1. Sustainable Urban Transport Fuels and Vehicles!
! Presented at Transforming Transportation 2013!
! Dario Hidalgo, PhD!
! Director of Research and Practice!
! EMBARQ!
Transforming Transportation 2013!

2. Sustainable Urban Transport
Fuels and Vehicles
Darío Hidalgo, PhD
Director of Research and Practice, EMBARQ
Transforming Transportation
January 17th, 2013
Photo:&CTS&EMBARQ&Mexico

3. Modal Distribution in LAC (2007)
Fuente: Observatorio Movilidad Urbana CAF
http://omu.caf.com/

4. Therefore it is important that we
have the cleanest bus technologies
http://airenuevobogota.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/bus-botando-humo.jpg

5. Meta-analysis of Exhaust Emissions
http://www.embarq.org/en/
project/sustainable-urban-
transport-fuels-and-vehicles-
program
Authors:
Erin Cooper, Aileen Carrigan
EMBARQ
Magdala Arioli, EMBARQ Brasil
Umang Jain, EMBARQ India
Contributions: Jorge Macias,
Cynthia Menendez, Georg
Schmid, CTS-EMBARQ Mexico
Funding:

6. Exhaust Emissions
Which type of fuel and which technology
has the lowest emissions in Brazil, India, and Mexico?
Emissions Testing
In use, real drive cycle Emissions
Engine Testing
testing Standard Testing
Developing
US Europe
Countries

7. Fuels and Technologies
Emissions vary with respect to fuels, technologies
also significantly between the same fuel type and technology
Fuels Exhaust After Treatment Technologies
Diesel (and Hybrids) OC – Oxidation Catalyst
DPF – Diesel Particulate Filter
SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction
EGR – Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Biodiesel (20 and 100%) SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction
EGR – Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) OC – Oxidation Catalyst
TWC – Three-way Catalyst
Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)
Ethanol

8. CO results graph
Older technology

9. THC results graph
Older CNG tech (mostly due to methane)

10. NOx results graph
ULSD with SCR
CNG with 3WC
Biodiesel

11. PM results graph
Diesel without
emission control
technologies

12. CO2e results graph
ULSD, EGR, DPF, Hybrid
CNG, B20 w/
o emission
control
technologies

13. Example for India: NOx vs. PM

14. Example for India: CO2 vs. PM

15. Additional considerations
! Lab tests versus field tests (major variations, little
data apart from Diesel and CNG)
! Drive Cycle – more variations in urban cycles
! Mileage of vehicle – Nox increases, CO2 a little
! Altitude – Nox, THC, CO2 increases (little data
above 1000 meters)
! Overall analysis of emissions: it is important to see
various emissions and not to focus on just one, e.g.
CO2eq or PM… because there are always tradeoffs

16. CO THC NOx PM CO2
LNG High Very High Medium Very Low
E95 Very High Very High Very High Very High
E93 Very High Very High Medium Very High
D50+DPF Low Very Low High Medium High
D50 Medium Very Low High Very High Medium
D15+SCR High Very Low Medium Medium Low
D15+OC Very Low Very Low Medium Medium Medium
D15+Hybrid Very Low Very Low Variable Low Variable
D15+EGR Very Low Very Low Medium Medium Very High
D15+DPF Very Low Very Low High Low Very High
D15 Low Very Low High Very High Very High
D≥150+OC Low Low High Very High Low
D≥150 Medium Low Very High Very High Medium
CNG+OC Very Low Very High High Very Low Medium
CNG+3WC Very Low Low Very Low Very Low Medium
CNG Very High Very High Very High Very Low High
B20 Low Low High Medium High
B100+SCR Medium Very Low Low Low Very Low
B100+EGR Very Low Very Low Medium Medium Low

17. Conclusion
! It is important to see the technologies in the
various dimensions of emissions
! After treatment is very important – EGR, OC,
DPF
! According to the data, the best
combinations are:
! CNG + 3WC
! B100 + SCR
! D15 + OC
! D15+ Hybrid (depends on air conditioning)
! It is necessary to review the total cost of
ownership (lifecycle) Photo:&CTS&EMBARQ&Mexico

18. Photo:
CTS
EMBARQ
Mexico

19. ¡Gracias!
www.embarq.org

20. Transforming Transportation 2013!
! Co-organized by EMBARQ and The World Bank!
! More information at:!
! EMBARQ.org!
! worldbank.org/transport!
! Questions? Comments? Contact us at embarq@wri.org!
! Follow us on Twitter: @EMBARQnetwork!
Transforming Transportation 2013!