. The sculptor is unknown, though many art historians believe Praxiteles
to have created the piece. This sculpture embodies the Greek ideal of.
21
22. CLASSICAL GREEK SCULPTURE
Imitation of the Idea of Beauty
Polycritus,
Doryphorus
Spear Bearer)450 BC
Kouros, Ancient Greek Sculpture
600 BC
Praxiteles Hermis 340 BC
Praxiteles Aphrodite
of Cnidos
Venus de Milo,
150 BC
Myron Discobolus
(Disk Thrower) 340 BC
PERFECT POSITION OF THE HUMAN BODY
Position of rest between two movements
22
24. The imitationalism or mimetic theory of art claims that artwork is best when it imitates life. We’ve all
experienced seeing an artwork from a distance and mistaking it for the real thing, rather than a replica. Those
pieces are prized under imitationalism. The most realistic, the better.
Society
Nothing is more natural than for children to pretend and for human beings to create, using their
imagination. Thus, any human society which is healthy will be a society where there is imitative art. The
concept of art as imitation is also used in the sense of representation (representation of reality or nature).
History
Art does not teach us history because it is imitation, but because art imitates human actions, good art
has to represent or depict character, character traits and personality. These later things are real, so it teaches
us moral and psychological lessons.
Education
What art is imitating or representation is real and applicable to our lives. Art also displays and
transmits this knowledge in a unique way. The audience are made to understand the universals at work in
the drama or poetry and in that sense they internalize the knowledge of human nature and morality utilized
by the playwright, poet or/the novelist.
The Roles of Imitation Theory of Art :
24
25. Artist: Michael Angelo
Date: 1512
Medium used: Fresco
Title: Creation of Adam
Question
Can you draw a conclusion from this caricature inspired from the painting of Michael Angelo?
25
26. Readings
Shimamura, A. (2012). Towards a Science of Aesthetics. A. Shimamura & S. Palmer, Aesthetic Science:
Connecting Minds, Brains and Experiences. Oxford University Press.
Analytic Perspectives in the Philosophy of Music. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
https://iep.utm.edu/music-an/
Videos
Corelli: Sonata XII: La Follia: Music of the Spheres. (Jan. 20, 2015). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uKj2DzFt1zQ
J.S. Bach – Toccata and Fugue in D minor BWV 565. (Sept. 29, 2010).https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nnuq9PXbywA
Voice of Ascension - Palestrina: "Credo" from Missa Papae Marcelli. (Jan. 29, 2020). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W0QEMXSitrc
Josquin Desprez: Ave Maria (Motet). (April 7, 2012). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxLv2pPiQVI
Ave Maria. (Jan. 8, 2017). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9wxPWtvLlA
Monks singing Gregorian Chant in a Catholic Benedictine Seminary. (Jan. 29, 2012). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBwh1OXw6uI
Gregorian - Losing My Religion (2011 Live). (April 20, 2012).https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YeAGO5OHJX8
Gregorian - My Heart Will Go On. (Sept. 24, 2012). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B7F71KXq-1M
Swan Lake, Tchaikovsky - Dance of the Little Swans. (March 18, 2016).https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xd2nTXsivHs
Muzzarelli, S. (Dec. 3, 2017). The Relationship between Music and the Mind. http://bit.ly/3sHXy2O
1. Interpret imitationism as the philosophical basis of ancient Greek art and of some
classical compositions in music.
REFERENCES
Lesson 4.2. Philosophical Theory of Music
26
27. “If you want to keep
your brain engaged
throughout the aging
process, listening to or
playing music is a great
tool. It provides a
total brain workout.”
Research has shown that
listening to music can
reduce anxiety, blood
pressure, and pain as well as
improve sleep quality,
mood, mental alertness, and
memory. 27
28. Key Take Aways:
I hope you’ve found the information presented interesting and informative. For something so
trivial like music there is so much to be learned about it.
1. Emotion: Music can influence our emotions by evoking responses from different parts of our
brains.
2. Learning: Exposure to music from a young age will have a positive impact on learning ability to
learn.
3. Memory: Music impacts our memory in that when a song is linked to a certain piece of
information it is easier to recall that information when we hear the song.
28
29. Music isn’t simply sounds we hear. It is sounds we listen to. Analogously to
natural languages, the process of listening to music involves understanding it as
music. But how exactly should this understanding be characterized?
Contemporary analytic philosophy has produced a debate regarding the way in
which we should describe basic musical understanding.
The philosophy of music attempts to answer questions concerning the
nature and value of musical practices. Philosophy of music has attempted to
solve the riddle of musical value: how is pure music valuable to our lives if it
makes no reference whatsoever to our world? The most original solutions to
this problem have tried to show that it is precisely the music’s abstractness that
explains its value and appeal.
29
30. “Who am I?”
THE BASIC QUESTION IN THE HUMANITIES
Is sometimes expressed thru music
KEY
CONCEPTS
https://www.
youtube.com
/watch?v=m
Bcqria2wmg
PHILOSOPHICAL THEORY OF MUSIC
Concerns the structure of the Physical Universe
-PYTHAGORAS
COSMOLOGICAL
EPISTEMOLOGICAL
Concerns the Nature of Human Knowledge
-PLATO
30
31. Where does it
come from?
KNOWLEDGE
OF REALITY
PHYSICAL
UNIVERSE
Where does it
leads to?
COSMOLOGICAL
THEORY OF MUSIC
PYTHAGORAS
570-490 BC
Mathematician
Astronomer
Philosopher
THE SOUND OF
MUSIC
THE SOUND OF
THE UNIVERSE
According to Pythagoras, “There is
geometry in the humming
of the strings; there is music in
the spacing of the spheres.”
31
32. Music is the imitation of cosmic sound.
Music
of the
Spheres
Human
Music
Corelli,
Sonata XII,
Music of the
Spheres
"The eyes are made for astronomy, the ears for harmony,
and these are sister sciences." PYTHAGORAS
https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v
=uKj2DzFt1zQ
32
33. EPISTEMOLOGICAL THEORY
OF MUSIC BY PLATO
SPIRITUAL SOUL
MUSIC
=Intelligent Soul/Mind
Knowledge
“If gymnastics is for the body,
so as music is for the soul.”
PHYSICAL BODY
GYMNASTICS
=Strong Body
Health
33
34. MIMETIC ART
DEGREE OF TRUTH
APPEARANCES
Realm of Opinion
and Error
IMITATION
Realm of Ignorance
LADDER
OF
KNOWLEDGE
REALITY
Realm of Knowledge
LITERATURE
HISTORY
BIOLOGY
PHYSICS
MUSIC
ASTRONOMY
MATHEMATICS
PHILOSOPHY Ideas or Forms
Painting & Sculpture
Biographies & Stories
Numbers
Harmony of Spheres
Heavenly Bodies
Earthly Bodies
Animals & Plants
Societies
Bach, Toccata and
Fugue in D Minor
https://www.you
tube.com/watch?
v=Nnuq9PXbywA
34
35. Theological Theory of Music
AUGUSTINE
“Singing is praying
twice over.”
Sing a new song unto the
Lord. Let your song be
sung from mountains high.
Sing a new song unto the
Lord, singing alleluiah.
THEOLOGY ON THE COMMUNION
OF SAINTS
HEAVEN
God, Mary,
Saints, Angels
CHURCH
TRIUMPHANT
CHURCH
MILITANT
EARTH
People Alive
CHURCH
SUFFERING
HELL
Moral Sinners
PURGATORY
Venial Sinners
Prayer=Music
Prayer = Music Palestrina,
Credo
https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v=
W0QEMXSitrc
35
36. RELIGIOUS AND SACRED MUSIC
LITURGICAL MUSIC
Monophonic: One Sounded Music
GREGORIAN CHANT
Polyphonic: Many Sounded Music
MOTET: Sacred Choral Music
Renaissance Composers:
Giovanni Palestrina
Joaquin Des Prez
PIPE ORGAN MUSIC
MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE MUSIC
Des Prez (1450-1521)
Misa Pange Lingua
Motet
LATIN movere
ENGLISH “to move”
Movement of many voices
counterpointing one another
https://www.
youtube.com/
watch?v=kxLv
2pPiQVI
36
37. Ave Maria,
Gregorian Chant
800 AD
All voices singing
in unison
Pope
Gregory I
590 AD
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=-
9wxPWtvLlA
GREGORIAN CHANT
Glory to God in the
highest, and peace to his
people on earth. Lord
God, heavenly king,
almighty God and Father,
we worship you, we give
you thanks, we praise you
for your glory.
37
38. Master of Chant, Losing My Religion,
1988 (Gregorian Rock Version)
https://www.
youtube.com
/watch?v=Ye
AGO5OHJX8
https://www.y
outube.com/
watch?v=B7F
71KXq-1M
Leoninus, Alleluia Angelus Domini
https://www.y
outube.com/
watch?v=CB
wh1OXw6uI
DEFINITION OF ART BASED ON IMITATIONISM
Imitation of the appearances of people, things or
events
PAINTING
SCULPTURE
Imitation of the sound of the universe
MUSIC
Imitation of movements of animals, nature or
things
DANCE
Imitation of life through language
LITERATURE
Imitation of life through action and dialogue
DRAMA
Four Little Swans
https://www.
youtube.com
/watch?v=Xd
2nTXsivHs
38
39. Readings
Shimamura, A. (2012). Towards a Science of Aesthetics. A. Shimamura & S. Palmer, Aesthetic Science:
Connecting Minds, Brains and Experiences. Oxford University Press.
Representation (arts). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_(arts)
Cooper, D. (1999). Theories of Art. Companion to Aesthetics.
http://users.rowan.edu/~clowney//Aesthetics/theories_of_art.htm
1. Identify artworks, styles, artists and philosophers that abide with representation
theory.
2. Compare and contrast artworks, styles, artists and philosophers that abide with
representation theory.
REFERENCES
Videos
Amorsolo. https://youtu.be/D_EkOeVxGCw
Fernando Amorsolo. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzoJ_pcZVv4
Lesson 4.3. Representation Theory of Art
39
40. VENUS OF WILLENDORF
She was created around 25,000 years ago,
and is here mention as an excellent
example of early representational art.
▪ Started many millenia ago with Late
Paleolithic figurines and carving.
▪ Example: Venus of Willendorf- while
not too terribly realistic, is clearly
meant to show the figure of a woman.
▪ Throughout our history as art-creating
human, most art has been
representational.
40
41. The term 'representation' carries a range of meanings and interpretations. In
literary theory, 'representation' is commonly defined in four ways.
▪ To look like or resemble
▪ To stand in for something or someone
▪ To present a second time; to re-present
▪ More viewer-friendly to vast majority of people than abstract or conceptual
art.
The reflection on representation began with early literary theory in the ideas of
Plato and Aristotle, and has evolved into a significant component of language and
communication studies.
41
42. Representationism
is
an image
an appearance
a copy
a reproduction
of things, people,
objects or event.
FIGURATIVE ART
Art that contains representation.
KEY
CONCEPTS
The work of representing may seem
insufficiently ambitious. As the re-presenting or
imitating of what nature or God has already
created, it can at its best be technically notable,
but must always be derivative and repetitious. The
beauties of art are very seldom transcriptions, into
a medium, of pre-existing natural beauties.
Could we not claim that art is always a
mimesis (a copying) of nature: if not of nature's
visible appearances, then of its fundamental
energies and their endless transformations?
A typical representational account sees art as
portraying the visible forms of nature, from a
schematic cave drawing of an animal to the
evocation of an entire landscape in sun or storm.
The particularity of individual objects, scenes or
persons may be emphasized, or the generic, the
common, the essential. 42
43. A representational artist may seek
faithfulness to how things are. He or she may
dwell selectively on the ugly and defective, the
unfulfilled; or on the ideal, the fully realized
potential.
The artist may see the ideal as reached by
extrapolating from the empirical, "correcting’ its
deficiencies; or by contemplating the alleged
idea or form to which empirical objects
approximate and aspire.
Representational theories thus give the arts
a distinctive cognitive role. The artist opens our
eyes to the world’s perceptual qualities and
configurations, to its beauties, ugliness's and
horrors.
REPRESENTATION OF PEOPLE
Van Eyck, The Arnolfini Marriage
43
44. REPRESENTATION OF THINGS OR OBJECTS
Van Gogh, Bedroom at Arles, 1888 Francisco, Mural on the History of the Philippines, 1963
REPRESENTATION OF EVENT
44
45. Copying nature according to the CHOICE
of the artist, but the resulting image is
still recognizable, like in the style of
representation in cubist and fauvist art.
WAYS OF REPRESENTING NATURE
PHYSICAL
ALTERATION
SELECTIVE
MODIFICATION
PERCEPTUAL
INTERPRETATION
CHANGING the physical appearance of
nature, like a natural marble that turn
into a sculpture by carving and cutting.
ENHANCING the appearance of nature,
like a forest that becomes a garden by
arranging and trimming the plants, or a
woman beautifying herself by putting
cosmetics on her face.
Block of Natural Marble
Michaelangelo,
Pieta
Forest
Garden
LANDSCAPING
Art of
environmental
design
COSMETOLOGY
Art of Facial
Beautification
Natural
Face
Beautified Face
45
46. Real Woman
(Natural Appearance)
PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION OF NATURE
Painting of a Woman
(Cubist Style)
Dora
Maar
The way of presenting the subject is ABSTRACTIVE
Photo of
Mrs. Matisse
Matisse, Portrait of
Mrs. Matisse, 1913
Representation in
Fauvist Style
46
47. DEFINITION OF ART ACCORDING TO
Representationism
is the
recreation of
NATURE
made by the artists
created by God
Natural Tree Painting of a Tree
EXACT REPRESENTATION
The more the art resembles nature,
the more it becomes beautiful.
The way of presenting the
subject is REALISTIC
47
48. Zeuxis
Who was the better painter?
Parrhasius
Zeuxis (or Zeuxippus) was a
Greek painter of the fifth century
BCE. He was born in Heracleia of
Pontus but lived in Athens where
he studied and spent most of his
life. He painted idealised human
figures but specialised in still life.
None of his works survive today
as is common with most ancient
painters.
Parrhasius was born in Ephesus, Ionia (now part of Turkey), and later settled
in Athens. He was praised by ancient critics as a master of outline drawing,
and he apparently relied on subtle contours rather than the new technique of
chiaroscuro to suggest the mass of the human body. He also tried to portray
various psychological states and emotions in his depictions of the face. Many
of his drawings on wood and parchment were preserved and highly valued by
later painters for purposes of study. His picture of Theseus adorned the
Capitol in Rome; other works were chiefly mythological groups. His picture
of the Demos, the personified people of Athens, was particularly famous.
None of his works or copies thereof survive.
versus
48
49. Zeuxis
Who was the better painter?
Parrhasius
Zeuxis was born in Heraclea sometime
around 464 BCE and was said to be the
student of Apollodorus. Parrhasius (or
Parrhasios) of Ephesus was a contemporary
of Zeuxis. Both artists produced works on
both wooden panels and frescoes on walls,
unfortunately none of their work survives.
The two were said to be the best painters of
the fourth century BCE. The elder Pliny
recorded a myth surrounding a competition
between the two painters. It is said that
Zeuxis created grapes that were so realistic
that birds saw the image and attempted to
eat then. Shortly after he went to view
Parrhasius painting, and asked that the
curtain be lifted so he could look at the
image only to discover that the curtain was
itself the painting. Zeuxis acknowledged his
defeat, because while he had tricked birds
the curtain of Parrhasuis had deceived a
man and fellow artist. 49
50. TROMPE
L’OEIL
“trick the eye”
Painting that looks so
realistic that it fools
the eye as if it sees the
real thing.
Magritte
The Human
Condition
1930
Magritte
The Human
Condition
1933
50
51. “Art is putting mirror up
to nature.”
“All the world is a stage,
and men and women are
merely players.”
WILLIAM
SHAKESPEARE LEONARDO DA VINCI
“Art is a window to
nature.”
51
52. Form
of Art
Form of
Nature
=
Art reaches
perfection and
become divine
CHINESE ART
The drawing of forms which answer to natural form.
CHIEH TZU YUAN
“When painting has
reached divinity (shen),
there is an end of
the matter.”
WU TAO TZU (Wu Daozi)
“Sage in Chinese Painting”
STORY: He entered his own
painting and lost there
inside forever.
Numerous legends gathered around Wu
Daozi, often concerning commissions
by Emperor Xuanzong.
In one, Emperor Xuanzong called him
to paint a wall of his palace. He painted a
wall mural displaying a rich nature-scene set
in a valley, containing a stunning array of
flora and fauna and including a cave at the
foot of a mountain. The story goes that he
informed the emperor that it's not just what
the emperor is able to see, Wu Daozi has
made this painting in such a way, that a
spirit dwells in the cave. Next, he clapped
his hands and entered the cave, inviting the
emperor to follow. The painter entered the
cave but the entrance closed behind him
and, before the astonished emperor could
move or utter a word, the painting vanished
from the wall. This story depicts the
spirituality of art. 52
53. CHINESE ART
The drawing of forms which answer to natural form.
Drawing of a Humanities
Student NATURE IN TRADITIONAL
CHINESE PAINTING
Zhang Daqian Scenery
TAOISM ART
53
54. Constable, Hay Wain
Monet, Field of Poppies
CHRISTIAN ART Representational
ICON Religious Images
Leonardo, The Last Supper, 1498
Pieta,
Michelangelo
1499
STYLE
High
Renaissance
Art
Michelangel
o, God the
Creator,
Sistine
Chapel
Painting
Detail
1512
54
55. Great art is a representational vision of values that dramatizes the beauties of the world and man’s
compatible and efficacious place in it through images that portray a heighten reality, one that not only
brings selected aspects of real life into sharp focus through compelling aesthetics but also communicates
ideas. Classical Realism seeks perfection and universality, the idea of the ideal; e.g., ancient Greek
sculpture.
Romantic Realism seeks personal expression of values, imbuing art with feelings for ideas that the
artist holds passionately about life and humankind, thereby suffusing the work with a glowing emotional
essence.
ROMANTIC REALISM
In Philippine Art
The contemporary Romantic expresses values through images of the present, the here and now, the real
and relevant. Today’s Romantic uses form (the physical presentation) to communicate content (human
values via subject matter) through individual style (emotional expression), thereby making the means and
the end merge, blend, and re-emerge as one totality of experience that unifies mind, body, and soul.
Romantic Realism in Philippine Arts through Fabian dela Rosa and Fernando Amorsolo shown:
▪ aspect of beauty
▪ Idyllic and exotic rural sceneries
▪ Forms of light and shadow
▪ For tourism purposes
55
56. How do you draw a beautiful scenery when you were young?
56
57. FABIAN DE LA ROSA
1869-1937
“Master of Genre” in Philippine Art
Born in Paco, Manila
Studied in Escuela de Bellas Artes
and Academie Julian, Paris France
Director, School of Fine Arts UP
Won Gold and Bronze Award
in St. Louis Exposition, 1904
Awarded Patnubay ng Sining
at Kalinangan, 1968
57
58. De la Rosa, View of Santa Ana De la Rosa, Pasay Beach 1927
De la Rosa, A Remembrance of Villa
Borghese, 1909
De la Rosa, Transplanting Rice, 1904
Won Gold Medal, St. Louis Exposition, 1904
De la Rosa, El Kundiman, 1930
De la Rosa,
Aurora Aragon
Quezon
58
59. Enrolled in Art School, Liceo de Manila
Studied in UP School of Fine Arts
and Academia de San Fernando, Spain
Made more than 10,000 paintings
Won First Prize, New York Fair, 1939
Dean, UP College of Fine Arts
First Philippine National Artist
Most popular painter in the country
“Grand old man of Filipino painters”
“Master of tropical scenery”
“First Filipino impressionist”
FERNANDO AMORSOLO
1892-1972
https://youtu.be/D_
EkOeVxGCw
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=U
zoJ_pcZVv4 59
60. Amorsolo Rice Plating
Shows only aspects of beauty
Amorsolo, Leyendo el Periodico, 1908
Won Second Place, Bazar Escolta sponsored
by Asociacion Internacional de Artistas.
Amorsolo was 16 years old.
Amorsolo, Afternoon Meal of Rice Workers, 1929
Won First Prize, New York Fair 1929
Amorsolo, Tinikling
60
62. Amorsolo, The Making of Philippine Flag
Amorsolo, The Celebration of the First Mass
62
63. Written by
CAMILO OSIAS
in 1917
Illustrated by
FERNANDO
AMORSOLO
Textbook for elementary
students during the
American period
ILLUSTRATION IN THE PHILIPPINE READERS
Amorsolo, Patriotic Pledge
63
64. Amorsolo,
A Woman
Reading
a Letter,
1917
ILLUSTRATION IN
PHILIPPINE
READER
Amorsolo,
A Woman
Reading
a Letter,
1917
ILLUSTRATION IN
PHILIPPINE
READER
Amorsolo,
Roasting
Pig, 1917
ILLUSTRATION IN
PHILIPPINE
READER
Amorsolo,
Husband and
Wife Harvesting
Banana, 1917
ILLUSTRATION IN
PHILIPPINE
READER
64
65. Isidro Ancheta (1882-1946), Batis
AMORSOLO’S FRIEND
Dominador Castaneda (1904-1967),
Women Washing by the Stream
AMORSOLO’S FRIEND
Cesar Buenaventura (1922-1983), Bahay Kubo
AMORSOLO’S INFLUENCE
Cesar Buenaventura, Bahay Kubo
Cesar Buenaventura, Landscape, 1975
Praise for Amorsolo’s Representational Style
Of Romantic Realism
The paintings by Amorsolo are
“True reflection of the Filipino soul.”
Critique
It is highly commercialized, and is meant for
political propaganda by hiding the social reality
under the appearance of order and beauty.
65
66. MMDA Art
THE COMMON ART SCENERY WE KNOW NOW…
Beauty sa Harap, Pero sa Likod
Industrial Valley, Marikina
Vandalism
Marikina Industrial Valley Metro Gwapo Project,
MMDA Bayani Fernando
66
67. Manasala,
Madonna of
the Slums,
1950
PHILIPPINE ART
From Romantic
Realism
Through
Modernism
to Social Realism
The Madonna of the Slums is said to be the
portrayal of a mother and child from the
countryside who became urban shanty
residence once in the city. This image were
tightly focus on the two subjects. As what you
can see in the picture is a mother hugging her
sibling with her two hands, as well as the child
holding her mother’s face.
This painting identifies the reality of the
Philippine Society today which describes social
care amidst hardships.
Though the mother is the most happy even
when she suffers pain to give birth for her child,
even how difficult life is, a mother never ever
back down to all life problems and challenges in
the world she faces. Mother and child
painting portrays the reality of being a mother
even though how difficult life is she is the one
always there not only to take good care and give
love but also the soldier that protect her child in
every time from the world that full of challenges.
67
68. 1. How do arts affects your perception of being alive? (Lesson 4.1)
1. Have any of your art skills improved during this project?
1. Can you draw a conclusion from this caricature inspired from the
painting of Michael Angelo? (Lesson 4.1)
Instructions: The answer to each question should have at least a minimum of 50 words.
Assessment
Analysis
Reflection
68
69. RUBRICS FOR GRADING
CRITERIA
EXCELLENT
(10 PTS)
ABOVE AVERAGE
(8 PTS)
AVERAGE
(6 PTS)
BELOW AVERAGE
(4 PTS)
POOR
(2 PT)
ANALYSIS:
Creativity and
uniqueness
Uniqueness of idea
is thorough,
informative, and
demonstrates
significant effort.
Uniqueness of idea
is informative and
well thought.
Uniqueness of idea
is present, but some
details
missing/incorrect.
Minimal detail
provided, needs
improvement.
Absolute minimal
effort.
ASSESSMENT:
Clarity: Message is
clearly addressed
Message is
thorough,
informative, and
demonstrates
significant effort.
Message is
informative and
well thought.
Message is present,
but some details
missing/incorrect.
Minimal detail
provided, needs
improvement.
Absolute minimal
effort.
REFLECTIONS:
Impact: The idea is
relevant to present
situation
The relevance is
thorough,
informative, and
demonstrates
significant effort.
The relevance is
informative and
well thought.
The relevance is
present, but some
details
missing/incorrect.
Minimal detail
provided, needs
improvement.
Absolute minimal
effort.
69
70. Make a representational work of art. CHOOSE
ONLY ONE:
a. Select a portrait picture of the model you want to
copy by applying pencil or charcoal drawing and
submit the two together to compare the model
exactly as he or she looks like. Use 1/8 illustration
board for drawing. The process on making your
portrait drawing should be done by using time
lapse mode of your cellphone camera. Submit it
together with the final picture of your artwork.
b. Make a landscape painting based on the style of
Romantic Realism in Philippine art. You can use
water color or acrylic paints. Use 1/8 illustration
board for painting. The process on making your
landscape painting should be done by using time
lapse mode of your cellphone camera. Submit it
together with the final picture of your artwork.
SEE EXAMPLES OF TIME LAPSE:
https://youtu.be/EwfO5EhPiKQ
https://youtu.be/Tno-7P3FhJ0
Examples of Pencil or Charcoal Drawing
Examples of Landscape Painting
Module 4
70
71. DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE
RUBRICS FOR ACTIVITY 4
CRITERIA
Excellent
(31-40 points)
Good
(21-30 points)
Fair
(11-20 points)
Needs
Improvement
(1-10)
Representational
Artwork
The artwork looks
exactly like the model.
The artworks looks
like the model except
for some parts.
The artwork does not
look like the model in
many parts of the
composition
The artwork does
not look like the
model at all.
Application of
Romantic Realism
Romantic realism is
correctly applied to the
whole composition.
The composition
correctly applies
romantic realism
except to some parts
of it.
Romantic realism is
incorrectly applied to
many parts of the
composition.
The composition
does not apply
romantic realism at
all.
71
