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1. Parts of Speech

2. Nouns
A noun is a name given to a person, an
animal, a place or a thing.
• There are generally 4 classes of nouns:
Class Definition Examples
Common Noun Common names Son, bird, village
Proper Noun Names of PARTICULAR Johari, MARA,
people, places or things Deepavali, Klang
Collective Noun Group of things that are Jury, Congregation,
regarded as one team, staff
Abstract Noun Quality, feeling, action or Professionalism, beauty,
state of mind that are respect, calm, anger
intangible

3. Formation of Nouns
• Sometimes, nouns are formed by adding suffixes
to verbs, adjectives, or other nouns.
• Examples:
 –ment: Appointment, Compartment,
Development
 –ness: Cleverness, Happiness, Greatness
 –hood: Childhood, Motherhood, Neighbourhood

4. Numbering Nouns:
• A noun is singular if it refers to one person,
place, animal or thing.
Architect, Handbag, Key
• It is plural if it refers to more than one person,
place, animal or thing.
 Architects, Handbags, Keys

5. RULES FOR FORMING PLURAL NOUNS
• Adding suffix –s to the singular form
e.g.: telephone-telephones
Bag-bags
• Add –es for nouns ending with s, sh, ch, x, z and
o
e.g.: brush-brushes dress-dresses
watch-watches fox-foxes
potato-potatoes

6. • For nouns ending with f and fe, the plural
form is written by changing f or fe to –ves
e.g.: knife-knives wolf-wolves
wife-wives thief-thieves
• Change the ending y to –ies for nouns ending
with y
e.g.: country-countries reply-replies
baby-babies city-cities

7. 1. Some nouns have the same singular and plural
form.
e.g.: sheep-sheep deer-deer swine-swine
4. Some nouns have irregular plural forms.
e.g.: child-children man-men goose-geese
7. Some nouns have no singular form, only a
plural form since they are always used in plural
form.
e.g.: trousers politics scissors
shears

8. Possessive form of nouns
Rule Example
• When a sing. noun refers to a person or Aida’s purse
animal, the possessive form is written by the cat’s food
adding (‘s) Mother’s voice
• When a plu. noun ends in –s, the Students’ attire
possessive is written by adding an Ladies’ fashion
apostrophe (‘) Scientists’ prediction
Boys’ clothing
• When a plu. noun does not end in –s, the Children’s party
possessive is written by adding (‘s) Women’s shoes
Firemen’s truck
• When a name end in –s, the possessive is Keats’ poetry
usually written by adding (‘s) Charles’ reign

9. • The manager recruits all workers
• Jannah owns a red Kenari.
• Farid and Ismail decorated the hall.
• The car was sent to the workshop.
• They consulted the lecturer on that matter.
• Bravery makes a great man.
• She taught the students patiently.
• Munirah will go to Australia next week.
• An heir inherits money.
• The monkey danced in the street.

10. PRONOUNS
 Replace nouns
• Personal Pronouns
• Can be singular or plural
Singular Plural
Subject Object Subject Object
I Me You You
You You We Us
He Him They Then
She Her
It It

11. • * The vast oil palm plantation is an enchanting
sight to behold.
It is an enchanting sight to behold.
 It = the vast oil palm plantation
(a subject pronoun)
• Mr. Idris will visit his daughter in Australia
next week.
Mr. Idris will visit her in Australia next week.
 Her = his daughter
(an object pronoun)

12. Possessive Pronoun
• Used to show that something belongs to a person or
an animal.
Possessive Pronoun
Singular
Before a noun After a noun
I My Mine
You Your Yours
He His His
She Hers Hers
It Its -
Possessive Pronoun
Plural
Before a noun After a noun
You Your Yours
They Their Theirs
We Our Ours

13. • This is my pen – This pen is mine
• That is her house – That house is hers
• It is our report – The report is ours
• the lady took their bags – The lady took theirs

14. Reflexive Pronoun
• To refer to a noun or a personal pronoun which is
both the subject and the object of a sentence.
(the subject & object refer to the same noun/pronoun)
Singular
Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun
My Myself
Him Himself
Her Herself
It Itself
You Yourself

15. Plural
Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun
Our Ourselves
Them Themselves
Your Yourselves
Ali promised himself that he will study
hard next semester
Himself = Ali
They did the homework themselves
themselves = They

16. Relative Pronoun
• Refers to a noun/pronoun in a complex sentence.
e.g.:
Shakespeare wrote sonnets and plays.Shakespeare
was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England.
Shakespeare, who wrote sonnets and plays, was
born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England.
Hang Tuah was a famous Malay warrior. Hang
Tuah was from Malacca.
 Hang Tuah, who was a famous Malay warrior,
was from Malacca.

17. People Things & animal Uses
who That Refers to subject &
object of the sentence
Whose Which Indicates possession
Whom Refers to the object
That Whose Refers to the subject
and object

18. Who and Whom?
Who : as subject
Whom : as object
e.g.:
• Who is at the door?
• Whom did you see at the door?
• Whom did you recommend for the job?
• Are there any people whom you would
recommend?
• Whom do I love?

19. ADJECTIVE
• To describe nouns. It tells you more about a
person, an animal, a place or a thing.
Zaki went to an expensive restaurant for
dinner.
The hungry lion attacked the villager.
My boss sounded angry this morning.
Raziah looks sad since that incident.

20. Word order of adjective
• My uncle brought back a beautiful small vase
from China.
• She stuffed the money into a cheap plastic bag.
• My uncle brought back a beautiful small blue
vase from China.
• She stuffed the money into a cheap small plastic
bag.
• My uncle brought back a beautiful small blue
seramic Ming vase from China.
• She stuffed the money into a cheap small black
plastic bag.

21. OPINION SIZE AND SHAPE AGE
COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL PURPOSE
GROUP ADJECTIVES EXAMPLES
Opinion Nice, great, The house has
beautiful, kind, interesting tall
expensive, happy pillars.
etc.
Size and shape Small, big, long, The tailor lost
(size precede thin, square her long thin
shape) ruler.
Age New, old, young, A kind old lady
middle-aged etc. gave me the
money.

22. Colour Red, blue, green The thief
etc. snatched the
big blue bag
Origin/ Malaysian, She married a
Nationality Chinese, Indian handsome
etc. African man.
Material Gold, glass, He found an
wooden, old gold coin.
Purpose Bath (towel), She bought a
fishing (rod) set of
expensive bath
towels as a gift

23. Other parts of speech used as adjective
• Sometimes, other p.o.s can be used as
adjective to describe something.
2.Nouns as adjective
*He went to the college library to get some
books for his research.
*The lorry driver was fined for exceeding the
speed limit.
*That souvenir shop sells t-shirt at a very
reasonable price.

24. 1. Present participle and past participle forms of verbs
used as adjective
*The exciting game thrilled many spectators.
*She used some cooking oil to fry the onions.
*The doctor treated the injured man.
*The children were afraid to enter the haunted house.
Usually:
adj ending with –ing describes a situation/a
thing.
adj ending with –ed often describes how a
person feels.

25. Superlative form of adjective
•  it is used to compare three or more nouns.
Adding –est to an adjective
Adding most in front of the adjective
Adjective Superlative
Adjective with Sweet Sheila is the
one syllable Wise sweetest girl in
Kind my class.
Adjective that Pretty Roy is the
ends with –y Silly funniest man I
Funny have ever met.

26. Adjective Superlative
Adj. with 2 or That is the
more syllables most boring
Wonderful
and adj. book that I
Boring
ending with have ever
crowded
-ful,-les,-ing,- read.
ed
Irregular form Good She got the
Bad worst result
far last semester.

27. Verb
• A verb is a word that expresses what someone or
something does, what they do or what happens to
them.
Action Verb
 Expresses what someone or something does.
The baby cries in his sleep
He wakes up
His mother sings him lullaby.
She hugs him tightly
and kisses his cheeks.
The baby looks at his mother
He laughs and gurgles contentedly
His mother gazes at him adoringly

28. • Action verbs can be written in several forms.
e.g.:
carry-carries-carried-to carry-will carry
Non-Action Verb
 DO NOT express any action.
They are used to refer to physical
characteristics and conditions.

29. be Verb
Am is are was were been being
• A be verb usually comes immediately after the
subjects in statements. It takes a different form after
different subjects.
I am confident I
She He
tired
He is exhausted She was
It It
We We
They are intelligent They were shy
You You

30. • Linking verb
 used to link the subject of a sentence with a
complement.
 A linking verb is followed by a complement rather
than an object.
The complement gives more information about the
subject.
Expressing feelings Expressing Expressing sensory
and thoughts possession perception
Appear seem Own Feel
Believe need Owe Hear
Know mean Have Look
Understand Possess See
Like love belong Smell
taste

31. ADVERB
Gives additional information about a verb.
Adverb of manner
• To describe the way a certain action or event occurs.
• Answers the question “HOW?”
• We normally form adverbs of manner by adding –ly
to an adjective.
Slow-Slowly
Patient-Patiently
Careless-Carelessly
• Sometimes, additional change spelling!
Tragic-Tragically
Simple-Simply

32. Adverbs of Time
• Used to indicate when something occurs.
• Answers the question “when?”
• They can be single words or phrases.

33. Time Expression Examples
Last night/week/year The examination result was better last
year.
Next The bus fares may be increased next
week/year/semester month.
Today The class went smooth today
Yesterday They presented the talk yesterday
Tomorrow We will meet again tomorrow
The day after The driver will pick her the day after
tomorrow tomorrow

34. ARTICLES AND DETERMINER
ARTICLES
• Indefinite article: a, an
A
• -placed before a sing. countable noun begins
with a consonant sound.
• -used if there is an adj which begins with a
consonant sound before a sing. countable
noun.

35. AN
• -Placed before a sing. countable noun that
begins with a vowel sound
• -Also used if there is an adj which begins with
a vowel sound before the sing. countable
noun.
An industrious worker
An active student
-Also placed before an adj/noun which begins
with a silent h

36. Definite Article: the
• -used before singular countable nouns
• -plural countable nouns
• -uncountable nouns
• E.g.:
The sun is shining brightly
The students are in the class
The sugar is in the jar

37. Difference between Indefinite and Definite
Article
• The maid is ironing a dress.
• The maid is ironing the dress I bought
yesterday.

38. Basic Uses of the Definite Article The:
• 1. Use the before singular or plural definite
(specific) nouns. Their identity is already
known to the reader for one of the
following reasons:
a. The noun has already been mentioned.
b. The noun is followed by a phrase or clause
which identifies the noun.
Example: A journalist interviewed the
engineer who designed the plane.

39. c. A superlative adjective precedes the noun.
Example: John is the fastest runner on the team.
(There can be only one fastest runner.)
• Note: An adjective before a plural or non-count noun
does not make the noun specific (definite). The noun
is specific because it is preceded by the.
d. The noun is unique; there is only one in existence.
Example: Thousands of tourists visit the Statue of
Liberty yearly.
e. The context makes the noun’s identity clear.
Example: My friends bought movie tickets at the box
office’s line.

40. 2. Do not use the before
a. Plural nouns meaning “all” or “in general:”
Example: People look forward to vacations
from their jobs.
b. Most singular proper nouns (See “Special
Rules” for exceptions).
Example: Remember to call Maria in two
hours.

41. Special Rules in Using Articles
1. Places:
a. Names of countries: Do not use the unless
the name refers to a group or has the word
“of” within the name.
Examples: I traveled to China last summer.
The United States of America was
established in 1776.

42. b. Cities and streets: Do not use articles before
cities and streets.
Example: The shop is located at 3572 Avenue
K in Kuala Lumpur.
c. Rivers, oceans, seas, groups of mountains
and islands: Use the before nouns naming
these geographical features.
Example: The Petronas and Me! Expedition
traveled up the Tahan River.

43. d. Schools: Use the when “of” is part of the
school’s name. Otherwise, omit the article.
Examples: She plans to attend the University
of Malaya.
My two friends both received scholarships to
MSU.

44. e. Location vs. Activity (for a few nouns):
1) When a noun naming a place is used in a phrase
referring to an activity, no article is needed before the
noun.
. Examples: “to school”: Most children ride the bus to
school.
“to church”: The family goes to church regularly.
2) When the same noun is used simply to name the
location, use either a definite or indefinite article as
usual.
Examples: The workers arrived to remodel the school.
The new family visited a church in their neighborhood.

45. 2. Titles of People:
a. A title followed by a name: Do not use an
article.
Example: On Monday, President Hosford will
meet with his advisors.
b. A title without a name: Use the.
Example: The committee members met with
the president of the company.

46. 3. Numbers:
a. Cardinal numbers: Do not use an article before cardinal numbers
(number words that name a quantity) when the number word
functions as a noun.
Examples: The customer admired the artist’s paintings enough to buy
one. He removed thirty of the fifty trees on his property. (In this
sentence “thirty” is a noun whereas “fifty” is an adjective
modifying trees.)
b. Ordinal numbers: Use the before ordinal numbers (number words
such as “first,” “second,” and “third” that indicate order in a
sequence.
Examples: The fifteenth page is missing. (“Fifteenth”functions as an
adjective.)
Mary was the third to drop out of the race. (“Fifteenth”

47. 4. Things shared by a family or community: Use
the before these nouns.
Examples: Many homes have a microwave in
the kitchen.
Citizens are invited to speak to the city council
about problems.
The mayor visited the library.

48. 5. Expressions that identify part of a larger group: Use
the before the nouns in these expressions.
Examples:
“one of the (plural noun)” One of the students
was absent.
“both of the (plural noun)” She enjoyed both of
the performances.
“some of the (plural noun)” The instructor
returned some of the essays today.
“some of the (noncount noun)” Some of the stolen
money was recovered.

49. 6. Second mention as a synonym: Use the
before a noun used as a synonym for a word
or words that have already been mentioned.
Example: Please buy fruit, vegetables, meat,
and milk; deliver the groceries to your uncle.

50. PREPOSITION
 Used to show the relationship or connection
of a word with other word.
Examples:
Do not lean against the wall
She leaned on him for support.

51. • Preposition of Position
• To indicate/show the location of a person, a
place, or an object in relation to another
person, place or object in a sentence.
Above across along against
Below behind beside between
In down from inside
Over around into under

52. AT, IN,
ON
Preposition Use Examples
• Specific street addresses She lives at No.32,
• Places Jalan Brickfields.
AT • Events and specific I saw him at the
locations wedding.
• Before buildings, towns, Amirah is studying in
cities, countries. England
IN • 3-d spaces like The box is in the room
classroom
• Before streets, roads, The clinic is on the
rivers, and floors third floor of this
ON (1st,2nd,3rd) building
• 2-d spaces like wall and The picture is on the
floor wall

53. 1. Preposition of Time
• To indicate the concept of time or the
duration of time
From…to for science
until/till During before
by while after

54. AT, IN, ON
Preposition Use Examples
• AT+ clock time/ meal time The meeting is at 3
• AT+expressions like “at o’clock
AT present/ at the same I am staying with him at
time/ at that time/ at the moment
night
• IN+a month/ ayear Sheena was born in April
IN • IN+ (number) week She was here in the
• IN+(part of the day) morning
• ON+day/date/a weekday Aiman was born on the
• ON+day/part of day first of April, 2009
ON • ON+special day or Mother will serve
occasion lemang on Hari Raya

55. CONJUNCTION
 Conjunction is used to joined words, phrases or
sentences.
• To indicate ADDITION/SIMILAR IDEAS
Joining ideas and sentences: AND
e.g. :
The Kuala Lumpur International Airport is
clean and beautiful.
Ben is a brilliant student and a talented
artist.

56. Adding emphasis:
Not only…but also, both…and, Neither…nor.
e.g.:
Karim is not only clever but also
Hardworking.
Nurin is both talkative and friendly.
Neither Zureen nor Nadiah knows where
he is.

57. • To indicate CHOICE
We use or and either…or when we have to
make a choice or when there are
alternatives.
e.g.:
Do you live with your friends or with your
family?
We can do it either tomorrow or the day
after tomorrow.

58. • To indicate CAUSE and EFFECT
Because, since, so that, so, so….that, as long as
e.g.:
• Many women stayed at home so that they
can look after their children.
• They cooked for the family and cleaned the
house because the majority of them did not
employ maids.
• Some of the jobs are so demanding that they
are expected to spend long hours at the
office.

59. • To indicate TIME
Conjunction Meaning Examples
After Later After I took the
medication, I went to
sleep
Before At an earlier Students must revise
time their work before
taking any test
When At the time Zeti was at a jamboree
when the examination
results were
announced

60. While During a period of One of Julie’s contact
time lenses came off while
she was playing
basketball
Until Up to the time Do not open the booklet
until you are told to do
so
Once The moment Once I have the money, I
will leave
As soon as Immediately after We are going to have a
long break as soon as we
complete this project

61. • To indicate CONDITION
IF and UNLESS
• e.g.:
If you leave at 6 a.m., you will be able to catch
the 8.30 a.m. train
*IF is used to express a condition that will
produce a possible result
Unless you leave at 6 a.m., you will not be able
to catch the 8.30 a.m. train.
*UNLESS is used to mean ‘if not’

62. 1. To indicate CONTRAST
Although even though despite
though but yet whereas
Even though the test was difficult, the
students managed to pass the subject.
Despite the money that he has, loneliness
makes him one cold man.

63. For the words in bold, choose the correct part
of speech from the choices listed in a and b.
1.Today, I will wear a. noun
my yellow skirt. b. adjective
2. No, you may not a. interjection
climb onto the roof. b. pronoun
3. This warm
a. verb
bath will feel good
b. adverb
on my legs.
4. This is a. adverb
a good movie. b. adjectiv

64. 5. Throw the ball as hard as a. verb
you can. b. noun
6. I am extremely excited a. adjective
for our trip to Costa Rica. b. adverb
7. Should be stay in a a. interjection
hotel or in a youth hostel? b. conjunction

65. 8. Where is my a. verb
suitcase? b. adverb
9. Your suitcase a. preposition
is in the closet. b. adjective
10. Let's a. noun
make cookies! b. preposition

66. Choose the Right Word
a. on
1. I am doing ___________.
b. well
2. You play the piano a. beautiful
__________. b. beautifully
3. I would like two glasses of a. milk
___________. b. milks
4. ____________ is coming to a. Her
the concert. b. She
5. Yesterday, I ___________ a. play
for two hours! b. played

67. 6. This song is ___________ a. more better
than that song. b. better
7. I sat ______________ the a. in
coffee shop. b. between
8. My sister ____________ a. is learning
to play the flute. b. have learned
a. are
9. I ____________ sleepy.
b. am
a. more
10. This closet is
organized
___________ than my
b. most
closet!
organized