Digital scent technology

BCA DIGITAL SCENT TECHNOLOGY
1 Yeldo Mar Baselios College
1. INTRODUCTION
The technology has so far targeted mainly our sense of sight and sound. To
further enhance the virtual reality experience and another flavor to it, technology is now
targeting your nose and tongue. The application area of virtual reality is vast- from
normal entertainment to the Internet and e-commerce application. You will be able to
smell product before buying them online. California-based Digiscents Inc. has
developed the iSmell personal scent synthesizer. This small device connects through your
pc via serial port and has its own driver.
In this modern age, computers have verified the cause of their existence.
They have virtually taken over in every field of today’s fast life. Gone are the days when
applications of computers were limited to official use only. Today computers have
important place in every household purpose, and mainly internet has taken over whole
world.
There are various causes due to which computers have their own stand in our
life. It provides a very good facility of fast processing, sound and picture. The virtual
reality concept has provided very good features to the computer systems. The concept of
virtual reality is introduced by the computer programmers to provide more attachments to
the user. There are several concepts of the virtual reality that are available such as digital
smell, virtual theater, electronics hand gloves, multipoint surround sound system, 3d
goggles.
The digital smell is basically a hardware software combination. The
hardware part of digital smell will produce the smell, and the software part will evaluate
the smell equation and generate specific signals for specific smell and finally that smell
will be produced by the device. The hardware device is a device like speaker, like speaker
this device is also connected to the computer system. For this device there is also a driver
program which will evaluate the digital equation for generating specific gas.
Fig: 1.1 Digital Smell

Until now, online communication involved only three of our senses
hearing, touch, and sight. New technology is being developed to appeal to our sense of
smell. DigiScents, an interactive media company, is creating iSmell Digital Scent
Technology, new software which will enable scents to be broadcast from the Web.
1.1 PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SMELL
Before we describe the possibilities of olfactory displays, we should
take a glance at the physiological aspects of smell. How does the nose work and what is
its function? Naturally we can breath, smell and additionally taste with our nose. First of
all we are interested in the anatomy of the nose.
Odor consists of many different molecules, for e.g. the aroma of
coffee is made up of 20 various molecules. Nonetheless our nose perceives only 15 odors
which is enough to identify the smell as coffee.
At first the odor molecules reach the olfactory mucosa. The
receptors for the molecules are placed at the olfactory hairs. When the molecules
reach the receptors, an electric impulse is sent directly to the brain to the olfactory
bulb. Then the information gets to the olfactory glomeruli, a part of the olfactory
bulb. The glomeruli is able to associate the information to the intensity. The
olfactory bulb consequently processes the odor and can send the impulse to the
olfactory brain. We notice that we have a direct connection between our sense of
smelling and our brain. Those scent impulses reach the area of our brain that
handles emotions and memories. That explains the link between smelling and being
reminded of something.
We percept smell very individually. Every human perceive a difference
between a pleasant and unpleasant odor. Humans are not capable to distinguish odors in
terms of intensity. Roughly we can only distinguish between three concentrations of some
odor whereas we should actually be able to differentiate1000types of odors. Another
problem for olfactory display is the fast acclimatization of humans to scents.
What makes it even more difficult to construct olfactory display is that
a set of primary odors has not really been found. There was an attempt to define seven
such of primary odors but had to be extended to 100 odors. For vision, three base colors
are sufficient to display any color. Unfortunately this cannot be applied to olfaction as our

nose has thousands of receptors and apart from that the odors are not orthogonal. That
means you will not necessarily get a new one by mixing two odors. Due to these big
problems there is still research in examining our scent.
1.2 ANATOMY OF NOSE
Fig: 1.2 Anatomy of Nose

2. Evolution of Digital Smell
2.1 How it was invented
As we know that many scientists have started for the virtual reality from
the last 5 to 6 years. As a virtual reality they have got a full concept as virtual theater.
These theaters consist of an electronic hand gloves, digital smell, multipoint surround
sound system, movement controllable seats, 3d goggles. From this idea the multipoint
surround sound system, 3d goggles, movement controllable seats were completed. Now
for the user to fill more realistic effects of movies they were introducing the very new
facility of digital smell in movies or in games. For example if we are watching a movie
and we see burning of tier then we will fill that smell in theater or pc or television.
The basic idea for this was given by the perfume making companies for the
advertisements of their perfumes.
2.2 Founders
Founders Dexster Smith and Joel Lloyd Bellenson, experts in
bioinformatics and genomics, started from the following idea: “If we can find the
essence of a biological smell and build a profile, we can digitalize and broadcast it.”
They came up with the idea for the company while they were in South Beach. Using their
scientific knowledge, they indexed and analyzed natural smells said to be common to
South Beach such as flowers, salt water, and suntan lotion.

3. DIGITAL AROMA
Traditionally one has said that we have five senses, recent studies indicate
that we have at least eleven and some specialists still consider more. Of the main ones
(Vista, ear, tact, taste and sense of smell), our nose is possibly the one that has more
relegated in our sensitive surroundings, since all the technology and the world that
surrounds to us attacks the Vista and the ear, but rare time we found some attempt to
approach the sense of smell.
So far, computers work with only 3 out of 5 senses.
3.1 SIGHT
Our eyes are our windows to the world, thus it is no surprise that sight is
used the most out of the five perceptual senses. This is why the visual presentation of
advertisements is crucial to the success of the direct marketing campaign. In classic mass
advertising, the goal is to generate awareness. An ad is placed in a magazine or on
television in which the primitive components such as lines, colors, and shapes are
combined to formulate a consumer’s perception. Then the consumer either imprints this
perception in their mind or totally forgets about the ad. If the consumer remembers the ad
and then purchases the product, the ad is a success. It is this recognition, our ability to
place an object in a category and give it meaning, that mass advertisers rely upon. Direct
marketing has the advantage of presenting a product or service directly to the consumer.
The consumer can instantaneously recognize what the product is and what they are being
asked to do. If the piece is successful then the consumer will take action and purchase the
product or seek out additional information. The phase between recognition and action is
where direct marketers can influence the consumer in taking the next step to make the
desired response.
Video controllers now produce 24 bit color, a far cry from the 16 color
CGA monitors from the past. John Carmack wants us to go up to 64 bit color for
greater visual "realness".
3.2 SOUND
Vibrations that travel through a medium produce sound. Sound must
travel through three main parts of the ear; the outer, middle and inner ear before it reaches
the neural processing center of the brain.

When direct marketers are educated on how sound can affect consumer
behavior it can be a very powerful tool to create effective advertisement campaigns. One
aspect of sound that has always been successful in ad campaigns is the use of music.
Today, music is a contributing factor to developing corporate brand identity for
companies. Music fills the background and creates an identity for space.
For example, British Airlines uses the new age music of Yanni to produce
a sense of ethereal escape and adventure. While United Airlines uses the American
musical classic, "Rhapsody in Blue" by George Gershwin to aid in creating their identity.
Today's surround sound speakers and sound cards are extremely well
developed, you can hear echoes, and pretty much tell where something is from how the
sounds reach your ears.
3.3 TOUCH
Touch is the sensory stimulation that a person feels when something
comes into contact with the skin. These stimulators perceive different types of sensations
including temperature, vibrations, textures etc.
Touch is a significant factor when direct marketing is involved because it
plays a role in many different aspects within the effectiveness of the marketing strategy.
Any direct marketing mail piece requires the consumer to physically handle paper. This
simple medium is an important tool in the overall perception of the offer. Businesses can
become very particular when deciding the type of paper to include the offer on. A
textured paper that is heavier in weight is perceived to be of better quality than the basic
thin, light-weight paper.
Very much in its infancy, force feedback game controllers give us a small
sampling of touch
3.4 SMELL
Our use of scent in the environment has currently become quite an issue
in society. It has become such an issue in different regions of the world, that companies
are required to carefully plan the use of scent in their direct marketing campaigns. In
today's advertising frenzy more companies are realizing that the major advantage of direct

marketing is the ability to be a three-dimensional advertising medium, appealing to all
five of the senses.
Sense of smell is the ability to detect odors. As humans, we are limited to
the sensation of seven basic odors and their combinations. Although not as highly
developed as in various other mammals, this perceptual sense can have a significant
impact on how we perceive different objects and messages. Like Sherlock Holmes'
Watson says, "there's nothing like a good sniff". Smell is the only sense that cannot be
turned off. A person smells all of the time and with every breath, as often as 20,000 times
a day.
There are over 400 000 odors in the world, and it has been proved that
they can significantly influence individuals, and more importantly, consumer's moods and
behaviors.
The sense of smell is closely tied to memory and emotion, making
scent a powerful way to reinforce ideas. “If a picture is worth a thousand words, a scent
is worth a thousand pictures.”
3.5 TASTE
Taste is the physiological perception of flavor. Sweet, salty, bitter and sour
are the four true tastes that we are able to perceive, and it is the combination of these
different flavorful sensations that entices us to want more.
The increased complexity of a flavor tends to generate a unique and
memorable experience. This means that when two or more true tastes are stimulated
simultaneously, the complete flavor and sensation of a food becomes memorable and can
be related toward a specific product brand. Beyond the physiological need for
nourishment, food has become a direct way for people to satisfy their unfulfilled desires.
Foods and flavors from around the world give people the opportunity to experience
alternate cultures and to travel without leaving their home. The tastes of home cooked
meals evoke happy emotions and memories of the “good old days,” while chocolate are
often used as an alternative to sexual desires.

4. DIGITAL SCENT TECHNOLOGY
Imagine being able to smell things using a device that connects to your
computer. Like a new language, this technology is a new set of tools for self-expression,
communication, and commerce. It includes software components and a peripheral device
called the Personal Scent Synthesizer.
Digiscents don't plan on designing the games and other platforms
themselves. As well as the synthesizers, they've been creating the soft and hardware that
game producers will need to mix and incorporate scents into their latest offerings. Part of
that is "Reminiscent", a database of standard smells. These odors will be licensed to
developers for integration into games, websites and advertisements and so on.
The company promises that by this summer, they will be flying their flag at
the world's first scent-enabled Web portal, dubbed "The Snortal". Visitors will be able
to send "Scent Mail", design and register their own smells and swap aroma tracks to
their favorite music clips; just like computer gamers circulate custom-designed 'skins' for
their favorite titles.
Fig: 4 Digital smell recorder
“We’re going to be the Microsoft of smell.” Said one Digiscents insider.
Digiscents is apparently in discussions with at least one major game
developer. So we truly may be close to a time when you’ll smell those zombies just as
they sneak up to devour your brains.

Note to Editors: DigiScents®, ScentStream®, iSmell®, ScentWare®,
ScentTracks®, ReminiScents®, and ScentObjects® are trademarks of DigiScents, Inc.
RealNetworks® and RealPlayer® are trademarks or registered trademarks of
RealNetworks, Inc. All other companies or products listed herein are trademarks or
registered trademarks of their respective owners.

5. PRINCIPLES FOLLOWED
5.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF E-NOSE
An electronic nose can be a modular system comprising of active
materials which operate serially on an odorant sample. These active materials can be
classified into two: an array of gas sensors and a signal processing system.
The output of the electronic nose can be the identification of the odorant,
an estimation of the concentration of the odorant or the characteristic of the odor as might
be perceived by the human.
Fundamental of artificial nose is that each sensor in the array has
different sensitivity. The pattern of response across the sensors is distinct for different
odors. The distinguishably allows the system to identify the unknown odor from the
pattern of sensor responses. The pattern of response across all the sensors in the array is
used to identify the odor. Different e-noses use different types of gas sensors which form
heart of e-nose.
5.2 SENSING AN ORDANT
In a typical e-nose, an air sample is pulled by a vacuum pump through
tube into a small chamber housing the electronic sensor array. Next the sample planning
units exposes the sensor to the ordant, producing a transient response as the VOC’s
interact with the surface and bulk of sensor’s machine, a steady state condition is reached
in a few seconds to a few minutes. During this interval, the sensor’s response is recorded
and delivered to the signal processing unit. Then a washing gas such as alcoholic vapor is
applied to the array so as to remove the odorant mixture from the surface and bulk of
sensor’s active material. The period during which odorant is applied is called the response
time of the sensor array. The period during which washing and reference gases are
applied is called the recovery time. The sensor’s response is converted into electronic
signal by using a transducer and is processed by using the signal processing unit.

6. HARDWARE DEVICES
6.1 SMELL SYNTHESIZER
The Smell Synthesizer means the device which is used to generate the
smells. Such as iSmell, is a device used to produce the gas using computer.
Fig 6.1 Smell Synthesizer
There are various types of smell synthesizers available in the market,
but for computer the smell synthesizer is made by Digiscents industry.
6.2 ISMELL
The iSmell is a peripheral device, about the size of a PC speaker that
connects to a PC via a serial or USB port. It uses consumable cartridges which are used
and replaced similar to the way ink jet printers use ink cartridges. It emits natural-based
vapors into the user’s personal space. iSmell is triggered either on demand by the user
(via a keyboard or mouse action) or via a timed or programmed response (as is the case
with a DVD ScentTrack).
The company’s technology turns smells into digital codes that can be
stored on laser discs or as computer files, and can even be e-mailed. The iSmell device
reads a digital scent file, creates a smell from a “palette’’ of 128 chemicals stored in a
cartridge, and then wafts into the air with a small fan.

6.2.1 DEGISCENTS ISMELL VERSION I
Fig 6.2 iSmell (version 1)
SPECIFICATIONS
1. It has cartridge of 128 chemicals which is able to produce 10,000 smells
2. To active this device for computer it will require a driver program called as
ScentStream.

6.2.2 DIGISCENTS ISMELL VERSION II
Fig 6.2.2 iSmell (version 2)
6.3 CATRIDGE
The Cartridge will contain chemicals -- either natural oils or synthetic
fragrances -- that will be activated by either heat or air pressure, when you send a signal
from your computer. The digital smell device could add another sensory dimension to the
sights and sounds of a computer game. Currently 128 chemicals are stored in a cartridge.
Similar to an ink jet printer, those oils form the core of a replaceable cartridge, which is
inserted in the company's iSmell device. The oils are electrically stimulated in different
combinations to create specific smells in response to software prompts programmed into
applications such as Web site features, computer games, digital music, and movies. But

after some time as user will be more familiar with these smells the cartridge will come in
market in which you can add chemicals as many as you want. They are still investigating
all the scent combinations that are currently possible with the iSmell device. As the
technology becomes more refined, more and more scents and scent combinations will be
possible.
Fig 6.3 Cartridge
"The idea would be to have a box about the size of a small speaker that
would be connected to your computer and within that box is this cartridge of odors,
having a hundred different small chambers in it, and then on command from the
computer, you can choose various odors within that hundred, to be mixed up together and
then puffed gently out of this port where you can smell it."
6.4 SCENTOGRAPHY
Scentography is a new form of expression that allows the integration
of scents with traditional digital multimedia, such as games, DVDs, and web sites. By
allowing you to communicate with smells, Scentography adds a new dimension and
richness to web pages and virtually any other form of electronic/digital communication.
The capability to digitize and broadcast scents will enable vendors and consumers to send
scented mail, establish smell 'n shop electronic kiosks, make and watch scented DVDs,
and play scented games and simulations.
Scentography promises a vast extension of sensory space, with profound
implications. "We've lost touch, as a species, with our sense of smell," Bellenson says,

speaking so rapidly that his words run together. Like, our noses are not on the ground
anymore, because we don't have to hunt for food. Scent became an art perpetuated by the
big fragrance houses in Europe, and the average person was not empowered.
6.5 TYPES OF SENSORS
6.5.1 POLYMER SENSORS
The working of Polymer Sensors is based on the change in conductivity
of the polymer when the ordant is applied. Response time is inversely proportional to the
polymer thickness. The main drawback of this method is that it is difficult and time
consuming to electro polymerize the active material, so the exibit undesirable variations
from one batch to another.
6.5.2 QUARTZ SENSOR
The vibration of the Quartz is changed by a contact between the
molecules and the surface. The response and recovery times are minimized by reducing
the size and mass of Quartz crystal along with the thickness of the polymer coating. The
main disadvantage is that they have more complex electronics than of Polymer
Sensors.

6.5.3 MOSFET SENSORS
These are based on the principle that VOCs in contact with a catalyst
metal can produce a reaction on the metal. The reaction products can diffuse through the
gate og the MOSFET to change the electrical properties of the device. The sensitivity
and selectivity of the device can be optimized by varying the type and thickness of the
metal catalyst and operating them at different temperatures. The advantage is that they
can be made with IC fabrication so that batch to batch variations can be minimized.
6.5.4 OPTICAL FIBRE SENSORS
A light source of single frequency is used to interrogate the active
material, which in turn responds with color change in the presence of VOCs to be
detected and measured. The active material contains chemically active fluorescent dyes
immobilized in an organic polymer matrix. As VOCs interact with it, polarity of the
fluorescent dyes is altered and they respond by shifting their fluorescent emission
spectrum. The sensors are cheap and easy to fabricate. The disadvantage is that
fluorescent dyes are slowly consumed by sensing process.
6.5.4 Optical Fibre Sensor

7. BROADCASTING OF SMELL
Fig 7 : Principles of digiscent,s ismell system
7.1 DIGITIZED SCENT
A scent is indexed along two parameters, its chemical makeup and its
place in the scent ”Spectrum”, and then digitized into a small file.
7.2 BROADCAST
The digital file is scent, attached to enhanced web content.
7.3 SMELL SYNTHESIZER
The Smell Synthesizer means the device which is used to generate the
smells. Such as iSmell is device used to produce the gas using computer. There are
various types of Smell Synthesizers available in the market, but for computer the smell
synthesizer is made by digiscents industry.

7.4 THE COMPLETE PRODUCT
DigiScents is developing a complete solution for scent-enabling the Internet
and all forms of digital media, including: iSmell Personal Scent Synthesizer: A
computer peripheral device which recreates Scent Objects by mixing and releasing one or
more of 128 scents. The device includes replaceable Cartridges similar to those used in
color printers.
7.4.1 SCENT PALETTE CATRIDGES
Consider cartridges contained inside the iSmell device. The Cartridges
are filled with over one hundred different fragrant materials that are emitted alone or in
combination. In addition to the general purpose of Scent Palette there is a possibility of
creating industry Specific Cartridges for everything from fragrances and food to games
and movies.

8. SCENTWARE AND ITS WORK
Fig 8 : Senxware software for designing fragrances
“Sentware” is a combination of Software and Hardware.
There are two types of software. One allows you to “Design” your own
custom fragrances, and the other allows you to receive the codes for a custom scent and
have them activate a spray device so you can smell it.
The design software is often as simple as a web page with pictures of
familiar scents (apple pie, popcorn, fresh rain, flowers) that you can “drag” with your
mouse into a virtual beaker and mix. The combinations you choose can be saved as a
custom fragrance, which gets stored as “codes” to be passed to a spray device.
The spray device is a piece of hardware that can be plugged into one of
the serial ports of your computer, the way a printer plugs in. This device has a disposable

cartridge with a number of chambers inside, each containing a chemical compound that
can be mixed with others to match the custom scent you’ve created.
ScentMixers are basically programs that will allow the developers to
create their own aromas for multimedia. Once the product is available on the Mac
platform, consumers will be able to use the ScentMixer Scent Creation Software, which
allows you to create your own scents.
8.1 SNORTAL
Snortal will be the Internet's first a scent-enabled Web portal. Visiting
the Snortal, you will be able to send scented e-mail, design and register your own smells,
and create and share ScentTracks for your favorite movies and music.
The Snortal was developed for DigiScents as a portal to scented
products, features, and entertainment. I collaborated closely with the president, CEO,
marketing and sales teams, a technical lead, and a creative lead to develop this interface.
The goal was to create a space where people of all ages can feel as
though they are on vacation, having fun. The look was appropriated into all marketing
collateral, including press folders and greeting cards.
8.2 SCENT REGISTRY
To ensure odor authenticity, DigiScent has created a “Scent
Registry,'' a digital index of thousands of scents that the company will license to
developers to integrate into games, Web sites, advertisements, movies and music.
There is real science behind all this. Bellenson, who once ran a Stanford
University lab specializing in DNA synthesis, has drawn up models for the way odor
molecules bind with the some 10 million odor-detecting neurons on a human nose, a step
toward establishing the Scent Registry that will underpin the concept.
DigiScent's founders hope that by licensing their scent spectrum, they
will create a world of smells for the Internet generation – perfumes you can smell online,
computer games with the whiff of the jungle or the tang of jet fuel, movies that give
audiences the scents of an autumn bonfire.

8.3 DATA BASE REMINISCENTS
ScentObjets can be incorporated in many applications multimedia, for
which a license will be required.
Whatever the smell that we are the license for can be entered in the
ReminiScents data base file.
8.4 SCENTTRACKS
ScentTracks is software. By using this software you can edit the smell,
create the smell, create scented greeting cards, add smell for the movies or songs for all
these operation there are some tools are given which user can use.
File menu:
In this file menu they have given new, open, close, save, save as, search,
exit, etc. By these new menu of the ScentTracks user can create several new smells. He
has provided certain chemical reaction and on that basic he can easily create smell. By
these save and save as menu user can save these smell in the form of chemical reaction.
Greeting menu
In this menu user has provided the tools used for greetings menu. Such
as pictures as clip art, word art, chart, etc. The created smell or ready smell can be
attached to the greeting. Such that when greeting opens it will produce the sweet smell.
Editor
In editor menu they have given the editor for both the movies as well as
for songs. By using this editor you can add and delete smell at a particular place in a
movie or song. So that when that song continues at particular place it will produce that
inserted smell. But for that we require different players. Currently they were making
“Real Player” for that smell.

8.5 SDK
Set of tools to create content with aroma, includes ReminiScents
Database, API and DLL of iSmell and him servant and client of ScentStream.
The fields that could be seen modified are the entertainment, foods,
fragrances and fashion, home and hygiene, science, technology, trips and education, since
it would be possible to be induced knowledge or to be forced reactions through the aroma,
which can mean the following revolution.
Although the expectation is very interesting, we must hope to see if this
technology really takes force, since it will have to break with several paradigms of the
user with respect to his form to visualize the multimedia. To see when it is the turn of the
Virtual reality?
Digiscents Launched a Scentware Developers Kit -- SDK -- at Game
Developers Conference.
The SDK is incredibly easy to implement, we expect to see an explosion
of scent enabled content. “Using the ScentWare(TM) SDK, a developer can scent enable
a game within an hour,” said DigiScents Director of ScentStream(TM) Technology,
Cooksey Thomas, who previously developed the Sega Dreamcast's audio API. "The
SDK contains all we need to create killer scented games that allow gamers to smell
environments, entities, and prizes."
EXAMPLES: -
Examples of scent associations that can be coded into game
ScentTracks(TM) are: -- Worlds and Environments (a cave, the beach, forest, watering
hole) -- Entities (Lara Croft's perfume, smell of hidden Pokemon(R), the odor of the
enemy) -- Prizes (bananas, coins, elixirs) -- User Actions (invoking magic, firing a gun) --
Events (tires melting, explosion, change of weather)
The ScentWare(TM) SDK features
1. Intelligent Scent Rendering
2. Adjustable Scent Parameters
3. ReminiScents(TM) Database of ScentObjects(TM)
4. iSmell(TM) Emulator

8.6 WDK
The ScentWare Web Development Kit (WDK) gives you the tools to
provide unforgettable scented online experiences. Scenting your Web site is fast and easy
with the ScentWare WDK. Using your favorite leading web editing tools, you can add
ambient and click 'n' sniff scents to your web site or flash presentation in just minutes.
The only hard part about scenting your web site is choosing between chocolate, orange,
pine forest, the ocean, perfume, flowers, new car…the list goes on.
8.6.1 WDK Ingredients
 2 ScentWare ActiveX controls
 ScentWare Netscape plug-in
 Flash presentation support
 RealNetworks plug-in
 Adjustable scent parameters
 Example scented web pages
 Full documentation & discussion forum and support
8.6.2 Technical Overview : A WDK That Makes Scents
The DigiScents Web Developers Kit or WDK is a group of interoperable
components that allow Web designers to implement click-and-sniff Web pages using a
variety of methods. Components can be used within Web pages targeted for either
Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. The kit includes a scriptable Netscape Plug-
in Control that can be used to target Netscape Navigator browsers and two ActiveX
Controls that can be used to target Internet Explorer browsers. As development
progresses all of the media players and major browsers will be supported. The WDK v.1
release will allow web designers to experiment with the enabling technologies and
prepare content now in order that it will be available when the iSmell becomes available
to mass consumers. A number of licensing options are available to allow commercial
enterprises of all sizes to participate in the Revolution of the Senses™. To allow the
designers to preview their work the WDK comes with a software emulation of the iSmell

device, the emulation appears as a message dialog box that names the scent emitted and
its intensity. Web art can be scented in many different ways.
8.6.3 CLICK 'N' SNIFF
This method causes the user’s iSmell device to emit a scent when any
scent-enabled element is clicked. Click ‘n’ Sniff can be implemented by using any of the
ScentWare WDK components.
8.6.4 AMBIENT SCENTS
Pages can also automatically emit scents either when the page is loaded
creating an ambient scent on rollover or on a timer using JavaScript.
8.6.5 SCENTED MULTIMEDIA
Any Web technology that supports scripting i.e. Flash, Shockwave,
Director, Microsoft Media player etc.. Can use a scripted implementation of the ActiveX
control. DigiScents has created two ActiveX controls to meet different web page design
needs.
8.6.6 GRAPHICAL BUTTON CONTROL
A richly configurable, graphical button control named AxScent Button
leverages all graphical web page development tools. This control only supports Internet
Explorer and provides a rich set of WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get)
property page settings for the web designer. The rich button supports multiple button
states, styles and colors. The button can also be used as a non-scented button for
maximum artistic design flexibility. Using a design time container such as Go Live,
Dream weaver, FrontPage, among others, the designer has access to the control’s
graphical and scent property pages. The button control inherits its default color and font
values from the page into which it is inserted. The control may have to be added to the
toolbox of your particular authoring tool and will generally be available under the
category of ActiveX controls. Currently this control is supported only under Internet

Explorer. The property pages allow the web programmer to set parameters that affect how
the button will appear, which scent will be emitted, and the strength of the emitted scent.
8.6.7 SCRIPTABLE CONTROL
A Scriptable Control will allow practically any application or
event to emit scents. This simple windowless control is designed for maximum script
ability using JScript, JavaScript and VB Script.
Netscape support is added via a Netscape plug-in with a
programmatic interface that is identical to the AxScentPlayer ActiveX (scriptable)
control. This will allow designers to implement click-and-sniff through the use of
Netscape’s embed tag and JavaScript. Flash games and animations can be scent enabled
by using the FSCommand method to incorporate scent into downloadable game content.
8.7 STREAMING SCENT
MICROSOFT ADVANCED STREAMING FORMAT (ASF)
Microsoft ASF streaming media is easy to scent enable using the
scriptable ActiveX control, this allows the use of the Windows Media File (WMF) tool
chain for authoring scent enabled streaming media over the Web.
8.8 REAL NETWORKS
DigiScents is a development partner of RealNetworks and has
developed a set of player and server plug-ins enabling the RealPlayer to present scent-
enabled content. This plug-ins are included in the WDK v.1 release. The RealNetworks
ActiveX control and RealPlayer allow the presentation of singular ScentObjects as well
as aggregated groups of ScentObjects (ScentTracks) that play in synchronization with
other RealNetworks compatible data types. Scent streams are currently supported in the
Synchronized Media Integration Language, SMIL and will be supported in major
SMIL authoring tools shortly. This means that scent can be smoothly integrated into
RealPlayer or Real ActiveX media presentations using SMIL files as the synchronization
medium for parallel streams. Using the Real Networks ActiveX method the designer can

choose to either show or hide the controls transport interface as opposed to the Real
Player, which will always display its interface.
8.9 Smell-o-Vision!
"Smell-o-vision?" Just what are we talking about here? In the past
century we became used to the transmission of sights and sounds through the airwaves
and via the Internet. In essence, "transmission" of visual and auditory information relies
on the electronic coding of waves of electromagnetic energy (light waves) or of waves of
vibrations in a medium (sound waves), the sending of this coded information, the
decoding of this information in a receiver (radio, television, computer, etc.), and the
creation of new light or sound waves based on this information. But scents? Odors?
Smell and taste are the chemical senses. How do we transmit chemicals via the Internet?
Although the concept sending digitized scents via the Internet from computer to computer
may have seemed bizarre a few years ago, a number of companies are creating hardware
and software that will enable it (Biersdorfer, 2000; Poniewozik, 2000). The in-theater
version emits scents from machines located under the back rows, basing the scent on the
mood of the scene.
Fig 8.9 Compact smell vision machine

9. DIGITAL SCENT COMMUNICATION
9.1 COMMUNICATION MODEL
Fig:9.1
The e-nose detects the smell molecules and it is indexed based on
two parameters. The scent is indexed according to its chemical makeup and its place in
the scent spectrum. The chemical makeup can be detected by the electronic nose which
otherwise act as the receiver. Like the color spectrum, there is also scent spectrum and
any smell will be the indexed smell of primary smells in the scent spectrum. The indexed
scent is digitized into a small file by olfactory signal processing. This file is sent as an
attachment to the recipient’s computer. At the receiving end, there will be a personal
scent synthesizer and air cannon. The personal scent synthesizer reproduces the smell and
the air cannon direct the smell to user’s nose. The data about the smell is given by the
digitally encoded file which is transmitted. The smell emitted will be in the form of
vapors.

9.2 SCENT SYNTHESIZERS
Scent synthesizers are devices which are used to generate the smell in
accordance with the digitized file that is transmitted through the web. The scent
synthesizers are interfaced with our PC through a USB port. It can be programmed or
installed and it generates a small quantity of smell vapors into the surrounding that is
enough to feel the smell. All scent synthesizers will have are movable cartridge which is
used to mix different primary odors in different scent synthesizers. Digiscent is the
company which identified the most number of primary scents about 128 primaries and
they could create up to 1000 smells using these primaries.
9.2.1 CATRIDGE USED IN PERSONAL SYNTHESIZERS
The personal synthesizers that produces the desired smell has a
Cartridge inside it which is disposable as the chemical inside it wear out. Different types
of cartridges are manufactured according to the primary smells it can contain.
There will be 19 types of smell creating chemicals in the Cartridge
and by using different proportions of these smells we can create many secondary smells.
The principle of operation of each cartridge is the same.
The Cartridge use direct molecular heating or static heating
technology. The cartridge shown below has a container whose sides are made up of glass
plate. The electrodes can be arranged as follows.
There is a common cathode which is situated at the bottom. The
container has 19 partitions and separate anodes are dipped into each partition. The
electrolytes taken in each separate partition are chemicals which could produce the
primary smells. The chemicals are either derived from bacteria or from plants. These
electrolytes contain those odor molecules which could lock with the proteins triggering
the neuron, which sends a signal that the brain recognizes the smell.

Fig 9.2.1
These chemicals are partially conducting. Also electrolytic heating of
these chemicals is used here. All electrolytes should be heated simultaneously. When dc
voltage is given across the electrodes the electrolyte will start to get heated.
According to the different anode voltages applied across each anode,
the electrolyte get heated differently and the heated electrolyte from each chamber
produces different volatile molecules in different proportions to give different smells. The
amount of heating is restricted by the current flow through the anode which is in
accordance with the data file encoded about the particular scent. The different primary
smell proportions produced by different chambers are combined to give a particular
smell.
9.3 AIR CANON
One of the problems of olfactory display is that users would have to
wear something on their faces to smell the odor. The air cannon will help us to solve this

problem. Air canon is used to transport the scented air directly to the user’s nose without
the help of any head mounted device. The user and the air cannon are standing in a
remote position and the scent is aimed at the user. The distance between the user and the
air cannon is about 1-2m. The user can freely move. The air cannon aim directly at the
user’s nose. The odor will not simply diffuse into a room. This prevents that everyone
staying in the room from smelling as the target person notices the odor. This way directed
delivery of scent is provided with a device that is located on your table, not on your head.
The air cannon consist of:
1. Face tracker
2. Air clump launcher
3. Scent generator
The ATR Media Information Science Laboratories developed 3 prototype
systems of air cannon.
Fig: General diagram of Air Cannon

9.3.1 FIRST PROTOTYPE
It is simply an elementary electromechanically driven air cannon
equipped with a scent generator. It consists of an acrylic box, a scent diffuser and an air
pump. The acrylic box is endowed with an aperture at the front and a rubber membrane at
the back. The rubber membrane is pushed by two solenoids in parallel. The scented air is
injected near the aperture so that the injected air could be immediately launched from the
aperture.
Fig: 9.3.1
Using this prototype, we could display the scent to a restricted are
approximately 1m away from the air cannon. The scent is recognized only by the target
user.
9.3.2 SECOND PROTOTYPE
A vision based nose tracker was used to detect and track the target
user’s nose position. After detecting the position of both the eyes, the nose position was
detected by searching for the brightest spot within the estimated region in which the nose

exists. Once the nose position was detected, the system traces the nose position by
template matching and finding the brightest spot.
An ELMO QN 42H micro CCD camera is used for image capturing. The
camera was placed just above the air cannon. The nose tracker could trace the nose
position at video rate, i.e. 30 times per second.
Fig 9.3.2
The detected nose position was then converted to the desired
orientation of the air cannon, which is fed to the motor driver. The platform that carries
the air cannon has 2 degrees of freedom and is equipped with a dc motor and a
potentiometer for each axis. The rotation speed was 60 degree per second for pan and 75
degree per second for tilt when driven at the rated control voltage. The outputs of
potentiometers are used for position control at the motor drivers. With this configuration,
the air cannon could continuously trace the nose of the seated user, even if he moved his
upper body.

The design of second prototype is nearly equivalent to that of first, except
that the driving unit replaces the loud speaker used. This change was intended to suppress
the sound when the solenoids impacted the plate attached to the rubber membrane. The
scent generator is also same as the first. The operator activates the scent generator before
he launches the clump of scented air.
9.3.3 THIRD PROTOTYPE
A scent switching mechanism is incorporated in the third prototype
system. In the previous prototypes, we could present only a single kind of scent to the
user because some portion of scented air diffuse into the air cannon body, where it was
difficult to eliminate previously injected scent.
To solve this problem, they attached a short cylinder with the same diameter as the
aperture of the air cannon and equipped with mechanical shutters at both the ends. There
are 5 holes on the surface of the cylinder for air intake and evacuation. A tube is
connected to each hole, through an air valve to a pump. There is also a valve on the body
of the air cannon for intake of fresh air.
Fig: 6.3.3

10. APPLICATIONS
Fig 10: kinds of smell emitted
According to Brian Nelson at DigiScents, "What kind of smells
can be emitted by the iSmell device? Just about anything you can imagine."
There are many applications for digital scent technology such as:
 Send scented email
 Watch scented DVD's
 Play scented video games
 Sample a perfume from a beauty product's website
 Smell the assortment of freshly brewed coffees for sale in their online store
10.1 Why Would You Want to Do This?
There are four basic types of applications that scentware seems a logic fit
for at the moment.
 Marketing
 Entertainment
 Education
 Medical

10.1.1 MultisensoryMarketing
Death to Banner Ads - Let the Nose Lead the WayCommerce tends to
lead development, which is why some of the bigger scentware developers, like TriSenx,
are partnering with companies that just plain smell. Perfume manufactures are an obvious
fit. They would be able to benefit from doing market research across the net, emailing
you samples of some new fragrance they might be trying out to see how you like it, and
using your feedback to shape the final product. And the heck with scratch-and-sniff cards
in your favorite magazine. Now you’ll smell their latest and greatest when arrive at your
favorite women’s website or online boutique.
Other companies who’ve taken the bait besides the cosmetics,
fragrance, and health and industries? - restaurants and specialty food shops who
know the smell of pizza wafting out of your PC, or may be mom’s chocolate chip
cookies, will just be too much too resist. It adds a new dimension to the point-of-sale
marketing angle. You’re visiting a website that is known to attract a large number of
people from a particular demographics. The heck with banner advertising when the
marketer has a better way to get you hooked on what they’re hocking.
10.1.2 Online Interactive Games
Imagine smelling the scent of an opponent in an interactive online role-
playing game or smelling the damp cave your character is trapped in. Games with
scented environments, entities and prizes are more immersive and realistic. Scented
games will soon be the standard in interactive media, just as games with sound became
prevalent as soundcards became common.
10.1.3 Communication
Scent offers developers as well as consumers another medium for
creativity and self-expression. Scented web sites, electronic greeting cards and e-mail will
enliven all e-communication. With iSmell technology, you can travel anywhere in the
world or to any time period in the past.

Fig 10.1.3 Microsoft outlook web access
10.1.4 E-Commerce
Scent will bring the online shopping experience to life. Scent-enabled
shopping sites will be more compelling if you can actually smell perfume, flowers, food
and beverages, cigars, and exotic places.
Fig 10.1.4 Scent
10.1.5Advertising
Vendors of food, cosmetics, home care products, and travel related
services can use scent to make advertisements more engaging and memorable.

Eventually, like musical jingles and graphical logos, scented banner ads will make it
possible to communicate the key feature of scented products or to simply evoke a certain
feeling
.

11. EFFECTS OF DIGITAL SMELL FOR DIFFERENT SITE
11.1 Over the Theater
After some time the virtual theaters will come in the market. This virtual
theater is basically the concept of the virtual reality. These theaters will have electronic
hand gloves, digital smell synthesizer, multipoint surround sound system, movement
controllable seats, 3d goggles. From this idea the multipoint surround sound system, 3d
goggles, movement controllable seats were completed. Now for the user to fill more
realistic effects of movies they were introducing the very new facility of digital smell in
movies or in games. For example if we are watching a movie and we see burning of tier
then we will fill that smell in theater.
Fig 11.1. Smell in the theater
11.2 Over the Television
Now a days as new and new sound technology came in picture our home
television is changing, getting more and more powerful sound with it. After some time

over television will came will more clear picture, better voice as well as iSmell device,
which will create more interest in watching the television.
11.3 Over the Internet
DigiScents technology will be used to add a new dimension to e-
commerce and entertainment technology: adding scent to movies, online advertising and
interactive games are just a few of the possibilities. Online greeting cards will be one of
the first big plays. We digitize and broadcast scent over the Internet and analyze the
molecular structure and sensory perception of an odor and software-code it. The iSmell is
a peripheral that is the size of an electronic pencil sharpener; it connects to a USB port. Its
scent cartridge would be like a color printer cartridge but with 128 scent elements to
combine. These elements will combine to make thousands of scent combinations.
"Humans detect around 10,000 smells in their lifetimes”. We're going to create the
primaries of smell. The company is also creating a Snortal, a first-of-its kind Internet site
on which people can create scented e-mail and their own custom scents. Beta testing is
currently under way, and final products will be released in fall 2002.
11.4 E-mail Alive with smell
Fig 114. E-mail alive smell

Of all the uses for Scentware, this one scares be most the ability to
send emails with smells anybody can design. Sure, it’ll add a fun new dimension to
birthday when you can send an electronic postcard with nice music and a dozen roses
that smell real, but can you imagine the legions of alternatives your friends ( and others )
will opt for? Dirty sneakers, wet dogs
May be worse assaults to your delicate sensibilities will be within the
reach of email artists and spammers alike.
There are, however, more creative uses of scentware in bringing to life
the stories we tell through more traditional mediums. Who’s looking at smell-o-
vision now? Movie theatres who want to top surround-sound are now looking at
mounting surround-smell devices on theatre chairs. This might be great if you’re
watching some nice, homey flick full of gardens and cherry pie, but imagine
watching one of tTom Green’s latest romps, complete to the way that’ll have you out
of your chair.
Of course there are also the movies you bring home. Will your next
DVD come complete with a soundtrack AND smelltrack?
For authors and music composers the idea of adding taste and smell to their
creative conjuring seems irresistible. Words can be powerful stimulators of imagined
tastes and smells, but the ability to bring those exact things to life may make the
electronic distribution of storytelling an even more tempting channel. Perhaps a glimpse
of the evolution of mega bookstores and internet cafes?
11.5 Education
Tapping into Another Information Channel. You need only to walk into a
bakery or popcorn-filled theatre to realize the powerful ability of smell to invoke
memory.
It’s this power that makes the addition of scent to the classroom
experience such an interesting new ally. I don’t know about you, but reading about
Shakespeare or Napoleon out of a textbook was rarely inspiring. Had you given me the
chance to “interact” with history through the sites, sounds tastes and smells of that time,
you’d probably have had me hooked.

Virtual field trips have become an invaluable tool for bringing important
experience into the classroom where time or geography may otherwise prevent them. The
addition of Smell is acknowledged as a tool that enhances the memory of that experience,
and amount of knowledge that is retained because of it.
11.6 Medical
A new Tool for Catching Degenerative Neurological Diseases Early
Aromatherapy will perhaps be one of the big drivers of home computer scentware sales.
In addition to ergonomically correct keyboards and mice, music while we work, and even
computer-based workouts to help you keep fit, you can now add smell to your list of tools
for increasing personal wellbeing. The benefits of aromatherapy go beyond personal
pleasure.

12. FACILITIES AND LIMITATIONS
12.1 FACILITIES
1. As we now that user can send any type of smell so the iSmell is designed in
such a way that it will give protection against that smell.
2. The scent cartridges contain mostly natural materials commonly found in the
cosmetics, foods and beverages you use every day.
3. There might be possibility that user has allergy from any smell so for this
problem the iSmell provides locking facility. So that user can lock that
particular smell which he doesn’t like.
12.2 LIMITATIONS
The obvious one is the price. Most home computer users won’t be
willing to pay the $250-500+ price tag for the luxury of scratch-and-sniff websites. Some
diehard game fans may find the olfactory add-on a worthwhile boost to their multimedia
experience, but chances are this technology will find its first strong market in small
kiosks and other specialty shops.
While many fragrance manufacturers will find the ability to use
ScentWare for both market research and the generation of new sales, most of the
“ScentWare” application available today operate at a very simple level and aren’t
capable of reproducing the very complex protein level of molecule modeling that
commercial fragrances require. Specialty food marketers will face the same problem.
While pizza, popcorn and apple pie are already stock smells in a number of ScentWare
collections, exact replicas of some of the more complex “branded” foods that big
distributors want to entice you with just won’t be possible yet. While a few year’s old, the
technology is still immature, and will require a committed partners and reasonable
investment to customize the results in a way that’s suitable for companies whose smell is
their branding.

13. FUTURE WORK
13.1 The Present
Digiscents were awarded the “best technology “ prize during the Retail
Vision 2001 ceremony, for the past ten years one of the major honor in the IT retailers
industry.2,500 developers have already applied for the ScentWare Developers Kit which
was launched in March 2000 and is used to create Scented games and multimedia
applications.
13.2 The Future of DigiScents
They proposed a naval configuration of an olfactory display that does
not require user’s to put anything on the face and that localizes the effective space of the
displayed scent. The technical key to realizing this concept is to transfer a clump of
scented air from a place near the nose, and we confirmed that this is possible by using air
cannon. The constructed prototype system successfully displayed the scent to the target
user, even if the user moved his head.
They are going to propose another choice in methods to enjoy scent in
interactive applications. The wider the variety of olfactory displays, the wider the variety
of applications will emerge to make our VR experience rich and realistic.
Improvement of scent generation is necessary to extend the variety of
displayed scent and we can learn a lot from preceding research efforts on scent blending
and generation. Also precise theoretical analysis of a tropical vortex might be effective
for optimal design of the air cannon. They are planning a step by step in order to construct
a transparent, easy to use olfactory display system.

14. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
14.1 ADVANTAGES
It can be used without fall over hours, days, weeks and even months
and can even circumvent problems associated with the use of human panels such as
individual variability, adoption, fatigue mental state and exposure to hazardous material.
The e-nose is a compact device and so it is portable and reliability is very high. It can
identify simple molecules which cannot be accomplished by human nose. It can identify a
smell objectively.
14.2 DISADVANTAGES
There are a few disadvantages to the e-nose technology which includes
price. The cost of an e-nose ranges from $5000 to $100,000. Another disadvantage has
been the delay between successive tests, the time delay ranging between 2 to 10 minutes
during which time; the sensor is to be washed by a reactivating agent, which is applied to
the array so as to remove the odorant mixture from the surface and bulk of the sensors
active material.

15. CONCLUSION
A Scent has a strange power over human beings. It can create a
mood, such as foreshadowing or ambiance. It can intensify emotions such as fear or love.
It can also give the sensation of virtual reality and suspension of disbelief.
“The Sense of smell is closely tied to memory and emotion, making
scent a powerful way to reinforce ideas”.
There are several streams over which this digital smell is used, Such
as over the television, theater and the web. Hence we conclude that this digital smell will
revolutionized the world. And at every place we will require this device, such as for
scented mail, scented movies, scented songs we must requires this device.
This device will become our need in future.

16. BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] www.digiscents.com
[2] www.wikipedia.com
[3] www.scentware.com
[4] www.studymafia.com

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