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https://www.edureka.co/r-for-analyticsEDUREKA DATA ANALYTICS WITH R CERTIFICATION TRAINING
What is Hadoop?

Agenda
➢ Why do we need Analytics ?
➢ What is Business Analytics ?
➢ Why R ?
➢ Variables in R
➢ Data Operator
➢ Data Types
➢ Flow Control
➢ Plotting a graph in R

Why do we need Analytics?

Why do we need Analytics?
➢ Data analytics helps organizations harness their data and use it to identify new opportunities.

What is Business Analytics?

What is Business Analytics?
➢ Business analytics examines large and different types of data to uncover hidden patterns, correlations
and other insights.
Data Analytics Decisions

What is Data Visualization?
➢ Visualization allows us visual access to huge amounts
of data in easily digestible visuals.
➢ Well designed data graphics are usually the simplest
and at the same time, the most powerful.

Data Visualization
➢ Below are some of the most popular tools used for Data Analytics and Data Visualization:

Why R?

Why R?
Programming and Statistical Language
Data Analysis and Visualization
Apart from being used as a statistical language , it can also be
used a programming language for analytical purposes.
Apart from being one of the most dominant analytics tools, R also is
one of the most popular tools used for data visualization.

Why R?
Simple and Easy to Learn
Free and Open Source
R is a simple and easy to learn, read & write
R is an example of a FLOSS (Free/Libre and Open Source Software)
which means one can freely distribute copies of this software, read it's
source code, modify it, etc.

Installation Steps

R Installation
Go to https://cran.r-
project.org
1
Download and install R
3.3.3 on your system
2

C/C++
RStudio IDE Installation
Go to
https://www.rstudio.com/
1
Download and install
Rstudio on your system
2

Variables
Data Operator
Data Types
Selection
Statements
Loops
Fundamental Concepts of R

X = 25
Y <-
“Hello”
TRUE -> B
B = TRUE
Y = Hellp
X = 25
Memory
Variables in R
➢ Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that when you
create a variable you reserve some space in memory.

Variables Data Types
Selection
Statements
Loops
Data Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Assignment Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Special Operators
Data Operators in R
1
2
3
4
5

Logical Operators
Special Operators
1
2
3
4
5
+
Add two operands or unary plus
-
Subtract two operands or unary
subtract
*
Multiply two operands
/ Divide left operand with the right and result
is in float
>> 2 + 3
5
>> +2
>> 3 – 1
2
>> -2
>> 2 * 3
6
>> 6 / 3
2.0

^
Left operand raised to the power of right
%% Remainder of the division of left operand
by the right
%/% Division that results into whole number
adjusted to the left in the number line
>> 2 ^ 3
8
>> 5 %% 2
1
>> 7 %/ %3
2
Logical Operators
Special Operators
1
2
3
4
5

Logical Operators
Special Operators
3
4
5
Arithmetic Operators1
Assignment Operators2
=
x = <right operand>
<−
x <- <right operand>
<<−
x <<- <right operand>
->
<left operand> -> x
>> x=5
>>x
5
>> x<- 15
>> x
15
>> x <<- 2
>> x
2
>> 25 -> x
>> x
25

> True if left operand is greater than the right
<
True if left operand is less than the right
==
True if left operand is equal to right
!=
True if left operand is not equal to the right
>> 2 > 3
False
>> 2 < 3
True
>>2 == 2
True
>> x >>=
2
>>print(x)
1
Logical Operators
Special Operators
4
5
Relational Operators3

>= True if left operand is greater than or equal
to the right operand
=<
True if left operand is less than or equal to
the right operand
>> 2 > =3
False
>> 2 =< 3
True
Logical Operators
Special Operators
4
5

Logical Operators
Special Operators5
Logical Operators4
&
Returns x if x is False , y otherwise
|
Returns y if x is False, x otherwise
!
Returns True if x is True, False otherwise
>> 2 & 3
3
>> 2 | 3
2
>> ! 1
False

Special Operators
: It creates the series of numbers in sequence
for a vector
%in%
This operator is used to identify if an element
belongs to a vector.
>> x <- 2:8
>> x
[1]2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Logical Operators4
Special Operators5
>> x <- 2:8
>> y <- 5
>>y %in% x
True

Data Types
Data Operator
Variable
Selection
Statements
Loops

Data Type
C/C++
➢ We do not need to declare a variables before using them.

Data Type
Arrays
Vectors
Lists
Matrices
Factors
Data Frames
➢ A Vector is a sequence of data elements of the same basic type.
Example:
vtr = (1, 3, 5 ,7 9)
or
vtr <- (1, 3, 5 ,7 9)
➢ There are 5 Atomic vectors, also termed as five classes of vectors.

Data Type
Arrays
Vectors
Lists
Matrices
Factors
Data Frames

Data Type
➢ Replacing
list[2]<- “f’ “a” , “f” , “c” ,”d”
Sequence Operations:
➢ Indexing
list <- c(“a” , “b” , “c” ,”d”) List(2:4) “b” “c” “d”
list <- c(“a” , “b” , “c” ,”d”)
Arrays
Vectors
Lists
Matrices
Factors
Data Frames
➢ sort()
list <- c(4 , 6, 3, 8, 1) Sorted<- sort(list) 1 3 4 6 8

Data Type
➢ Lists are the R objects which contain elements of different types like
− numbers, strings, vectors and another list inside it.
> n = c(2, 3, 5)
> s = c("aa", "bb", "cc", "dd", "ee")
>x = list(n, s, TRUE)
Arrays
Vectors
Lists
Matrices
Factors
Data Frames

Data Type
Sequence Operations:
➢ Merging
➢ Slicing
➢ Indexing
list1 <- list(1,2,3)
list2 <- list("Sun","Mon","Tue") merged.list <- c(list1,list2)
1 2 3
Sun Mon Tue
list1 <- list(1,2,3) string1[-1] + string[1] ‘da’
Arrays
Vectors
Lists
Matrices
Factors
Data Frames
list1 <- list(1,2,3)
list2 <- list("Sun","Mon","Tue")
List3 <- c(list1, list2)
List3[2] Sun Mon Tue

Data Type
➢ Arrays are the R data objects which can store data in more than two dimensions.
➢ It takes vectors as input and uses the values in the dim parameter to create an
array.
vector1 <- c(5,9,3)
vector2 <- c(10,11,12,13,14,15)
result <- array(c(vector1,vector2),dim = c(3,3,2))
Arrays
Vectors
Lists
Matrices
Factors
Data Frames

Data Type
➢ Matrices are the R objects in which the elements are arranged in a two-
dimensional rectangular layout.
➢ A Matrix is created using the matrix() function.
matrix(data, nrow, ncol, byrow, dimnames)
Arrays
Vectors
Lists
Matrices
Factors
Data Frames
❖ data is the input vector which becomes the data elements of the matrix.
❖ nrow is the number of rows to be created.
❖ ncol is the number of columns to be created.
❖ byrow is a logical clue. If TRUE then the input vector elements are arranged by row.
❖ dimname is the names assigned to the rows and columns.

Data Type
➢ Factors are the data objects which are used to categorize the data and store it as
levels
➢ They can store both strings and integers.
➢ They are useful in data analysis for statistical modeling.
data <- c("East","West","East","North","North","East","West","West“,"East“)
factor_data <- factor(data)
Arrays
Vectors
Lists
Matrices
Factors
Data Frames

Data Type
➢ A data frame is a table or a two-dimensional array-like structure in which each
column contains values of one variable and each row contains one set of values
from each column.
emp_id = c (1:5),
emp_name = c("Rick","Dan","Michelle","Ryan","Gary"),
salary = c(623.3,515.2,611.0,729.0,843.25),
emp.data <- data.frame(emp_id, emp_name, salary)
Arrays
Vectors
Lists
Matrices
Factors
Data Frames

Flow Control Statements

Data Types
Data Operator
Variable Loops
Selection
Statements

Flow Control
SELECTORS CHOOSE ACTIONS
SO YOU DON’T HAVE TO ...
if .. else
if It evaluates a single
condition
It evaluates a group of
conditions and selects the
statements
switch
It checks the different
known possibilities and
selects the statements

Flow Control
Syntax:
if (condition):
statements 1 …
1. If statement
if condition
START
FALSETRUE
Conditional code
End

Flow Control
2. if…else statement
Syntax:
if (condition 1):
statements 1 …
.
.
.
else
statements n …
If code
End
Start
If
Condition
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
Else If
Condition
TRUE
Else If code
Else code

Switch
START
Case1
Case2
Statement1
default
Statement2
Default
Statement
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
3. Switch statement
Syntax:
switch (expression,
value1: Statement1
value2: Statement2
.
.
, default Statement
)
End
Flow Control

Data Types
Data Operator
Variable
Conditional
Statements
Loops

Flow Control
LOOPS REPEAT ACTIONS
S O YO U D O N ’ T H AV E TO . . .
While
Repeat
Repeat things until the
loop condition is true
Repeat things until the
loop condition is true
For Repeat things till the
given number of times

Syntax:
repeat {
commands
if(condition) {
break
}
}
4. repeat statement
CHECK
CONDITION
EXECUTE BLOCK
START
EXIT LOOP
FALSETRUE
Flow Control
repeat

Syntax:
while (condition is True)
{
statements…
}
5. while statement
CHECK
CONDITION
EXECUTE BLOCK
START
repeat
EXIT LOOP
FALSE
TRUE
Flow Control

Check
condition
Initialization
START
Execute Statements
Exit loop
repeat
FALSE
TRUE
6. for statement
Syntax:
for(value in vector)
{
statements…
}
Flow Control

7. break
Syntax:
break;
Check Loop
Condition
START
repeat
EXIT LOOP
Check Break
Condition
EXIT LOOP
Execute Block
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
Flow Control

Check Loop
Condition
START
repeat
EXIT LOOP
Check next
Condition
Execute Block 2
8. next
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
Syntax:
next;
Execute Block 1
Flow Control

Data Visualization in R

Data Visualization in R
➢ Data Visualization helps the organizations unleash the power of their most valuable assets: their
data and their people.
Data Visualization
Pie Chart Bar Chart Boxplot Histogram Line Graph Scatterplot

Data Visualization
Boxplot
Pie Chart
Bar Chart
Histogram
Line Graph
Scatterplot
➢ Pie charts are best to use when you are trying to compare parts of a
whole.

Data Visualization
Boxplot
Pie Chart
Bar Chart
Histogram
Line Graph
Scatterplot
➢ Bar graphs are used to compare things between different groups or
to track changes over time.

Data Visualization
Boxplot
Pie Chart
Bar Chart
Histogram
Line Graph
Scatterplot
➢ Boxplot are used summarize data from multiple sources and display
the results in a single graph.

Data Visualization
Boxplot
Pie Chart
Bar Chart
Histogram
Line Graph
Scatterplot
➢ Histogram are used to plot the frequency of score occurrences in a
continuous data set that has been divided into classes, called bins.

Data Visualization
Boxplot
Pie Chart
Bar Chart
Histogram
Line Graph
Scatterplot
➢ Line graphs are used to track changes over short and long periods
of time.

Data Visualization
Boxplot
Pie Chart
Bar Chart
Histogram
Line Graph
Scatterplot
➢ Scatter plots show how much one variable is affected by another.

Summary

Session In A Minute
Why do we need Analytics? What is Data Analysis? Why R?
Data Operators in R Data Types in R Flow Control Statement

That’s all folks!

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